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CONVERSATIONS WITH

KHAHTSAHLANO

1932 - 1954

COMPILED BY

THE CITY ARCHIVIST

VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA

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CONVERSATIONS
WITH

KHAHTSAHLANO

1932-1954

Conversations with August Jack

Khahtsahlano, born at Snauq,

False Creek Indian Reserve, circa 1877,

son of Khaytulk and

grandson of Chief Khahtsahlanogh

Compiled by

Major J. S. Matthews, V.D.

City Archivist

City Hall

Vancouver

Typing and Index

Mrs. Alera Way

1955

April 26th, 195b.

"CONVERSATIONS WITH

KHAHTSAHLIIToT

1932-1954

Mat thews.

Dear Dr. Lamb:

There will be sent to you today or tomorrow,
Canadian Pacific Express, prepaid, one of the five bound and
indexed typescript copies of this compilation. It is number-
leas verbatim records, typed the day they — the conversations —
took place ovdr the years 1932 to 1954.

August Jack Khahtsahlano, born 1877, six feet
tall, is the son of Khay-tulk, and grandson of Khatsajilanogh ,
a chief of the Squamish tribe of Indians, and from whose name
the suburb of Kitsilano is called. His wife is Swanamia in
Indian, Mary Ann in Snglish; both are living and have chil-
dren; their home is on the Capilano Indian Reserve; his
father's home was on the False Creek Indian Reserve; his
grandfather's home on the First Narrows, Stanley Park. All
three men were fine Indians. For ceremonial purposes they
wore masks; two of these are in the City Archives. The
name Khahtsahlano is not used by the Indian department, but
it is recorded at Victoria, by deed poll, long years before
the "Change of Name Act" was passed, and is the name by which
he is commonly referred to, both in speech and in the press.

August does not read nor write, but can draw
in line or paint in colour, and has done some quite good
work in oils. He is the most reliable historian of Indian
life in these parts, before the whiteman came, whom we
have. He has been very observant, does not exaggerate; a
strong supporter of the Catholic Church; can make an im-
pressive speech, and, upon occasion, can entertain with
dancing, etc. He is an entirely different character to
those Indian entertainers who are "show men"; who are
said to make up Indian tradition and lore to suit their
audience, and as they rattle along. August is dependable.

Commencing about 1932 we had frequent con-
versations. Invariably I put down what he said in his own
words the day he said it, and frequently read back to him
what I had typed, and he corrected or added. His recollec-
tions go back to about 1881, about five years before Vancou-
ver was named, and when the only habitations on its site
were a few whitewashed dwellings facing a crescent bee.cn
about 100 yarcLs long. At that time potlachs, attended by
as many as 2,000 Indians, were sometimes held in Stanley
Park. As a boy he listened to his elders relate of warfare

- 2 -

with bow and arrow. Today he is frequently a guest at
formal dinners, and sometimes speaks, where dinner dress
is worn by the other guests. Therefore he is a living
link from what I call the "stone age" to what he calls the
"Relief Age" (Unemployment and Relief).

Therefore I thought it proper to record the
spoken words of an Indian who had witnessed, and partici-
pated in, the transition in these parts from the dug-out
canoe to the electric trolley bus, and place one copy in
Victoria and one in Ottawa, in case misadventure should be-
fall the others in Vancouver.

Most sincerely,

"J. S. Matthews"

Dr. W. Kaye Lamb,

Public Archives of Canada

Vancouver.

"These records are not copyright but are my
possessions. Nothing to do with City
Archives." JSM.

DEPUTY MINISTER'S OFFICE

PUBLIC ARCHIVES
OF CANADA

Ottawa 2, May 2n<jL, 1955.

Major J. S. Matthews,
City Archivist,
City Hall,
Vancouver 10, B. C.

Dear Major Matthews:

The copy of Conversations with Khahtsahlano
arrived safely on Friday, and I hasten to acknowledge the
gift, and to tell you how pleased and interested I was to
see the volume. Its compilation was a remarkable enterprise,
and I know sufficient about you and about the Indians to
appreciate the care with which the work was done, and the
infinite patience and human understanding that it required.
The completed work must give you a vast amount of satisfaction.

Your letter of April 26 explains the background
of the book so completely and satisfactorily that I think I
shall have it tipped into the volume, for the information of
those who have occasion to use it.

Thank you for sending me the invitation to
the anniversary dinner held on April 4th . It is pleasant
to be remembered. I am sure that you had a thoroughly
interesting and enjoyable evening.

With best wishes,

Yours sincerely,

kX.

WKL/sw

—J

Wm. Kaye Lamb.
Dominion Archivist.

INDEX OF PIONEERS

AND THEIR CONVERSATIONS

Ball, F. J. C. 2

Khahtsahlano , August Jack 3. 201

Tate. C. M. 155, 294

Paull, Andrew 182

Stogan, Chief 105

Walker, Mrs. James 195

Wilkie, Otway 202, 292

Botterell, T. 207

Sentell, £. B. 219

Parker, P. C. 231

Morton, Mrs. Ruth 232

Murray, John 235

Nye, Alfred J. 235

McCraney, Mr. and Mrs. H. P. 236

Rowling, Henry S. 236

Bowlings, Harry 3. 238

McDonald , Duncan 239

Cary, George 240, 246

Isaacs, Diok 240, 268

Hill-Tout, Prof. Chas. 219, 225, 241

Bower, Mrs. Ruby M. 243, 252

Benbow, Mrs. H. A. 244

Charlton, Ormond Lee 248

Trotter, Quintin James 248

Crakanthorp, Mrs. Alice 249

Franks, Jim 253

Grafton, William A. 258

Innes, John 261, 269

Harris, Mr. and Mrs. Frank 263

Home, A. P. 264

Kenryn, Ronald 265

Hackle, William 270

Matheson, D. A. 272

Williams, Madeline 272

Dlante , Frank 275

Mitchell, A. H. 279

Raley, G. H. 281

Ridley, H. E. 283

Simaon, Calrin 284, 286

Smith, D. R. 285

TTltes, E. .E. 290

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

8A Portrait of August Jack.

8B Portrait of Swanamia.

8C Indian villages and landmarks, Burrard Inlet and English Bay.

8D Indian villages and landmarks, Burrard Inlet and Howe Sound.

24A Indian village names, sketches by Haatsilano, 1932.

24B Chip-kaay-m, fighting bear.

24C Whoi-whoi, Ahka-chua, and Chaythoos, painting by August Jack.

24D Diagrams by August Jack, Tay-hay, Whoi-whoi, Khay-tulk's grave.

24E Construction of ranch house at Whoi-whoi. (Lumberman's Arch).

24F Stanley Park trail. Watercolour by Hamilton.

24G Survey of First Narrows by R.E. 1863.

24H Chaythoos clearing. Site of opening and dedication of Park.

40A Prospect Point, and wreck of "Beaver".

40B Sahunz or Sung.

40C Skull. Indian surgery.

40D Inside habitation, Nootka.

56A False Creek Indian Reserve (Snauq), two photos, 1891.

56B Indian midden. Stanley Park Road. (Whoi-whoi).

56C Spratt's Oilery, Coal Harbour, 1884.

56D Building a ranch house, Alert Bay.

72A Potlatch at Alert Bay.

72B Potlatch at Alert Bay.

72C Indian woman cooking salmon.

72D August Jack, photo, in plain clothes.

72E Fire. How Indians made fire.

72F Baptismal certificates, 1869, 1879.

72G August Jack changes name from English to Squamish.

72H Re deed changing name and re his father Khay-tulk.

104C Jerry's Cove, map of.

104D First Narrows as Capt. Vancouver saw it, and Octopus Rock.

104A Second Beach.

120B Religious flag, Roman Catholic.

I20A Description of meaning.

104B Cedar bark rope, hand made.

120C Preparing moose skin.

I20D Salmon Temple.

120E Indian stone bowl.

120F Entrance to False Creek as Narvaez saw it, 1791.

120G "Santa Saturnina", 1791, sketch by August Jack.

120H Another sketch by August Jack of "Santa Saturnina".

136A Point Atkinson, sketch by August Jack.

136B Kitsilano Indian Reserve, 1907, shore of.

136C Felling a tree, Indian method, stone tools.

136D Chaythoos and Supplejack's grave. Painting by August Jack.

1 36E Chaythoos, Stanley Park, map of - by August Jack.

136F Ar-mat.se. Indian girl in cedar dress.

136G "Faithful Jim".

136H Lost Lagoon, 1868, forest scene.

I52A Indian Mission, North Vancouver, 1889, with church and canoes.

I52B Indian canoes, foot of Richards Street, circa 1890.

152C Mask. Great-grandfather Khahtsahlanogh's.

I52D Mask. Khaktsahlano's grandfather.

152E Mask. Khay-tulk's.

152F Mask. Khay-tulk's.

152G Potlatch at Quamichan.

152H Potlatch at Quamichan.

216A Indians going to London to see the King.

216B Genealogy of Ki-ap-a-la-no.

216C Indian grave in tree.

216D Corpus Christi ceremony, North Vancouver.

224E Corpus Christi ceremony, North Vancouver.

224F Kitsilano Beach, 1861. Willis.

224G Seymour Creek, Indian Reserve.

224H Canoes. Types of Indian canoes.

280A Paddles. Types of Indian paddles.

280B Tents (kliskwis).

280C Esquimalt fish drying racks.

•

AUGUST JACK KHAHTSAHLANO, T 946

Son of Khaytulk, or "Supple Jack" of Chaythoos, and grandson of Chief Khahtsahlanogh
(no European name) in whose honour the suburb of Kitsilano, Vancouver, is named. On
12th February, 1879, he was baptized by Rev. Father N. Gregane, as "Auguste fils de
Shinaotset and deMenatlot, Squamishs, baptise I'age d'environ 16 mois le 12, Fevrier,
1879." August stated 16th July, 1946: "Auguste!! that's me. When I little boy they
call me "Menatlot", (pronounced men-at-el-ot). But priest make mistake. My father
Khay-tulk, he die day I was born. Qwy-what, my mother, marry Chinoatset (usually
spelled Chinalset, i.e., "Jericho Charlie", a very good man), whose first wife was
Menatelot." The original baptismal certificate is in City Archives, deposited by August.
August was born at the vanished Indian village of Shaug (False Creek Indian Reserve)
in a lodge directly below the present Burrard Bridge. At this Squamish village, in the
big long lodge of Toe-who-quam-kee and by Squamish rite, in the presence of a large
assemblage of his tribe and visiting Indians from Musqueam, Nanaimo, Sechelt and
Ustlawn (North Vancouver) the patronymic of his grandfather, "Khaht-sah-lah-nogh",
was conferred upon him with ceremony by a Squamish patriarch, and that of Kaytulk,
their father, upon his brother, Willie. They were both young men, and August, having
acquired wealth by working in a nearby sawmill, returned the compliment by giving
a potlatch, at which he distributed to the assembled guests, men, women, and children,
over one hundred blankets, and other valuables, and also provided a feast. It took
place before about 1900. See "Early Vancouver", Vol. 4, page 10, Matthews. On
29 Aug. 1938, by deed poll, deposited at Division of Vital Statistics, Victoria, and also
City Archives, Vancouver, Mr. Khahtsahlano renounced the surname of Jack, by which
he had been known, and assumed the name of August Jack Khahtsahlano. North
American Productions Ltd. photo. Presented Dec. 1947, by Mrs. Masie Armytage-
Moore, Vancouver. It appeared as a full front page illustration in the Indian monthly
newspaper, "Native Voice", Vol. 1, No. 5, April, 1947. August is a wise man, a
courteous gentleman, and a natural historian.
PORT. 954.N.432 CITY ARCHIVES/JSM.

SWANAMIA,
MRS. AUGUST JACK KHAHTSALHLANO,

1943

The only remaining Squamish woman in Vancouver who wears a shawl. She is demure
and shy. After years of trying, we finally got a portrait. She had been invited to
Kitsilano High School to unveil a portrait in oils of her husband, and without her
knowledge, we got a portrait, 1943, and imposed it upon one of the group of giant
trees, known as the "Seven Sisters" in Stanley Park. When she saw what we had done,
she sweetly smiled.

.'**** 7

INDIAN VILLAGES AND LAND MARKS
BURRARD INLET AND HOWE SOUND

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Vol. 3. p. 1

A large framed photo, richly colored, of August Jack
Khahtaahlano — only surviving grandchild of Khahtsahlanogh,
the Indian chief from whom Kitsilano takes its name, has been
added to the historical treasures of the City Archives, recent-
ly established at the City Hall by the City Council. The gift
is made with commendable public spirit by Mr. Richard J.
Steffens, of the Steffens-Colmer Studio, from his large coll-
ection of portraits of celebrities of Vancouver.

Early in the nineteenth century, Chief Khahtsahlanogh — he
had no iinglish name, nor must he be confused with the legendary
Khaatsa-lah-nogh — together with his brother, Chief Chlp-kay-am,
migrated to English Bay from the place of their birth, Took-
tpaak-mlk, an Indian village some miles up the Squamish River.
Chief Chip-kay-am went to False Creek, where he established
Snauq, the first Indian settlement there, on a tiny clearing,
framed in towering forest, on the shore. It consisted of a
number of lumlam (Indian houses) and a big potlatch house, and
stood on the exact site over which the Burrard Bridge now crosses.

Chief Khahtsahlanogh, the brother, went to Chay-thoos, (high
bank), a grassy clearing where the Capilano water pipes enter
Stanley Park just inside Prospect Point. He died and was
burled there some sixty-odd years ago.

Khaytulk, his son, known to early pioneers as Supplejack,
also lived at Chaythoos; he died in 1877, and, with much cere-
mony, was buried there, lying in a small canoe, covered with
red blankets, placed inside a primitive mausoleum, a small shack
with windows, raised on posts. (See <V. A. Grafton, "Early Van-
couver", Vol. 3, p. 362-68.) It was at this picturesque spot,
beside 3upplejack*a grave, that the civic procession of Lord
Stanley, officials, and citizens, after formal progress through
the city streets, halted for the speech-making at the formal
dedication of Stanley Park in October, 1889. Khaytulk's wife,
Q,whay-wat, was buried, about 1906, in the old Indian graveyard
beside the southern approach (Cedar Street and First Avenue) of
the Burrard Bridge.

August Jack Khahtaahlano was born at Snauq under the
Burrard Bridge, and, as a child, watched Vancouver burn, in
1886, from that spot. He now resides at Capilano River, North
Vancouver, with his wife Swanamia, a demure Indian lady of
distinctive personality, and the only one who still clings to
the old custom of wearing a shawl. They have one sotf and one
daughter. Mr. Khahtsahlano has a logging business of his own.
The photograph is unique in that it is the first ever taken of
him.

For "Grafton" story mentioned above see page 261.

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 45.

Statement made to F.J.C. Ball, Indian Agent, at request of
Major J.S. Matthews, by August Jack (or Supplejack) at Mr.
Ball's office, 837 Hastings Street, and taken down as nar-
rated.

July 7th. 1932 .

CHIEF CHIP- KAAY- AM "August Jaek says Chief Chip-kay-m, or
(Chief George of Chief George, was first chief to make a
Snauq) home at Hat-aa-lah-no, he and his

brother-in-law, Chief Andrews' father.
They built canoes there and dried smelts and made traps on
the sandbar (Granville Island) for flounders, perch, etc.
They built a big house there, a great potlatch house. Be-
fore that, the Musqueam Indians occasionally went there to
fish, but never established residence of any kind. Chief
(George) Chip-kay-m came from the far end of Squamish River
to settle where the Kitsilano Reserve is now. They lived
there all the time except when up Squamish drying salmon in
summer. Chief George had one daughter who married John
Beatty, a white man. She had one daughter. Chief George
had no son."

"August Jack's grandfather and Chief
George were brothers, and August Jack»s people lived in
Stanley Park. August Jack's grandfather's name was Haat-
sa-lah-no, he had no English name as his brother George had.
Haat-sa-lah-no had a son named Supplejack, who married Sally
from Tkhopsim (Yekwaupsum) Reserve, Squamish River, and
August Ja*k is there son. Other children were Louisa,
Willie Jack, Cecile, Agnes, August.

CHIEF LAH-WA. "Chief Lah-wa came from Capilano where

he was chief. Lah-wa was drowned off
Brockton Point. He left no sons. Chief Joe Capilano was
put on as chief after Lah- wa's death, but was not a near
relative. The tribe intermarried and they were all distant-
ly related to each other, but were not cousins, or even
second cousins. Lah-wa's predecessor was called Chief
Capilano. After his death Lah-wa, who was Capilano 's son-
in-law (?) (see Geneology of Capilano) became chief. Cap-
ilano's name was Joe, and after he was made chief he took
the name of Capilano Joe."

(Signed) Fredk.J.C.Ball.
Indian Agent.

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 40.

Conversation with August Jack, son of Hay-tulk (Supplejack),

grandson of Chief Haatsa-lah-nough, of Chaythoos, Stanley

Park.

July 7, 1932.

"1 don't know my great grandfather's
name. It was not Haatsa-la-nough, hut he had at least two
sons,' for one was my grandfather and the other his brother
Chief Chip-kaay-am, called Chief George. My mother told
me my grandfather Haatsalanough's hair was quite black when
he died. She remarked especially upon it at his advanced
age. He was ninety or more when he died. He had lived
at Tooktakama i , up the Squamish River. He was barn there."

CHIP-KAY-AM "Haatsalahnough and his brother Chip-

kaay-am came down from Squamish. Chip-
kaay-am was the first man to settle and build a village at
Snauq (Kitsllano Indian Reserve), where he and his brother-
in-law, Hay-not-em, the father of chief Andrews, built a
great potlatch house. Chlp-kaay-am was known as a good

kind man (See Rev. C.M. Tate) and a
SNAUft devout Christian. He was known as

KITSJLANO INDIAN Chief George by the whitemen and lived at
RESERVE Snauq all the time except when they were

up the Squamish in the summer time dry-
ing salmon. He died without son or sons but had one daughter,
who married a white man, John Beaty and thsy had one daughter —
living in Vancouver now. I do not know when it was that
Kaatsalanough first settled at Chaythoos, or when his brother
Chip-kaay-am settled at Snauq, but they were both young men
when they settled, and they were old ones when they died.
Chip-kaay-am was buried at Snauq in the graveyard close to
the Burrard Street bridge at Cedar Street and First Avenue,
so that it must have been a long time ago. His wife, my
grandmother died before I was born." (About 1877. Chip-
Kaay-an, or Chip-Kaay-m, was chief of the Snauq band.)

"Haatsalahnough went to Chaythoos, 'high
bank' in Stanley Park, Just east of Prospect Point, a little
clear space where the water pipe line enters Stanley Park.
He died and was buried at Chaythoos. His house was close
to a little creek at Chaythoos. I must have been about

three years old when he died. That
CHAYTHOOS would be about 1878, or thereabouts.

There is no truth in the story that he
came from Point Roberts. These young fellows get hold of
all sorts of funny stories. That is a legend of another
Haatsalahnough. "

"When Haatsalahnough went to Snauq— he

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 40. August Jack (cont'd),

lived at Chaythoos — it was probably to catch fish on the
big aand bar on which Granville Island in False Creek now
stands. The big bar waa twenty or more acres in extent,
dry at low tide, and the Indians had from time immemorial
had a fish corral there; two converging fences of brush in
the water made from hurdles of twisted vine maple fastened
to sharpened stakes driven in the mud to guide the flounders
and smelts into the narrow part where they were trapped."
(Note: Paull says the fine nets were made from the fibres
of the stinging nettle.)

SUPPLEJACK "My f ether was Hay-tilk (or Hay-tulk

according to Paull, and Hra-tilt accord-
ing to Tate) or 'Supple Jack'; that's how I get the name
August Jack. It should be Supplejack. He died when I was
Just old enough to cut wood—about six years old. He had
two houses, one at Snauq and one at Chaythoos. We moved
from one to the other, from Kitsilano to Stanley Park and
then back again as it suited us. He died when he was about
seventy at Chaythoos, and they put his body in a little house
of glass (See W.A. Grafton, Vol. 3) with red blanketa on top;
the way they used to do — they don't do it now — and buried him
there at Chaythoos. Then, when they cut the driveway around
Stanley Park our house wes in the way and we moved over to
Snauq. Pather»s remains were exhumed and taken to Squamish
for reinterment."

QJTHAT-TAT "My mother, Qjrtiay-wat, or Sally, was born

at Yekwaupaum, Squamish river, and died at
Snauq about 1906, and ia now buried at Yekwaupsum graves.
After my father died she remarried."

JERICHO CHARLIE "My stepfather waa Jericho Charlie. He

used to work for Jerry Rogers out at
Jericho. He had a big canoe — would oarry a ton or more— and
I remember how he used to go from the old Heatings Sawmill to
Jericho with it loaded with hay and oats for the horses and
oxen working at Jerry Rogers logging camp there."

SWANAMIA "My wife 'a name is Swanamia. She is the

only one left now who wears a shawl. All
tne rest of the Indian woman have now taken to coats. Her
English name Is Mary Ann. Our children are Wilfred William
and Louiae, (note: Indian Affairs office saya, Mary Ann 51.
August Jack 54, Wilfred iilllam, adopted son, 22, and Louisa
12 years, all in 193*). I had three sisters and a brother.
Louisa, the eldest child, then Cecile, Agnes, Willie, all
dead, and myself the youngest. I am 56. They left no
children. I am the only one left. I had no schooling,

"Early Vancouyer", Vol. 2, p. 41. August Jack (cont'd).

cannot raad or write. I wish I could, but Mother waa a
widow and I had to look after her until ahe married Jericho
Charlie."

"I have heard my at ep father, Jericho
Charlie, tell about the first whiteman the Indiana ever saw.
(Note: aee narrative October 86th, 1932). Jericho Charlie
waa a very old man, about seventy I should think, when he
fell off the Kitsilano (C.P.R.) treatle bridge about thirty
yeara ago, so that his memory would take him back to about
1840. He used to tell yarns and I listened. (See narra-
tive October 26th, 1932). The old people used to talk a great
deal about the coming of the whiteman, but I did not pay the
attention I ahould have. Of one thing I am quite sure, - that
there were white men up at Squamiah before Mr. Vancouver came
to English Bay."

"After my father died we moved to Snauq,
and it waa from there that I saw Vancouver burn in June 1686.
Afterwards, aa a boy, I used to go over and search in the ruins
for naila. When we went to Gastown we went by canoe down by

the Hoyal City Planing Milla at the aouth
GASTOWN end of Carrall Street and across over to

Burrard Inlet on a sort of wagon trail.
There waa no trail which I know of from Smamchuze, at the foot
of Howe Street acrosa through the forest to Gastown. that
would be the use of struggling through the bush when it was so
easy to paddle." (Hote: Generally speaking, the Indian
would never walk if he could go by canoe.)

•The name I go by ia August Jack, that is,
August, son of Supplejack. But, according to the whitemana
usage, I ahould be August Haataalanough; anyway I have as-
sumed that name. Sometimes I sign my name Kitsilano, some-
times Haataalano."

"The Squamiah Indiana could not underatand
the language of the Sechelts, but could make themselves under-
stood, but not converse properly. Then again the Indiana up
at Powell River spoke another language to the Sechelts. Ths
name by which the Squamish knew the Capilano River waa Homult-
cheson. It waa the whiteman who gave it the name Capilano.
The 'Old Chief was Capilano, then came his son, Chief Lah-wa,
drowned in the First Narrows. Chief Lah-wa's sister was
Chief Ton's wife, and ahe wanted Joe to be Chief. Joe's
wife waa some relation to Chief Lah-wa. (See Genealogy of
Capilano) At fir at Joe got the cognomen of Capilano Joe,
then Joe Capilano. Chief Matthias Capilano is Chief Joe's
son, but he is officially called Matthias Joe.

"Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 41. August Jack (cont'd).

"The Indiana moved away from Snauq. in
1911. • (The laat Indian departed April 11th, 1913, in the
aorning. "Old man Jim", wife and son.) "The remaina of
thoae buried in the graveyard on the reserve cloae to First
Avenue about the foot of Fir or Cedar Street were exhumed and
taken for reburial at Squamish. The orchard went to ruin,
the fencea fell down, and the houses were destroyed. A few
hop* survived and continued to grow until the building of the
Burrard Bridge covered them up. I received a formal invita-
tion to be present at the opening of the great bridge aa a
guest of the city."

"Barly Vancouver", Yol. 2, p. 38.

Statement made by August Jack, or August Kitsilano, grandaon
of Chief Haataalahnough of Chaythoos and Squamiah. It is a
haatlly drawn up paper, typewritten by Major Matthews aa
August Kitailano talked.

8th Auguat. 1932.

SUPPLEJACK "This ia the way it ia. Haatsa-lah-

nough waa born at Toktakamik (or Tuk-
tpak-mik), Squamiah River. He waa dead in Stanley Park here
{died in Stanley Park), bury him Squamiah. My father was
Supplejack, his Indian name was Hay-tilk. (Tate saya, «l
knew a Hra-tilt'; Paull says »Hey-tulk'j and he was died in
the Stanley Park, and they had him in a— you know— it is not
burled; that is, the way, you know, how they used to do.
They make little houae, all glass around it. And after that
they move him to Squamiah, bury him. oh, that was, may be,
the time they were making that road, Stanley Park, and they
move him. They have little house. My father was Inside,
lying in a canoe. They have glaas all around and red
blankets on top, on the top of houae."

Haataa-lah-nough did not move to Snauq;
Just his brother Chlp-kaay-am. Haatsa-lah-nough, he died
before we move to Snauq. Chip-kaay-am waa the first one to
go to Snauq to live. Ha brother-in-law Hay-not-tem go
with him. I could not say how long ago, long time ago.
Chip-kaay-am was buried in graveyard at Snauq. Haatsa-lah-
nough was the chief at Tookparkamike. Chlp-kaayam come from
Squamiah and go to Snauq. My father, his brother, go to
Stanley Park, Just below Whoi-Whoi (Lumbermans Arch) to
Chayaloos, means high bank, like that (gesticulates with
hand high above head) west of where the atream comes out of
the little lake you call Beaver Lake. You know where ttat
pipe line erosaes to Capilano; you see that clear place, that
ia the place."

"My mother was Sally, Indian name
Qwhay-wat, born at Tek-waup-sum Reserve, Squamiah. She came
with my father from Squamiah. She died in Snauq, False
Creek, about twenty-six years ago, and is burled at Squamish;
buried at Tekwaupsum graves. Kaataalahnough's wife died
before I waa born; don't know her name. I remember my
mother telling me about my grandfather very well. He was
pretty husky, big, strong, stout man, but pretty old. Haat-
aalanough died when I was about three years old, and that is
what my mother was telling me about my grandfather."

CAPILANO I aaked August Jack if •Capilano" was

the title of the chief of the Squamish
tribe, and 'Haataalahnough' the vice chief of the Squamish

"Sarly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 38. August Jack (cont'd).

tribe before the white sen case (See Hill-Tout, page 476, Eth-
nological Surrey of Canada, B.A.A.S. Bradford meeting, 1900,
who says he waa, alao aee Andrew Paull, secretary Squamish
Indian Oouneil, who, 1932, aays thia la incorrect). August
Kltailano replied:

"Ho. They did not make one man the big
chief ower a number of leaner onea. All were equal, and ruled
in their own reserves only. Tou aee, coming down Squamiah
Biwer there are four reaerrea. lech one had ita own chief;
all equal. They did not make any one bigger than the other.
So, when Haataalabnough mowed to Stanley Park he did not
give up hie poaition aa chief at Took-taak-mek. They simply
mowed back and forth, dried some smelts, aalmon, clama, ber-
ries, and when the winter oame on went beck to Squamiah."

"My father Hay-tilk (Supplejack) had a
brother. His whitemans name wss Peter — his Indian name
Kee-olat (or Kee-olch). He ia dead, buried at Musqueam.
His wife waa from Musqueam, and he stayed there all the time.
I don't know her name. They had children — all dead excepting
**0* Alex is the oldeat, Lucy ia the youngest. Aler lives
at Musqueam. Lucy la ataying at Horth Vancouver Mission —
not married. Alex must be about 48 now."

"My brothers and sistera were Louisa, the
oldeat, ahe died at Snauq, buried at Poquiosin Reserve,, She
married Mr. Bards, whlteman, and has two children now living;
s daughter who married a whlteman who Uvea over by Magee
Boad; a son is st North Vancouver, Dave Burda."

"Cecile ia next. All her children are
dead. She married Joe Isaacs, Indian. She is dead. Willie
Jack, my brother, was next. He died. He had a big family.
but all died." *

"When my father died, my mother some years
afterwarda, married Jericho Charlie— hia Indian name Chin-nal-
sut. I have a half brother, their son. Dominic. He has
children."

"I am the youngest and only one living.
My children are «mma, Cells tine, Vllfred, Irene and Louisa-
all same mother. My wife's name ia Marrianne (or Marrlon),
her Indian name Swanamla. She is the only one now who wears
a ahawl; all the other Indian women were coeta now. My first
wife died; no children."

_,_ . „ ., (aigned) August Jack Kitailano.

fitness: J.S. Matthews.

•Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 39. August Jack (cont'd).

NOTE: This statement was read over to August — ha
cannot read or writ*— and he appx6ved of it and signed
his name in ink. I guided hia hand and pen.

August distinctly pronounces Kltailano as"Haataalano,"
not "Khaatsa". Hill-Tout aaya "Khaat", Tate says, •No,
"Heats"*. Every indication is that Hill-Tout put in
one too many "Kb".

Letter, No. 4806, from F.J.C. Ball, Indian Agent, 882 Metro-
politan Building, Vancouver.

August 18th. 1938.

"I regret that we Here no record of birth, death
or marriage of the father of August Jack, but, according
to our records there are no surviving children other
than August Jack, whose age is shown on our books as 54
(fifty-four), but there is no baptismal certificate on
file".

HOTS: The certificate is in City Archives. J.S.M.

THE DtDHK FOOD SPEPLY BBTORB THE WHIT^ hs r.kin.
("Early Vancouver •, Vol. 2, p. 37.)

October 26. 1982 .

APG03T ETTSILANO "Whitemana food change everything" said

August Kite llano in a conversation while we
•at at lunch in a down town restaurant. "Indiana had plenty
food long ago, but I could not do without tea and sugar now,
them daya Indian not want tea and sugar, know nothing about it.
Lota seat, bear, deer, bearer; cut neat up in strip* and dry —
no part wasted, not even the guts. Clean out the guts, fill
him up with something good, make sausage, Just like whitemana.
Only head wasted; throw head way. Then salmon — plenty salmon,
aturgeon, flounder, trout, lots all sorts fish; some sun dry,
some smoke dry. Indian know which best wood for smoke dry.
Lots crab and clam on beach."

"Then berries. Indian woman know how to
dry berries, dry lots berries; Just like raisins. Dry them
first, then press in pancakes, make them up in blocks like pan-
cakes, about three pounds to block. (Here he made a sign of
piling them up in piles). (Bar. CM. Tate Bays 'big flat
compressed cakes') Stack cakea in high pile in house; when
want cook, break piece off. Elderberry put in sack, you
know Indian aack; put sack in creek so clean water run over
them and keep them fresh. By and bye gat sack out of creek,
take some berry out, put saek back again. Oh, lots of
berries till berries come again."

"Then vegetables and roots. Indian
woman gather vegetable* and roots. Woman dig roots with
aharp stick, down deep, sometimes four feet; follow root
with stick, break off. Some very nice for eating, some
(fern root) make white flour powder, some dry for winter.
Oh, lots of food those daya. I think may be three thousand,
perhaps more, Indians live around Vancouver those days."

"Bat whitemana food change everything.
Everywhere whitemana goes he change food, China, other place,
he always change food where he goes."

"I waa born at Snauq, the old Indian
village under the Burrard bridge. Whan I little boy I
listen old people talk. Old people aay Indians see firat
whitemana up near Squamiah. When they see first ship they
think it an island with three dead trees, might be schooner,
might be sloop; two masts and bowsprit, sails tied up.

"Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 37. Indian Food Supply
(cont'd).

Indian braTea In about twenty eanoaa come down S anemias
river, go aea. Gat nearer, aee awn on ialand, nan bare
black elothea with high bat coning to point at top. Think
noat likely black uniform and great coat turned up dollar
like prieata cowl. Whitemans giro Indiana ahlp'a blaouit;
Indian not know what biaeuit for. Before wbitenana cone
Indiana hare little balla, not very big; roll than along
ground, ahoot at them with bow and arrow for practice,
teaeh young Indian ao aa not to miss dear. Just the same
you uae clay pigeon. Indian not know ahip'a biaeuit good
to eat, ao roll then along ground like little practice balla,
ahoot at than, break them up.* (Sign aa of bowling a cricket
ball 'underhand*).

MO LAgaag F OB "Then whltamana on achooner give molaaaea
3TITT utcg aame time biaeuit. Indian not know what
it for, so Indian rub on leg (thighs and
ealfa) for medicine. Tou know Indian alt on lega for long
time in oanoo; lags get stiff. Bub molaaaea on legs make
stiffness not so bad. molaaaea stlok lega bottom of canoe.
Molaaaea not much good for atiff legs, but my aneeatora think
ao; not their fault, just mistsko; they not know molasses
good to est.* And then August Kitailano laughed heartily.

There are at thla moment (1932) well oyer
8000 white famlllea supported by 'relief* in Vancouver,
where formerly three to five thousand Indiana lived off
land, water and beach.

ConTersatlon with August Jack Haatsalano (Iltsilano).

Pet. 86th. 1938.

^P^FWf August Iltsilano said he was looking for a

/.-«»» ,-„— , * ob » that **■•■ *«*• h«rd, everybody out of
CgDAft LOOS • job; that ha had a good atand of eedar

up tha Souamlsh and would like to gat aoae

of it out If ho would find someone who would buy the logs.

Major Matthews asked him what he thought of
the whole matter of the Qreat World Depression, and how tha
Indiana farad before the white man came here, how many of them
lived inside what is now Vancouver Harbor, and where they got
their food than when all was forest, and no City Hall to go to
for "relief asslstanoe, as the white inhabitants of the same
ground now doaa to tha number of thousands weekly.

August Kits llano replied: "White man's
food changed everything. Indians had plenty here long ago.
I could not do without sngsr and without now. Them days
Indian not want sugar and tea; know nothing about it. Lots
■eat, bear, dear. Gut meat up in strips and dry ss well, no
part wasted, not eren the guts. Clean out the guts" (and hers
*•*•*• • i « a ■• ot pssalng gut through thumb and finger) "and
fill them up with something, what you call sausage. Bo part
wasted, only the head. Then salmon; eat lots salmon. Some
sun-dried, some smoke-dried. Indian know whleh bast wood to
smoke-dry bast."

. . "Then berries. Indian woman, some of them,

know how dry berries. Dry lots of berries. Make them up in
blocks like pancake, (Rote Her. Tate says bricks about by )
and pile them up," (here he made sign of piling up, as a brick-
layer would pile bricks), "lots of them, enough to laat till
berries come again. Xlderberry put In aaok, you know, Indian

ssek, put them in clean oreek; water run

HLDBBBffilBS orer them. Then by and bye go get what
__- Indian want, put sack back In water."

1D0D

"Then there was roots, Indian woman did
for special kind of roots. I don»t know Just what kind, but
I think fern. Sometimes go down deep, perhaps four feat.
Indian woman piok earth away with sharp atlok ," (he made a sign
as if peeking away with a short sharp stick, aay aix Inches
long, in hand), "follow up root, break it off, and dry it and
put away." *

_„^ .. "Oh, Indian have lota of food. I think
3000, perhaps more, Indian live around Vancouver thoae days."

"Bit white man food change everything.

August jack Haataalano (Kitallano) cont*d.

Irerywhere white man go, China, other place, he always change
food where he goes. At first Indian not know what whiteman'a
food look like. When first whiteman cone up Howe Sound, up
near Squamlah, be gire Indian biacuita, big round biacuita
(ahlp'a biscuit). Indian not know what they are. He shoot
st the* and break them; he not know they are good to eat.
"Well, Indian roll them along and ahoot at them with bow and
arrow. Before white man come Indian hare balls, not wary big.
He roll them along" (here he made algn as of bowling a ball
underhand) "and shoot at the balls with bow and arrow for
practice, so as not to miss deer; so ss to teseh young Indian.
Tou do the ssme thing now, only you use machine throw*: clay
pigeon; just the same, keep in practice. Indian roll biscuit
along and ahoot at biscuit, break them up; he not know good
to eat."

"Just the same with molasses. When first
white man come Indian up Squamlah riwer first see sloop or
schooner— I don't know which—, but they think it an ialand
with three dead trees," (two masts and bowsprit, perhaps, with
sails furled). "They not know what it was; think it an
island—* go down In canoe to see. By and bye, aee men on
Island. The men in black clothes with high hst orer heed with
sbsty point to top. I suppose it wss blsek ower costs with s
hood. Tou know, the kind that turn up and make s sharp point
at top and cower baok of head, top of head, and most of cheeks."

"Whiteman glwe Indian molasses. Indian
not know what it was, rub it all orer his legs for medicine.
Indian think it medicine. Tou know, Indian alt in canoe on
knees for long time, get stiff. Indian rub it on for medi-
cine to make stiffness not so bad, — rub It up and down legs,"
(here he made sign as of rubbing llnament up and down thigh
and calf). "Molasses make legs stick to bottom of canoe."

Major Matthews! "Why did they rub It
on their legs? What did they think it would do?"

August Jack: "They think it medicine.
Do no good, but they think it did; not know what It was for."

THE UQB O OF KHAHT-SAH-LANO (PTSILAHO)
("lorly Vancouver", Tol. 2, p. 35.)

7th Mpvombor. 1982.
As related by Que-yah-chulk (Dick Iaaaea of North
Tenoouver Indian Reserve) with the aaaletance of Andrew Paull
(qpltchetahl), <*ie-yah-chulk ia probably seventy yeara old,
apaaka Engliah excellently, is aetiTe phyaieally and mentally,
aaya ha remaabera Mr. Derrick who built the fir at church in
Granville in 18T6 when *I waa a boy than*, loat one an work-
ing in the Hastings Sawmill in 1866, can not read or write,
and la a brother to the late celebrated character, Aunt Sally,
•prehietorle* realdent of Stanley Park. He Uvea with hia
daughter and grandchildren. Hia brother haa Juat died.
Queyahehulk aaya:

"Haataalanough naae wary old, uaad by Indiana long
before Chief Haataalanough of Chaythooa, Stanley Park,
and Toktakaaai, near Souamiah."

"Haataalanough of ancient daya, long yeara ago, waa
riaiting down near Point Roberta at a point where there
ia now an Indian Beaarre at a place called Sngliah Bluff;
hia wife waa with hia."

"A woman of the tribe broke the moral coda; her
puniabJMnt waa that ahe should bo deaertad by her tribe."

"Haataalanough decided to leave the place with the
other*, and aaid to hia wife, 'where shall we go', and
than •aid, *0h, I know good place; lota of elk, beaver,

~i, duck, fine place, plenty food, plenty cedar. 1

■Mooae"? interjected Andrew Paull.

"SO, no moose', replied Queyahchulk, "only elk".

"That", aaid Paull, and Qneyahchulk nodded aaaent,
"waa how the first man Haataalanough oame to aettle at
8naue" (Kitellano Indian Beaarre ).

Than Paull added, "My wlfe*a grandmother very old
woman, aaid to ha 112 yeara old, anyway it ia eaay to
•ao aha la over 100, told me the atory in the same way.
She la Krs. Harriet George, her Indian name Haztan."
(She died about 19 8 6. aa e obituary book.)

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 44.

Andrew Paull, (Qoitchetahl) secretary of the Squamiah Indian
Council, baring told me that he was a direct descendant of
the celebrated hero of the Squamiah tribe, Qoitchetahl, the
serpent slayer of Squamiah. Eaxten, an aged Indian woman
says Andrew Paull la the grandson of the great granddaughter
of the original Qoitchetahl. I asked August Kltsllano,
grandson of Chief Haataa-lah-nough, to give me his conception
of the legend. He said:

December 19th. 1952.

"This is the way it was:

"Qpitchetahl just a man, he just get
married, then a aerpent come in the lake way up above Squamiah,
Old peoples say to Qoitchetahl "Tou go chase that aerpent,
don't stay at home aaleep with your wife!" So Qoitchetahl he
get up and tell his wife he be away ten days and not to worry;
but he go away ten years. Well, when he was going on the way,
was following the serpent, he wash, wash, wash himself all the
time — take bath in the creeks in the mountains— get power.
He gets that power, and the aerpent was in the lake swimming
about, and then the serpent oame to the Indian man; of course
they talk together, the serpent and the man Qoitchetahl. The
serpent said "Go get pitch wood and drive it into my head, one
stick. Get three sticks, make sharp, drive one in my head
right here, the other one in the middle of my back, and the
other one at the end of my dragon tail* Tou know, serpents
have two heads, one at each end. The one in front is his
head, the other is near the tall, and is a dragon's head. I
see one once, little fellow, bout five feet long; two heads,
one in front and one in tall."

"Well, Qoitchetahl did as the serpent
told him. Serpent die. Qoitchetahl stay there until serp-
ent all rotten. Then he took a bone, just one special bone,
like a club, and he took it down with him out of the mountains.
When he comes to the head of the Squamiah River he pulls out
that bone, out of his pocket, and he waves it in the air.
Ail the peoples, everybody, just drop just like dead, but he
has stuff which he sprinkle on them and they all come up again.
When the peoples come up, they give him a wife, and by time he
gets back to Squamiah he had eighteen wives. Everywhere he
goes the people fall down just like dead, and he bring them
back to life again. His real wife, he Just let her die. He
had eighteen other wives with him."

Then my friend August Jack said: "I must
be off, I've got to see the manager of the sawmill st
Iburne about my log scale aheets. Would you mind tele-

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 44. August Kitsilano (cont'd).

phoning him I shall be late keeping my appointment?"

How can one reconcile the assertion of
this hard-headed business man, this splendid Indian man,
that he had seen a "little serpent" of the kind Qpitchet-
ahl gets credit for having killed. I did not ask him
where he had seen it* I asked him a similar question
onoe— do not care to do it again, his retort was too
rigorous. J. S. M.

A TRACING OF VANCOUVER AND WEST VANCOUVER
INDIAN NAMES

aiLiitano, cue wn<ic ioi<mbL% a«u^oCt >>\. C
«vt«ral w/ty ( is un ace*ptakle as a. jfrrr'etly
^ssfc. a**y**ahe rrvab.

COUVM .Vol I j>.fc

Pko.HJg87P?»g

This map traced for me by August Jack Khahtsahlano in September, 1932. He can
neither read nor write, but the names were filled in by his son, age 22. Done in
pencil, the tracing and names were afterward inked over by Major Matthews.
Khahtsahlano's signature appears above. The diagram is a genuine endeavour, and
while in a general way is tolerably accurate, is unacceptable as a strictly accurate map.

J. S. MATTHEWS, 1932.

24A

CHIEF CHIP-KAAY-M AND BLACK BEAR IN COMBAT

SIC $* i . ■

"You see Little Mountain there? Up Cambie Street? That's where the bear got Chip-
kaay-m. Chip-kaay-m hunting bear and shoot, but he's slow re-loading, he's only got
muzzle loading flint gun. Big bear come at him; claw all down left side his face,
and tear his breast; hurt him very bad, but Chip-kaay-m get better again. That's where
it was; right there; up Cambie Street; below Little Mountain."

Following this remark to me as we stood at a City Hall window, August Jack
Khahtsahlano brought me — a few days later — this drawing in colour, made with
pencils. He is grand-nephew to Chip-kaay-m, does not read nor write, and his artistry
is wholly his own. Good, kind Chief George, or Chip-kaay-m, devout Christian,
established the village of Shaug (Burrard Bridge) early in the nineteenth century. His
brother was Chief Khahtsahlanogh (Kitsilano).

CITY ARCHIVES/JSM.

24B

a
z
<

H
Z

_a'

c
a

'H ^

>/>?

-If

1 J§

3 o

-» o=

a t; 1 <

24C

DIAGRAMS BY AUGUST JACK,
TAY-HAY, WHOI-WHOI, KHAY-TULK'S GRAVE

Tah-hay «t Wlui-Wk

T *"^^C/> QV tt * V***-^*'" f>v£*4 4^ «£/

FR^-

Ctdat >Zab feuiUings at W/ioi- IWl»l, <"< Jc*atcd«i.
ty Avjuit T««fWia4t-j«<«»io,' l f*oTH >n«mcr»yj
3W* »*«%?«*?" ?hn, N,l» TVKmt.

24D

CONSTRUCTION OF RANCH HOUSE
AT WHOI-WHOI

Window holes
about one foot
square.

S/catck of construction, of
Indian house at Whoi-vihoi.
( lumber mans Arch. Stan ley T*rk
a tracing of rougk Sk4tch., cm
tcrajs of patxr. drawn 'in rny 9<r»^lyi
One Sunday aftrinoeti. Dec, ISJ(j3S
by flKibSt-Jack fclicntsnhlaTio

Stout outs/de slats /a<^ t/irougi fi> heavier inside.
posts To support (h/^ p fr omonfc/_£e^val^)ab5. S ^ Beafe ihicUer m centie

' 3o a s*to Prevent agqginq due

No post in centre unless ye*y wide

Bed boo-rd. platform all aiouncL
inside walls

</ to weight of loot .

•Beam, s'toio" atends

/S"Aj /v" /n iTjiadle

These posts are It" wide and f" thick.

g-nd ate inside house,
C°daT Shakes, slabs a.bout IQjeetlono,
all widths, 6", 8", 10', ZO^
. Stgunoj line

PSoH 'S3 p arttwo. (ityfachivtijim

24E

Indian trails were broken by Indian bare hands and worn smooth by Indian bare feet.
No trail around the present Stanley Park existed. None was needed. Squamish
were "canoe Indians." A trail from Whoi-Whoi (Lumbermen's Arch) to Chaythoos,
just east of Prospect Point, was needed to connect the two villages, for not even an
Indian could pass when the tide was in. The lower corner shows the trail and the
cedar slabs in the other corner, shows protection of Indian bodies from wild animals.
A water colour, painted 1884, by L. A. Hamilton, C.P.R. Land Commissioner and surveyor.

CITY ARCHIVES/JSM.

24F

ROYAL ENGINEER SURVEY, 1863, FIRST NARROWS

lit fr f

■*> -9 ZJO 30

Chay-thoo«,"high bank"
no* Prospect Point.

24G

Jfejfcl

H ^s*^

**'^ ■^**-L.-/V..

> 9 *».*•*>;•>

' . ' '

CHAY-THOOS, i.e., "high bank", all Prospect Pt., Stanley Park. Ancient Indian
clearing of half acre twixt towering forest and shore. Here beside Hay-tulk's mauso-
leum, a canoe inside wooden tomb on posts, M^yor Oppenheimer opened park, Sept.
27, 1888; here Lord Stanley dedicated, Oct. 30, 1889. "Park Road" surfaced with
calcined white shells from Whoi-Whoi midden. Site between benches (above) of
Hay-tulk's ((Supplejack) tomb. Perhaps "lost" stone of proposed cairn (beside lady
above), dedicated by Lord Stanley, Oct., 1889. Pipeline road ends (extreme right).
Site on road corner of Chief Haatsa-lah-nogh's laam (Indian cedar slab house) shown
in R.E. survey, Mar. 1863; creek in hollow beyond dark bush.

CITY ARCHIVES/JSM.

24H

"Barly Vancouver *, Vol. 2, p. 42.

Conversation with August Kits llano, 20th December. 1932.

C HULKS "This ia the way it is about the big

boulder at Chulks. There is a point
there, and on the south side, facing south, is a big hole in
the rook, and a big stone about five or six feet in diameter
in the hole. Ihen the gods were fixing the geography of the
earth they threw this stone at the top of Ilount Garibaldi,
that is chy-kai. Chy-kai is the mountain. Che-kai is the
creek. The stone missed the mountain and landed at Chulks,
and is there yet for you to see."

"One of the gods put the boulder in a
sling and then swung the sling around and around his head to
work up speed and force. Somehow the sling, as it flew
around, touched something. Some say a raven's wing, others
that s slave got in the way of the thrower — touched his arm,
spoiled his aim— and the big atone missed the mountain, and
now you see it in the crevasse, a big stone five or six feet
in diameter in the crevasse facing due south at Chulks. That
shows you what power the Squamiah Indians had in those days;
that's power."

"Do you believe It?" I asked, smiling, and
expecting that he would return the smile, but, to my surprise
and regret at having smiled, he replied most earnestly and
vigorously:

"Of course I believe it. I tell you it's
true. To show you. In the early days they ones out a man
open— split him down the middle from the top of his head,
front to back, all the way down, so that he was open right
through, and then they put him in the fire and roast him—
the grease run out. Then the eight powerful men start to
work to fix him up again. Squamiah Indians were very power-
ful once— could do anything."

"Are they the same eight as those who
fame before the Indians and were turned into stone at Homulaom"?
I asked.

"No" replied August, "that's a different
lot; not the same men. These powerful men of whom I speak
were Squamish. Well, they sew him hp, and, after a little
while after they work on him, he get up and walk".

"These eight men were just like other
men, only vary much power. They live just like wild, only
they were not wild. They go up in the mountains, stay up In
the mountains ten years, wash themselves, wash themselves good
and clean. Then they get power, power to da anything. (Sea

"Sarly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 42. Kitailano (cont'd).

Hill-Tout, Beport, B.A.A.S. 1900 and 1902.) Then, after
they fix him up they say to the nan 'See that aewbill (duck)»?
•You run race with that e*wbill». Sawblll duck fly very
fast, hut the man they fix up run a race with that aawbiil and
he won the race. That will ahow you how powerful those
Squamish Indians were in thoae early days".

"When I waa twelve years old I see the
last two of these eight powerful sen at Jericho. All the
rest dead. The two very old— catching smelts there. My
■other Qwhay-wat ahe show them to me, and tell me they were
the only two living of the eight powerful men. When I waa a
child my mother marry again — marry Jericho Charlie; his Indian
name Chin-ow-sut. Chln-ow-sut come from twenty-five miles up
the Squamiah River. His father waa the greateat hunter In
the Squamlah. He killed the biggest grizzly with bow and
arrow."

C0MMH9T: It waa very strange to hear August Kitailano,
a splendid manly Indian full of worldly wisdom, energy
and integrity In ordinary affairs, credited with sound
Judgment by thoae who know him, and well able to and
does manage the difficultiea of hia logging business
getting loga out of the woods, down the river; s res-
ourceful man highly regarded by the Indian agent, Mr.
Ball, for hia worth. August la a mild mannered man,
with a pleasant smile, when he smilea, and dignified
when he does not. He use* the telephone, has a rough
idea of banking, log acale aheeta, etc., etc., but never
learned to write or read. He once said to me a wisdom.
It wss "Those young fellows never begin to think until
the meeting has started. I lie in bed and plan the
whole thing out before I get there".

Tet here he sat and solemnly told me that he
believed the above story, and even related it with such
earnestness that it waa almost convincing to the listener.
Respect for hia sincerity forbade further questioning.

J. S. M.

KHiHTSAHT.lNO

(See "lerly Vmnoouver", Yol.3, p. a)
August Jack Khahtsahlano, Jan, 10th. laa^ t

"This" (Bailey Bros, photo, narked on back
Photo Ho. "KWANATAN") "must be In Stanley
Park; they are Musqueam Indians. I can
tell by Charlie; his Indian name ie
Kwanatan. He died at Musqueam yesterday. He is the only mma
who would wear that dress. (The figure on the extreme left of
the four figures, wearing a white fan-like headdress). Awanatan
is just a name, so far as I know; has no meaning which I know
of. It must be some sort of a 'religious' ceremony in Stanley
Park; I suppose about forty, or more, years ago. The dress
they are wearing Is called "Swhol Swhoi", (Masks). (see
Whoi Who!, in 'Early Vancouver,* 1932, also companion photo
numbered 'Just Dressed*.)

Jan. 11th, 1934 t
"This" (»Just Dressed' pholo) "must be In
Stanley Park; they are Musqueam Indians, I think. I am
judging by the other photo marked 'KWanatan.* They are per-
forming some sort of dance. The clothes they are wearing have
no especial significance. They are *Just dressed' for the
danoe. This is not Swhol Swhoi. They are Just dressed,
that's all." '

OP ENING O f 1 STAN LEY Lord Stanley was not present. It was
PARK. [ DTSILAITOl opened on Thursday, September 27th, 1888,
auFiMgJACK'S (5ULVS . by Mayor Oppenheimer. The procession

formed on Powell Street, went up Cordova to
Granville, up to Hotel Vancouver, down
Georgia Street across the new Bridge, around lovely drive past
Brockton Point, and then on to a grassy spot where Supplejack's
grave used to be, close to the landing place of the Capllano
Water «orks, where a halt was made. Here a temporary platform
had been erected. (See photo No. ..., showing flagpole.)

INDIAN GRAVES.

• •• ,

On May 31st. 1934. there was read over to
August Jack Khahtsahlano, V.A. Grafton's

narration re Indian Graves at Chaythoos, Stanley Park. He
nodded assent to each statement, and to my query respecting its
accuracy, said, "Tee, but Supplejack not buried In 'grass
house,* but 'glass house.'*

8D» MOODY. Major Matthews: "Can you tell me what
MOgbTVlLLI 3AW - this story is about Sue Moody (Moodyvllle
MILL. Sawmill) borrowing |2,000 from Supplejack

to pay the mill hands when the money did not
come by boat from San Irene iseot"

Andrew paul ( Tab. 12. 1934) ; "I remember

the* tailing me about it when I wa* a little boy. some
Indian— you know Indiana can be very quiet in the woods, and
can watch you without anyone knowing they are watching— well
they told ae an Indian waa watching in the trees somewhere over
about Victoria, and saw a Chinaman or somebody burying some-
thing. He afterwards told Mr. Ifoody about it, and Mr. Moody
said to him, *Tou take me and show me where it is,' and he did,
and got the money."

Major Matthew*: "How much did the Indian
get out of it?"

Andrew Paul: "A few blankets, I suppose,
but I never knew It was Supplejack, although now you remind me,
I have some hazy recollection."

HOTS: The story is told by Harold E. Ridley that Mr.
Moody of MoodyvlUe Sawmill borrowed |2,000 from Supple-
jack, of Chaythooa (Stanley Park). The money was in
gold and silver coins of American denomination. (See
•laxly Vancouver,* Vol. 2, re this interesting Indian.)

VSAHLANO . May 31. 1934.

ST JACK." Memorandum of Conversation with August
Jack Khahtsahlano, of Capilanp River:
(See "Marly Vancouver", Vol. 5, ».».)

Major Matthews: "What is there in the
story that Sue Moody (manager of Moodyville Sawmill Co.)
borrowed a big sum of money, about $2,000, from your father,
Supplejack?" (Xhay-tulk.)

August Jack: "That*s all wrong" (dis-
gustedly). "That was Alec Tom; same fellow killed a man on
Granville Road to Kburne; knock him on the head with an axe;
kill him. He was In Jail eighteen years for doing it. 1*11
go tell you."

"Alee was working for Sue Moody; flunky;
wash dish. Alec goes holiday in Victoria. Then he was look-
ing for place have rest; sit down. Vent in bushes. Sit-
ting in bush very quiet and a Chinaman come along. He heard
noise of Chinamen coming along. Here was Chinaman, so he sit
still. He watch Chinaman. The Chinaman bury this box, then
he get up and walk towards the place where the Chinamans was
burying this. He dug it out. The Chinamans gone."

"He open the box and found the money in-
side the box, so he did not want to take the money, so he
cover it over again and came down to Victoria city; stay there
two days after; and they caught the Chinaman and the Chinaman
would not give away where he had put the stolen money; so
Alec found out the Chinaman stole the money, and he (the China-
i) was arrested."

"Then Alee go back that place and sore
the box, abd bury tba box again. He took some out. So he
earn* horn and went back to hie work washing dishes in the
kitchen, and Moody was crying *eos he did not hare no aoney
to pay his men; so Alec went up to Hoody and says *What*s the
aatter, Moody?* Moody answered, 'I got no aoney to pay ay
aea.» So Alec said, »I was in Victoria, in the bush, and the
Chinaman eoae along with a big box, aoney in it, and the box
is there yet.* So Moody said, 'Let's go and see.* so Alee
seid, 'All right,* and they go to Westminster and take steamer
from Westminster to Victoria, and they got the money."

Major Matthews: "How much?"

_ _ .. August Jack: "Oh, can»t say; don»t know.
That's the story, anyhow."

(See "Marly Vancouver", Vol .3, p. 4)

3TAH1BT PART. On January 7th, 1869, the report of Dr.

A.M. Robertson, M.D., City Health officer,
recommended to the City Council that the houses at Brockton
Point be destroyed, and that no Indians coming from a distance
be allowed to eamp there in future. This was on aoeount of
fear of epidemics of disease (smallpox). Stanley Park had
been opened on September 27th, 1886. Recommendation was car-
ried out, but the report that a lawsuit followed, resulting in
the city haTing to rebuild them, has not been investigated, but
his recommendation gives an idea of the date when Indians no
longer lived in their ancient home.

PORTDCaSB JOB . Remark by Jim franks (Chilaminst) , Indian

^*£!±±H!i .$?P ot Nortn Vancouver. (See Early Vancouver.

STAMJfT PARK. Vol. 2.)

"Portugese Joe he first go out Point Grey,
out on sandbank, catch dogfish, bring them in Deadmans Island;
too rough out there. He get oil. Boil them in great big
kettle on Deadmans Island, make oil; sell sawmill. That's
what Portugese Joe first do."

May 51. 1934.
Conversation with August Jack Ebahtsahlano:
Major Matthews: "What does Sasamat mean?

The Spaniards who were here before Vancouver say that the
Indians called Burrard Inlet Sasamat."

Conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano, "Early Vancouver",
Vol. 3, p. 4.

31at May. 1934.

SASAMA.T Major Matt hew a; What does Saaamat meant

The Spaniard.* who were here before Captain
Vancouver My that the Indian* called the plaoe "Saaamat."

August Jack: "That must be down towards
Indian River. Den*" Enow what it means; don*t think it has
anything to do with Tsa-atalum, that's out Point Grey, means"
(shrugging shoulders) "chill place. Taa-tsa-alum out Point
Grey, not Squamish language; don't know what Saasaat means,
not same language. We never finished the place names up the
Inlet. I give you some more now, all I can think of Just now*'

Chul-whah-ulch t

Taa-tum-auns

Turn- ta-mayh- tun t
3puc-ka-naah:

Bidwell Bay, same name as Coal Harbor.

Don't know exactly where, but up by Port
Moody, east of Barnet. Don't know
meaning.

Beloarra, means land.

Little White Rock on the point just where
you pass mill (Dollar ton). Means 'Whits
Rock,' same as whitemans call it. (White
Bock Island in middle of channel.)

Thluk-thluk-way-tun: Barnet Mill* Means 'where the bark gets
pealed* in spring.

Slail-*i*-tuth:

Indian River.

a SK_ mum.

&ANLgT PATK CATTLE

Vol* 3. p» 7.

Memo of ConTersatlon with August Jack ft"if>|in (Kltsilano
"••J Khay-tulk, and grandson of Chief KtSShStgh Jf '
ChaythooB) at Clt* Hall, Jan. 12, 1934.

..-H-^ffi"* £^L { S? B of *«PPl«J»eki or Khay-tulk) was born
under tha present Burrard Street Bridge, the then Indian Till-
age of Snauq, and says he la now 59. [Actually 57. See bap-
tismal certificate, Pho. P. 42, Pho. H. 76. See also 'Early
Vancouver', Vol. 2.) J

Query* How many families were Hrlng at Whol-Whoi In

Stanley Park when you were a boy? (about 1881-86.)

August Jaoki fAfter reflecting) "There were eleren fam-
.,, ,-k,,,^, . lllea. That's a long time ago. There was

old Ckunth' in one house, then there was Ce-yowqlwa-lla in the
next house, an* Ahtsulk was in the next; then there were eight

f^i ^V* *?* Xh * T * miBt hays oeen nore *l»n 100 Indians all
told llrlng In the four houses. These man's names haTe no
meaning* Juat names. I forget all the family names; it's such
a long time ago."

it ?- t Jh t0h < Wa ! hel l tl W £&'*& i ln 1885 « Ther « ia mention of
it ln the minutes of the City Council proceedings about 1887
where the medioal health officer recommends the destruction of
the houses on aooount of small pox. R eT . C. H. Tata says the

Knc'curer?: ST? J? ift *"* BrlT — * "* ° Ut ' "" '****

Query* How old were those Indian houses?

August Jack. "Oh, wary old; there long before me. You
,.,. .. . . . to* * **• Iumber«an'a Arch ln Stanley Park.

Wall, the big house was about 200 feet long, and sixty feet

the^reoTU*^ ?!?! 1 ^ • q VU r *^ B froBt of *«■»«"■»■•■ Arch at
iSLi? !-^L u t,ail f ^" th * ***»»•■• Mwaatnt. That waa the
Jrealf pew-wow house. The name of It waa 1TAH-HAT: no meanlnc t
Just name, and alx families lire* In It. ■»■■•■»■

IHDI-1HDI AHKA-CHUA CHATTH003

Vitus; ilk* BBS

gBB HARROWS , STANLEY Mg
▲ painting In oil by Auguat Jack Khahtsahlano, 15th January, 1936.

DESCRIPTION

THE SOPAMISH VILLAGE Of WHOI-WHOI . (meaning "maaka"):

Tmtold agaa paat men lived on thia clearing; remalna were
eight feet deep. In 1792, when Capt. Vancouver aailed by, Squamish
lived here in huge cedar alab houaea, one alope roof a, built with
atone hammers and chisels. Circa 1870, theae were demoliahed, and
•King George men" peak roof cottagea, with peak roofa, glaaa windowa,
aome with floora, erected with sawn boarda. lue to smallpox theae,
in turn, were demoliahed in 1689, shortly after the "Park Road" waa
made around Stanley Park.

TAT-HA T. the communal "manor", (no meaning):

"Lumberman * s Arch" stands on the ancient site, the exact former
location of "Tay-hay." They were the moat accompliahed native car-
penters in North America; a kindly, generous, God-fearing people
with a clear conception of the fundamentals of life.

a ht a -ctiu. the creek and lake, (meaning "email lake", i.e., Beaver
Lake. ) "I paint it for you" responded August Jack Ehahtsah-
lano, Squamish, age oyer sixty, six feet tall, aon of Haytulk, or
"Supplejack", and grandson of Chief Haatsahlanogh— no English name.
He cannot read or write. Thia painting is from memory fifty yeara
after, and, remarkably, is hie own first unaided attempt at drawing;
without advice, tuition, or model; the conception and creation of
an untrained hand of a practical and lovable Indian of brilliant mind.

Here lived, loved and laughed, in comfort and in plenty, our
good friends the Squamish, before the "whitemens" came. Then one
summer's day, 1792, Capt .Vancouver sailed by. Those along the
atrand gazed in wonder; others, in canoes, pushed off to welcome,
to escort, to honor with clouda of white down feathers floating
above and about him as he passed inwards.

CHAT-TH00S . the clearing, (meaning "high bank"). Proapect Point.

On thia email prehistoric cleering there stood a stone tool
split, thiok cedar alab, one alope roof, nailleas Indian houae
occupied by Chief Haatsalanogh , from whom Elteilano takes ita
name. The "hut" is shown on Royal Engineer field survey notes,
liar. 1863. Cirea 1870, hia eon Haytulk, or "Supplejack", demol-
iahed it, and, on exact aite, replaced it with cottage, here de-
pleted, of sawn boards from Haatinga Sawmill. Thia, in turn, was
demolished when, in 1888, the "Park Road" paaeed through it.

HATTPLE'S TOMB ;

Here, beside Haytulk's remaina lying in a canoe inside hie
wooden tomb on posts, mayor Oppenhelmer opened, 1888, and Stanley
dedicated, 1889, the Park.

J. S. Matthews,

City Archivist.

15th January, 1938.

"Then, to the west of it, was a smaller house, about 30
feet front and 16 feet deep with a sort of little kitchen at
the backj I think two families lived in that.

"Then to the west again was a smaller house, about 24 by
16 feet deep; one family lived in that, and on the extreme west
was another pow-wow house — it was measured once — and I
think the measurement was 94 feet front by about 40 feet deepi
the front was about 20 feet high; the back was about 12 feet.
Here two families lived. All these houses stood in a row above
the beach, facing the water; all were of cedar slabs and biz
posts; all built by the Indians long ago."

(Hote: The picture, "Before the Pale Jace Came" (illustrated
by John Innes, prepared by J. S. Matthews) was hanging on the
wall as we conversed. It records the Indian place names of
Burrard Inlet and English Bay.) See Map P. 10, H. 18.

««. /^a*' 8 ? ot right," said August Jack, pointing to the hut.

That roof got two slopes, Squamish Indian hut only one slope,
rrom front to back, and the posts are always outside, and—"
(pointing to roof beams) "—the top part stick out; see the
ends of the timbers, so." (Drawing with pencil on piece of
paper.) "The door always in the end, one at each end of house,
right in corner under highest part of roof, not in the middle
of end. Hole for smoke? Ho hole for smoke; just poke up with
stick and slide boards off hole in roof, not like northern In-
dian House. Light? Ho windows, but holes in side along front

of house; not very big holes, not very many, in big pow-waw
house (200 feet by 60 feet) perhaps, maybe, four; So glass for
window; just cover hole with something when no light wanted or
to keep out wind.

"The side and all the walla just cedar slabs on side;
cedar slabs on roof; the beams stick out all round just under
roof."

tyiery: How about posts for support of sides?

August Jack « "Just same as ends, only smaller. Cedar
slabs dropped in between posts, and posts
fastened together with little cedar boughs twisted together.
Posts onlyttied in two or three places up and down; windows,
might be four windows in the 200-feet "Tah-hay"; they don't put
in much (for light). Ho holes to shoot bow and arrow through
at enemy; use windows; when they make light, just open it;
they had something to cover window over when want to. Yes;
the floor was earth."

Queryj "Any totem poles?"

August Jack: "Ho, not outside, but might be oarved on
post inside house."

queryt Any oanoos?

August Jaokt "Yes, on beaoh, lots eanoss; some man got
three, soma man two, bigger canoe, smaller
canoe. Squaaiiah oanos like this shape." (See diagram.)

^uery* Any dogs?

August Jaokt "Oh yas, lots dogs, Indian dogs, not white-
dogs."

^ueryt What about water? There's no oreek at Whol-Whoi.

August Jaokt "Ho oreak there; bare well; Indian dig him;

about six feet deep; use cedar board bucket."

<iuery» What about grareyard?

August Jaokt "Little grareyard. You know where totem

poles have been put near Lumberman's Arch?
Well, go* up little trail from Whol-Whoi, little trail behind
those poles; peoples burled there; may be 100 feet from poles;
long before my time. They were getting soatterad; people get-
ting seattsred. (Wot intelligible, but no time to interrupt to
gat explanation, but see W. A. Grafton narratlre re burials in
boxes and oanoes at Chaythooa, Stanley Park. A. J* probably
meant "bones getting soatterad.") So they got one of the men
and bury them there. They had a little small pox before the
white man same. There's been two or three small pox eame to
Squamlsh peoples. When? Couldn't say; that's a long time.
They had that small pox, and the big fire in Squamlsh. (Presum-
ably he means about the same time.) What did the fire do? Oh,
just burn the country. How did it start? It started with
thunder; that was the only punishment the Indians got; the
Squamlsh peoples."

Queryt Was there an Indian trail from Whol-Whoi (Lumber-
man's Arch) to Paapeeak (Brockton Point)?

August Jaokt "I don't think so; poor one if there was;

don't remember one; no need for one up that
way. Bat there was a good trail to Chaythoos (end of pipe line
road) about that wide (extending hands apart about three feet.)
Ho Indian oan go along beaoh whan the tide Is in, so Indian
make little trail from Chaythoos to Whol-Whoi; they follow that
trail when they build the Stanley Park Road around the park;
then another trail out through to Chulwahulsh (Lost Lagoon),
and then along to Puokhale, (C. P. R. Station) then to Luokluoky,
(Carroll Street) Kumkumlqf, (Bastings Sawmill) Chetohallmun,
(B. C. Sugar Refinery) and Huphapai (Cedar Core)» How wide?
Just little trail; just enough one man to go past; no tools make

trail, Juat break with hands, break bushes. Deer, bear, all
use the same trail*

"When they make Stanley Park road we was eating In our house.
Some one aake noise outside; ohop our house. We was inside
this house (at Chaythoos) when the surveyors cone along, and
they ohop the corner of our house (indignantly) when we was
eating inside. We all get up go out see what was the matter*
My sister Louise, she was the only one talk a little English;
she goes out ask whiteman what he's doing that for. The man
say, "We're surveying the road." my sister ask him, "Whose
road? Is it whiteman' s?" Whiteman says, "Someday you'll find
good road around, it's going around. (A. J. makes eiroular mo-
tion with hand.) Of course, whiteman did not say park; they did
not sail it park then.

CHXgJ' KHAATSA-:UB-HOUQH«S HOME . "Our house beside a little

creek at Chay those, you
know end of pipe line road; just where you start to go up hill
to Sunt*."

%uerys I thought Suntz was at the bottom of Prospect
Point, a rook on the beaoh by the lighthouse*

August Jaoki "Tes, that's right, but Sunt* is all the way
up the hill, too; up top too; all Suntz.
(Motioning from bottom upwards with hand.) Our house about 8
feet from creek; little slope from house to creek; creek on east
side of eur house; our house about 30 feet from slope of bank;
near beaoh; when they out roadway they go right through our
house; my father's, Supplejack's, grave, (It was beside this
grave that the dedication of Stanley Park by Lord Stanley took
place; the procession stopped there.) was about one hundred and
forty feet west of house; our house little house in front facing
water; big long powwow house behind; both made of cedar slabs;
been there long, long time; long before my time.

"Only two places on first Warrows (south side); just Whoi-
Whoi and Chaythooa." (See "Xarly Vancouver", Vol. 2, 1932.)

<luery» August, there's a man lives up in Mt. Pleasant —
Mr. Soales. He says he corns Vancouver long, long
time. His mother live Gas town. He say his mother want vege-
tables. He say, "Mother, I go get some." He take canoe, go
some plaoe near Prospect Point, climb hill to Indian garden, try
steal potatoes, earrots; have saok on shoulder* He meet Khay-
tulk coming down trail, black hair all hang down over shoulder,
wear black hat. Khay-tulk say, "Where you going?" and look
hard* ley frightened and aay "Howhere." Where was that Indian
garden?

August Jiaokt "Close by our house, little garden Just be-
side it, on west side."

f}uery« Wall, before whltemanB come, what vegetables grow?
That aort of garden Indian hare?

August Jack: "Oh, little garden; Just clear apace before

whltenan come. I never see, but I think they
have it (ground) ready like; then when the whitemans come In-
diana Just put in potatoes, turnips.

STAKLBY PARK COTS

"Khaytulk, my father, bought one cow; then the cow had a
little one; it waa a bull; then they got lota. Te had 12 ocma
running around, and 6 pigs. (See 'Xarly Vancouver', Vol* 2,
1932, page 273.) They were running looae around Stanley Park
when they got road put up (built). Then we had them cows we
bought our horaea, two of them; they had one horse uae it for
racing Tew Teatminater on Dominion Day. Te lost half the cattle;
some people a kill.*

SBCOMD BEACH (BTAITTOOK )

TJueryl Did you ever hear of whites camping long, long time
ago at Second Beach? (See Joe Sievewright, Cariboo
miner and companions, 1853, 'Xarly Vancouver', Vol. 3.)

August Jacks "To. Sever hear white camping at Second

Beach my time. Indians living there; juat
come there to oamp; kill ducks, take canoe away from storm in
Bngllah Bay over to Chul««ttaiiufiih.(Lo8t Lagoon); kill ducks night
time; that's how they kill them; ducks don't fly when they got
fire in canoe | they come close; get out in oanoe spear ducks,
and Indian uae spear. At that time hard to get ducks with bow
and arrow; that's (spearing) the easiest way they can get them.
Then they got fire in oanoe, ducks come close; then Indian uae
spear."

<luery» Didn't the fire burn the oanoe?

August Jack: "They get cedar board (aplit cedar); they

pile the mud on top of that so as would not
burn oanoe, then sticks, all pitch sticks; pitch burns quiet;
no spark to make noise. (See diagram.)

Duck dcrou. Used at nirjUt bu Indians.

0i e „

* Fla-me.. 5 fcicks of b iheh wood burning

h*~ — MUSL Tnmott^'ffOS^ t?' lefg - tlflM f :TP

"•*~-^ - 3ln.h nj «;pl'fb cedar v tnoS.. • J

Q*ueryt Then you were a little boy, what did you used to
live on? Beef? Perk?

August Jaokt "To, no beef. Te used ducka, deer, fish,
clams, anything that's going around that's
good to eat for Squamiah people; no beef, no pig."

tiueryt That about elk?

August Jaokt "Veil, there's always elk going around hare.
Where? Oh, out Point Grey, around Byalmouch
(Jericho); anywhere where there*s swamp; they go around juat
like horses only they got horns."

(Jueryj Did the Indians go by trail to New Westminster;
orer to Traser River way?

August Jaokt "They go canoe; winter or summer; not always
winter* Westminster not only place they want
to visit; if juat Westminster they go trail; they got trail
from Maxle's (Hastings) before the whitemans oame. They got
trail from Fort Moody to Eraser. But in canoe, may be two,
three, may be four men, everybody in canoe paddle, it go around
quick; visit lot of places, not Just Westminster."

He promised to come in again, and we went out to
have a cup of coffee and cakes while awaiting his
wife, Swanamla, who has never had her photo taken;
a very pretty, demure Indian lady; I repeat, In-
dian lady . (Addenda, 1949s Nor was it ever taken,
save by subterfuge. Fort. P. 657, H. 270, was taken
with a flash bulb at Kitsilano High School in 1943.)

HTTTMnnp CBtt i y TitpT^N RB3ERVB
3T0SS KMITB

Vol. 3. p. 11

Memorandum of conversation with August Jack Khamtsahlano, Sept.

27, 1934.

SBY1PUR CRSEK INDIAN RBSBRVB

Query ! What's tola photo? (showing him Out. P. 92, H. 92)
August Jack: "That's the old Seymour Reserve, lots oanoes.
The b^g house belong to Chief George, chief
of Seymour Creek; the next house Policeman Tom. Chief George's
Indian name Tho-lah-kun (spelt as nearly as is possible to do
in Bngllah); he old man then, (about 1890 or earlier), may be
90 or more* He and his wife drowned out of canoe in Seymour
Creek; their bodies found next day, about 1891* Him great big
man; his feet about that wide (showing how wide, about six inches
with hands apart). In winter he go over to Maxie's (Hastings,
B. C*). go Westminster* He put on mocassins, go about 100
yards (along Douglas Road), tear them off, and go barefoot*
Hever use shoes. ■

Query. Why barefoot in winter?

August Jack: "Teet slip." (1. s., on wet oorduroy n
See also re Capilano Joe, "Early Vancouver", Vol.3 , p. 95

Query: This -- (showing heavy stone hammer presented by

W. A* Grafton) — was found near the corner of Cambie
Street and 63rd Avenue, away from Worth Arm, Vraser River, a
mile or more, and deep down under big cedar tree root, eighteen
inohes down. (See W* A. Grafton story, p. ) What doss it
mean?

August Jacks "You see this hollow in middle? That's
where they make canoe. (See Chilamlnst,
"Barly Vancouver", Vol* 2, p. 48 ). Use it for hammer, pound
chisel, make canoe. Indian mans take ten year (to shape stone
haunter*) Man makes those stone hammer, rich man; he got ten
northern goat skin, peoples give him one oanoe, big canoe, for
one of these (stone hammer or pestle.) Wot all mans make them;
only one people, one tribe make them, all Squamish; may be one
Squamish reserve; one Squamish (band) make oanoe, one stone
hammer, another Squamish do hunting or trapping; they trade;
skin, stone hammer, oanoe, meat, berry, all same white man trade
he's things." (see-also "Sarly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 128)

Query: This found same place.
What for?

(Cambie Street and 63rd.)

August Jackt "That la a knife, I think, may be for spear,
but I think knife, (wields one end aa though
cutting meat) only point sharp." (Holding other end in pafan
under thumb.)

Stone. V\i.Yx\trv«.r itonc Wym£«.

l\ Its.
1 ,

A. i

\ci\gTV\'. t n\che_5

> cone art uiitV ult^r

Query* Did Indian use deer horn for wedge to aplit cedar?
(See "Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 135, Rev. CM.
Tate.)

August Jackt

SIX

"Ho. Use big wedge yew wood, long sharp
wedge, pound with atone hammer, aplit cedar,
great long slab cedar."

Aa A. J. K. waa lea-ring the office, he picked up and ex-
amined an old, rusty British Army rifle, Brunswick model, about
three-quarter inch bore. (Rifle of Thoa. Deasy, from Queen
Charlotte Island.) Then he handled it and said: "You know Cap-
llano Joe. (Chief Joe Capilano, who visited King Edward 7th).
Joe tell me about 1904 or 1905 hia father told him that, about
forty years back from then, there waa a heavy snow, and he shot
thirteen elk, all one time, over False Creek; ship them (car-
casses) Victoria for meat." (See Blk, "Barly Vancouver", Vol.
1, 2, and 3.)

INDIANS. NUMBER BBTORE WHIT™ ,* 1 * "AMT.

HOMDLOTBSUN

GHS-CHIIi-lSS

.SET

JA1I-KEB

IT"

-STTT3*-F0S-TAH-KWIN-ACB
Vol. 3. p. 13A

Memorandum of conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano,
Hot ember 23, 1934.

Query : How many Indians do you suppose lived around

Burrard Inlet and English Bay before the white-
nans came?

INDIANS, number before whlteman came

August Jack: (exaggerating) "About a million! There was
a settlement at K-yal-mough (Jericho),
another at Snauq (Burrard Bridge), at Ay-yul-shun (!Rnglish Bay
Beach), at Stait-wouk (Seoond Beach), at Chay-thoos (Prospect
Point), at Whoi-Whoi (Lumberman's Arch), at Homulcheson
(Capilano), at Ustlawn (North Vancouver), at Cbay-chil-wuk
(Seymour Creek) — there was nothing at Lynn Creek -- and more
settlements up the inlet besides the one at Kum-kum-lye (Hast-
ings Sawmill)."

MJS(j.UBAMS

Query t How is it that the Musqueams claim that English

Bay and Burrard Inlet is their territory and that
it did not belong to the Squamiah? All the nafces for the places
on English Bay and Burrard Inlet are Squamiah names, but the
JIuaqueame say that the Squamiah did not live down here until
the Hastings Sawmill started, and that gave them work.

August Jack: (smiling) "Ifiisqueam'e got no claim. They
claim Snauq, but they've got no rights.
They not build a house there; Squamiah build house there. Kus-
qu earns just oome round from North Arm to fish on the sandbar
(Granville Island) and up False Creek, and then they go away
again, but Squamiah build house*

POTLATCHBS

"Jericho Charlie (Chan-nal-set) , my step-father, he build
big house, thousand feet long, cedar slab sides, cedar shake
roof, out at E-yal-mough, he hold big potlatch, great big pot-

PROSPECT POINT,
FIRST NARROWS, 1889

No Squamish name applied to Prospect Point. The First Narrows entrance was wide,
and had no geographical significance to the native in a dugout canoe. But, on the
shore at its foot, beside the present lighthouse, was a small rock with a small fir tree
growing from the top. Squamish legend was that the rock was a woman, Siwash
Rock's wife, Sahunz, or Sunz, and the tree was her hair. She had been washing it
in the sea, but, as punishment for some impropriety, the Squamish gods turned her
into stone. Vandals chopped the small tree down. The historic Hudson's Bay side-
wheeler, "BEAVER" is ashore, 1889.

40A

SAHUNZ OR SUNZ, BELOW PROSPECT POINT,
FIRST NARROWS, 1937

A few yards from the lighthouse below Prospect Point, at the foot of the steps from the
top of the point. According to August Jack Khaahtsahlano conversation 12 Sept. 1940
"She is not Siwash Rock's second wife; he did not have two wives. Siwash Rock's
wife is right beside him — about eighty feet away. Sunz was punished, too, like
Siwash Rock, and Chit-chul, at Point Grey. She was washing her hair; that little tree
on top is her hair. She had evil in her heart, too, and was turned into stone for
punishment. But Yahmas, or Tim Moody, last Indian with flat forehead, said Sunz is
a woman's name, a kneeling woman, and is Siwash Rock's second wife, and Andy Paul
says the same. See "Early Vancouver" Vol. 2, page 21.

40B

INDIAN SURGERY, ERBURNE MIDDEN, AT LEAST 1,000 YEARS AGO

INDIAN SURGERY ,MARPOLE,B .C .
"Trepanning at least 1000 years ago .

This ancient skull was recovered from an irregular trench in the trees, about six feet

deep and thirty feet long; earth without sand, or even small stones, an ancient refuse

heap. The location was a few feet from the edge of a cliff twenty-five feet high, at

the foot of which were the B.C. Electric interurban tracks, and about the foot of Cartier

Street, east of Granville Street.

It proves that centuries ago, the mouth of the North Arm, Fraser River, was at least three

miles east of its present position, as a large village would obtain their shell food

from a nearby beach.

This skull shows two tumor operations, both performed with stone implements; in the

first, the bone grew, showing the patient lived, in the second, the bone did not alter,

indicating death.

CITY ARCHIVES/JSM.

40C

t,<

■IP

:.■■■;■■

■IP

1 s
I
1 i

•10D

latch, that before my time. That houBe could he there yet, hut
the gun boats come and take It away, load all the timber on the
gun boat. Chen-nal-set, he waa working, he was away, working
for old Jerry Rogers, freighting aig oanoe, hay and supplies
from Hastings Sawmill to Jerioho; gun boat just come, anchor,
load lumber on gun boat, and take it away. Chen-nal-set and
Tee-who-qwuam-k.ee and two other Indians give the big potlatch
at Jericho.

■Then they hold potlatch at Stait-wouk (Second Beach);
Q,ual-kin give that potlatch, and there was another potlatch, a
great big one, at A-yul-shun (English Bay Beach). My grand-
father, Chief Khaat-sah-lah-nogh, he gave one potlatch at
Chay-thooa, and after that another one at Whoi-Whoi.

WHALBS

"Peter Smith, white man, UBed to lire at Brockton Point,
and made a liring spearing whales. He used to catch them off
Bowen Island, and take them to Swis-pus-tah-kwin-aCe (Worl-
combe Island), Westminster and Victoria. When the white man
come, he did the same as Indians had done before. When white
man go to Bowen Island he find lots whale bone lying on the
beach, and call it "Bone Island"."

SAjatQH. WCK.

SfoiMISg TBIBB

3Q,UAMISH""TBRRIT0RY
S2C~

AP--BB-LA-NOGH

Vol. S, p. 14

Memorandum of conversation with August Jack Khaatsahlano, on a
special all-day trip from Vancouver to Squamish on the Union
Steamship "Capilano" for the purpose of having him point out
location of Indian places of interest. November 28th, 1934.

Query! Why did the Squamish make their home at a point

like Squamish? Squamish is not as nice a place aa
Whoi-Whoi, Staitwouk, or Eyalmo; anywhere on English Bay or
Burrard Inlet?

August Jack: "Squamish their home; lots salmon, deer,
beaver. In the summer time they go down
English Bay and Burrard Inlet to get email fish, smelts, her-
ring, oolichans, and dry them, and get clams, get berries; lots
su$ser food down Burrard Inlet. Duck easier to get at English
Bay than Squamish. Indian catch duck at night, spear them;
got out in oanoe; put cedar slabs across canoe, mud on top,
then put fire, pitch stick bo not make noise when burning
(crackle) on top mud; when duck see light of fire in dark, he
get curious, come nearer oanoe, see what it is. Man in bow
have spear on end pole twenty feet long; man in oanoe paddle as
bard as he can. Canoe for (hunting) duck specially built; very
narrow, very swift. Paddler in stern not raise his paddle;
keep it in water as much as he can, so as not to scare duck;
M make canoe go fast; that's way get near duck at nirfit with
fire in canoe.

"when Indian want go somewhere he use different canoe;
wider oanoe, but to catch duck he use oanoe made to go swift.

"When Indian smoke salmon he use hemlock or alder for
smoke. Salmon keep about two year if kept in good place, hard

V**t J?** Soak ln ** teT * then •»*• If gets damp goes mouldy.
a«t Indian only keep salmon one year; when spring salmon come
next y«ar, throw all old salmon away. May be have one hundred
■aimon wten winter come; only ten when spring salmon come again;
tnrow ten away. *

miles"™? i^-.i 0n f,*f°» wh ? n , 1 **" fl8hln 8 salmon about five
■lies out in gulf off Bowen Island, a deer pass me swimming;

don't know where he was going; may be loat hia way; guess he
drowns*

<}uery: Was there a prinoipal chief in the Squamiah tribe?
When the chiefs of the Squamiah tribe met together
there must have been a chairman or prinoipal chief*

August Jack: "Hot one man big chief; each head of a family
supreme in hia section; call his friends tog-
ether decide what to do*

"One time, before my time, Yucklataw Indians come down
Point Grey, kill three Indians; six others ran off in trees,
and get away. Indian chiefe hold council, decide what best do;
whether to get revenge. The chiefs all meet. Somebody aay,
'Our good friend haa been killed, we go get revenge.' So they
all decide to go; ten canoea, twenty men in each canoe.

"It waa your ChrlBtmaa time; lota snow up Yucklataw. When
they get near they see smoke coming out of houaea, ao they hide
until it geta dark; then they greep up. They hare pitch wood
with them, out up very fine, (and) in bundles; they light
bundles and throw on roof* Then they get big stick, lota men,
lift ridge pole off house, roof fall in, kill people inside;
lots snow; peoples inside oould not get out, only one outlet
out of house, kill them aa they come out, kill eighty or ninety;
only one man escape; he creep into snow and hide; they miaa him.
Then Squamiah come back."

SgOAiaSH TERRITORY

According to Khaatsahlano, the boundary of the territory of
the Squamiah people extended oTer the entire area of Howe Sound
and Burrard Inlet. On the west, their territory commenced near
the point known as Gibs on* a Landing; to the north of Gibson's
lived the Sechelta, in whose language the Squamiah could not
easily converse.

The Squamiah Country extended sixty miles up the Squamiah
River to the Shovel Hose Indian Reserve (Spring Salmon Creek).
Eastwards it included all English Bay, and Burrard Inlet up to
Indian River and Port Moody. Khaatsahlano Bays its southern
extremity ended at the tip of Point Grey (Chit-chil-a-yuk), but
others say at Hahley, Just west of Huaqueau. The probability
is that Khaatsahlano is correct.

August Khaatsahlano does not read nor write. He complains
that the speech and pronunciation of the present-day Indian is
affected by speaking constantly in English, and says "Andy
Paull (Qaitohetahl) spoils things." Mr. Paull uses the English
language constantly and is fluent. Khaatsahlano, being older
by perhaps ao years, and habitually speaks in the Indian towtue
excepting when talking to white own.

Ha says, "Oapilano whitemans word; not Squamiah; no "cap"

in Squamieh; whltemans say "oap"-ilano. Indian word "Koe-ap";
1* e., Kee-ap-ee-la-nogh.

"Squamlah peoples not wear feather hat like prairie In-
dian; Just band for hat; like hat band inside whltemana hat;
made of buckakln, nay be one feather In band, at front or back;
generally front; pull band down over head; keep hair In place."

35 A

Conwersstlon with August Jack Khahtsahlano, "Barly VancouTer"
Vol. 3, p. 15K (back of page).

1934.

SK0-MI3H-0AIH. "It la the nana of the country, or ter-
ritory of the Squamlsh Indian peoples, and
includes all Howe Sound and Burrard Inlet, (includes English
Bay) from Staw-ki-yah, a creek west of Gibson » a Landing to
the tip of Point Grey; all the land in between belong* to the
Squamiah".

NOTE: Other authorities (Indian) aay to Manly,
Just west of Musqueam, and that Manly waa Muaqueam terri-
tory "leased" to their friends the Squamlsh; Khahtsahlano
thinks Point Grey waa the territorial boundary; Ayatak,
(see "Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 1 and 8) aays false
Creek and English Bay belonged to Muaqueam*, and adds
"Squamiah and Musqueams, also Seehelts, alwaya good
friends". On the west, Staw-ki-yah, near Roberts Creek,
was the boundary beyond which Ehahtsahlano says "Squam-
lsh must not go". Skomishoath included Port Moody, and
Indian River, and extended many miles up the Squamlsh
Hirer. j. s. M.

"Barly Vancouver" Vol . 3, p. 345.

INDIAN BURIAL GROUNDS . Some of the Indiana burial grounds,

before the whiteman came, near
Vane out er, were:

DfjflgfJUl Island in Coal See Early Vancouver, Joaeph Morton

Harbor. narrative , etc. Hill-Tout, etc.

Toot of Howe St.. false A tiny low island covered with a bit

Creek . of grass and with a tree or two on it,

was known as "Smamchuze," (aee Jim
Franks, p.47, "Barly Vancouver",
Vol. «).

Two bare rocks off See pp. 57-58 "Barly Vancouver",

Point Atkinson . Vol. E.

Defence Island, near

Squamlsh

3tanl*y"Park. Chaythooa .

near Proapect Point. See "Early Vancouver", Vol. 2 and 3.

Whol-WhoTT In Tlrst Narrows: aee "Early Vancouver".

fxp^Tflwrny IHDIAH DAKCB DBS MP BJC

Yol. 3. page 15-A

Memorandum of conversation with August Jack Khahteahlano,
Pebruary 2, 1935.

POTLATCHBB

(luerys What did tha Indiana uae to "make a potlatoh"
before tha Whitemans came?

August Jacki "Blankets. The 8quamish women made the blan-
kets, Indian blankets. After the whitenans
cone they get other things. About one hundred guns, two
thousand whitenans blankets, and thirty canoes, 'sake a pot-
latoh »."

(Votes Prof. Hill-Tout records that Jonathan Miller told him
that at one great pot latch held at Whol-Whoi, there were about
ten thousand Indians present.)

ttueryt What do you think about the banning by law of tha
potlatoh? Don't you think that if the whiteman
had emulated tha noble spirit of the potlatoh instead of inter-
dieting it, it would have been more or editable? What a spec-
tacle it would be to see a rich citi&en of Vancouver on top of
an elevated platform in Stanley Park, easting down to the crowd
below tha worldly riches it had taken him a lifetime to acquires
Old you have debauchery? Ware there intoxicants before the
whitemans earns?

August Jacki "Wo whisky bafore whitemans. Whitemans
come i he bring boose; spoil everything.

(After pause) Chinnalsut (Jarioho Charlie) and Towhimqwhamkee
Jack) olub together give big potlatch that time at Jericho.

than Indiana ware dancing at potlatches, they danced by
themselves} they did not hug a woman like the whitemans do.
Hug woman no good. I never do it. Dance by myself. Only three
Squamish mans now dance by themselves; nobody else. Just Chief
Matthias (Capilano), and myself. All reat danoa with

woman like whitemanaj (making grimace and hugging motion to
ialtssrate ) Indian girls now paint facea like white womana.
rouge lips, pluck eyebrows and make ourre (arched eyebrows ),
put stuff on eyelids, high heela about four inches, long skirts
down to ground; then they sweat, and — (drawing fingere down
cheek) — paint run all down face. Don't like. Ho good. So
good hug womans. Indian paint not run off cheek like whltemans
face paint."

DEER AHD Big

query t Didn't you tell me that Old Kan Capilano (about
1860) shot thirteen elk on the shores of false
Creek after a big anow storm? (Vancouver has Just experienced
one of the deepest falls of snow in her history, January, 1935.)

August Jackt "Yes. I remember out Jericho beach, used to
kill deer with a pike-pole. Snow so deep,
deer oome down to beach. When the tide go out they eat the kelp
and sea grass. Jericho Charlie (Chinnalsut) come along in a
boat; deer get frightened, can't go in snow, snow too deep, so
deer strike out into the water. Go after them and kill them
with a pike-pole from the boat.

Tarty Yancouwer", Yol. 3, p,15A. luguat Jack Khahtaahlano.

CANOJS 2nd February. 1935.

"Indian name for oanoe 'anaqaith'".

IH3L1HJ3DUSB3. MATS. COOPHG. SOAP
PLATES

kMi wSaaua

first customs omen*
QiUTti DsNfifi

LHDIAN MHDICIKg MEM

Vol. 3. D« 1S-B

Memorandum of conversation with August Jack Khaatsahl&no,

March 15th, 1935.

DTDIAB HOUSES. MATS. COOKING. SOAP

<lueryj How did the Indians eat their meals before the
whit email s came? They couldn't eat outside on a
wet day.

August Jacki "Inside house, on mat. Ho wooden floor,

just earth, then put a mat on earth to keep
the dirt away, and then another mat on top."

ftueryj Why two mats?

August Jacki "The thin mat goes over the heavier one;

thin mat easier to clean, to wash; oh, may
be a yard and a half square. See why they have two mats;
ground might be a little dry; that's why; the bottom one keeps
the dust down; may be little kids move; he make dust; so they
have two mats.

"Table? Ho table. They don't use chairs; they got little
blocks; cut them with slate chisel; little blocks about sixteen
or eighteen inches long by ten inches high; sit on them.

van sok

"They roast deer meat by fire inside house. Take sharp
■tick; sometimes split stick (amice a prong), sometimes not
split it; then put meat between stick; put stick in ground close
to fire, and cook meat very carefully; roast it. If they want
to boil meat they get certain kind of rocks, and they, they got,
like, — you know how they feed pigs? (Trough interjected.) Yes,
that's it, trough, cedar trough; they put hot rocks or stones
in water, and boil meat*

OroiAH PLATES

"They got plates; they make plates themselves; big fellows;
three feet long; and they put meat on the wooden plate, and put

plate on mat on floor j then Indian family elt all around; and
regetaM.es on big plate, too. They not put their fingers In
lti hare little etone knife; out 'em (meat). Bow, s^ose one
family *y be fire or six; then may be plate fire feet long;
all sit around and eat off the one big plate; or they got
spoon; you know mountain goat's horn sppon; well, they use
that; they use big spoon (ladle) to lift Tegetables out of hot
water; put on big plate; use big spoon to dip from trough;
then put xegetables on big plate; then each man hare little
spoon*

query t How about drinking?

August Jaok. "Drink? They got cups; not regular white-
mans cups, but cups made out of alder dug
deep, and a Little handle on them." (A sort of wooden dipper.)

Query! How did Indians wash themselTes? They had no
whitemans soap.

August Jacki "They use little white berry; grows on bush,
so high, (holding hand about three feet from
ground), lots in (Stanley) Park, lots in Kltsilano, grow in
little clusters of white berries; they take them, rub orer buck-
skin, and make clean; no foam, not much anyway. Tou take four
or fire of those berries, and rub in your hand (crush between
palms) then go in water, and your hand quite clean. You can t
wash buckskin in water. Collect lots white berrieB, put In
damp moss; they keep till next year."

IHDIAH HAIR CUTTISQ

query: How did Indian* cut their hair?

August Jacki "Sharp stone knife, sharp as glass. You
see, there two kinds of slate rock; soft
■late rook, and hard slate rock. Indian get hard slate; make
him sharp, cut hair. Indian wear hair so it Just nearly touch
shoulder. Hare leather band about two inches wide of buckBkin,
with two or three feathers in front, go around forehead and
back of head to hold hair in place."

OBXMM CLOTHIBQ

query* Did Indians wear underclothing?

August Jacki "Hoool Wear buckskin pants, buckskin shirt;
oh ho, nice and warm; too hot. Soft. In
Tety cold weather, wrap blanket orer shoulders.

THB LAST POTLATCH _ . . _„_

■fie last real poilatch was before the War — about 1913,
and was held at quamlcham — a big affair down on the rirer bank.
After that the Gorernment banned them. I was there. (See
In. P. 6, IT. 8| also In. P. 8, N. 6.)

Hffl FIRST POIJCBMAK ATO THB FIRST CUSTOMS OFFICER
"The first policeman I remember was Oeorge (Tompkins)
Brew. (See V. W. Alexander.) He had an Indian wife, and lived
•* Bcew f 8 Point in Stanley Park — they call it Brockton Point
now. Jonathan Killer waa the next constable*

DEATH DASCF.

"The Squamiah word for funeral ia "kumaayp"; the word for
danoo ia "maytha"; the dance and feaat come after the funeral;
if the funeral ia in the morning or afternoon the dance and
feaat cone in the evening of the same day. One time, down at
8nauq (Burrard Bridge), before 1915, four or fire email Indian
children die one after another. I pay for potlatch; nobody's
elae got any money. Government not allow potlatch like we uaed
to have, ao we pay thoae whose helping, in money. Man who makes
coffina get most) man who digs grave next most; girls peels pot-
atoes; everybody gets money; after funeral, then have feaBt and
dance; potlatch."

Query: What's the reason for feast and dance when every-
one sad?

August Jacks (apparently annoyed at the atupidity of the
queation) "Well, may be — (pause). You got
to pay help. Whitemans give drinks (whisky) after funeral.
Indiana don't give drinks; he givea eats; something good."

HDIAH MEDIC 1KB MM

Query t What la a medicine man, August?

August Jaoks "A 'awohmtun' (medicine man) la a doctor;

what whiteaans calls doctor; makes you well
again. A 'auu-wayn' la a fortuneteller, who telle about things
that are going to be; they are two different kinds of men, though
the whitemana thinks both the same} a auu-wayn tells about
things (myths)*

"It's like this. When a boy about aixteen, you go out.
Stay up in the mountains; jump in the lake, waah youraelf , make
yourself clean, come out dance about; get warm again. Well,
you do that for ten years."

Query t Wo, surely, not for ten years I?

August Jaokt (positively) "Tea, for ten years; then he's
• man — (pauae) — in ten year a* Ten year a,
summer and winter."

Query* What does he do for food and shelter?

August Jaokt "He get himself his own food from mountains.
He got bow and arrow, kill goat; that's what

he uae for winter) kill goat, dry it; ha makes his little house;
he's got go*t fur* deer fur, hear fur*"

Query* How far up doea he go?

Auguat Jaoks "Oh, he goea long way up ao nobody* s aee him;
nobody go near him; nobody dlaturb him. And
all the time he praotloing* He kill thlnga and try to make them
allre again; bird; that ahowa he'a a doctor, a good dootor."

Query* what do you mean by "make It *llre again"? Doea
he kill it fir at?

Auguat Jaoki "Tea, kill it flrat."

Query* But It oan't be quite dead?

Auguat Jaoki (reasoning) "Well — he atone him; must be
dead; anything he aee in the woods he used
atone to kill him; then he danoe abound it and try and make
the thing 'lire again* If he makes it 'lire he* a a doctor
(emphasizing the word)* Some awohmtun, aee, If it's a bruise;
they auok that blood out* Sometime mana get hurt in hia head;
hie bradn;then awohmtun oome; auok blood out with hia mouth.
See, two different ways* One awohmtun, if that waa you hurt —
(pointing) — he oome auok the blood in your bruise; another
awohmtun, he just oure alok people (phyaloian)* Those fellows
atay In the mountains ten yeara; nobody aee them. When he comes
home again, he'a dootor*"

Query* How doea he know when to oome home?

Auguat Jaok* "Well, I was telling you. If he kill some-
thing and make it allre again, then he's
dootor; he know he oure somebody; he comas home. Swohmtun don't
uae polaon; whitemane dootor uae polaon. Indian nerer use pol-
aon; uae herb, good to eat, good to drink, make you fat, make
you feel good* Ho polaon anywhere, 'eept rattlesnake, but he
doea not belong; he Juat rattlesnake."

Query* What did you aay the Squamish Indiana got for the
aale of the eight aorea of the Kitallano Indian
Veaerva uaed in 1932 for the footings of the Burrard Bridge?

Auguat Jack* "The arbitrators gare $44,988.58 and the law-
yera got #28,854*40 of it* The lawyers for
the City of Yanoourer got $15,145.65, and the Indian ooata were
113,708.85, and then they wanted ua to oarry It to the Priwy
Council, but the Indiana deolded not to; there would hare been
nothing left at all* I understand that when they buy the four
aorea for the Seaforth Highlanders drill hall they will pay
#7,500 an aore, or #30,000 in all, but I hear something that the
Indiana are to get only #15,000, but don't know* The Indian agent
•aid that if we did not aell it they would take it anyhow, by
expropriation. So our Council woted to sell it*"

•"WT 41 »HDI-WDI STAUC (JERICHO)

POTLATCHBS

Vol. 3. p. 15-Q

Memorandum of conversation with Auguat Jack Khahtaahlano, in

ny garden, March 24th, 1935.

TAYHA.Y AT 1H0I-WHDI

Huiryt Tayhay had a peakleaa roof j Juat a lean-to; one
aide higher than the other; which vide waa the
tallest?

August Jack* " The one nearest the water . All thoae Indian
oottagea oonoealed In the trees. You aee,
thoae days, enemy might come; no uae showing where you were, so
hide house in the trees."

(Motet Captain Vancouver's Journal saya they aaw no algn of
habitationa aa they paaaed out of the Harrows.)

Auguat Jaokt "Long time afterwards -- after whitemana

come — Indians commence to build houses on
the shore where people could aee them.

fJIHB f Jerlohoh POTLATCHBS

■The big pot latch at Jericho was before my time; all I know
about it is what they tell me, but it waa the biggeat potlatch
of all. Indiana oome from everywhere — Lumai, Victoria, Saanioh,
■anaimo, Panall (Cooper Island), Chee-woat-held; no Indians
from Seohelt; they not oome to potlatohes.

"Jour men giro it. Chinalaet (Jericho Charlie), Tow-hu-

2y a "C k ??i. H * y 7 MUOh " t ^ n » * nd ■»**■ (° ld Tom). They have great
big building Just other side where air station ia now; building
•bout three hundred feet long, ninety feet wide, great big beams.
At each end three big posts; high; big a a a man's body, then
three big beams run the entire length of building on top of
posts, eaoh beam eighty to ninety feet long, and butted end to
end so as to run whole three hundred feet of building one on
eaoh side, one down middle. Split oedar slab aides, laid what
you oall horizontal, laced together with small posts; roof of
great big split oedar slabs fitted together like this so aa not
to let water in» tell you how big they were. Jour kida (In-
dians) use one for oanoe after they pull It down. Warship oome
along one day and take a lot of it away; load on scow and take on

board; don't know what they did with the slabs; to England,

nay be, may be burn; don't know. But you see the way they build

the roof no water oan get in*

POTLATCHBS

"I'm glad government stopped potlatches. All right in the
early days when Indian make his own blankets and no booze, but
afterwards whitemans bring booze, and Indian buy blanket. In-
dian rich those days; poor now*

JfKiCHO

I/UHflN

VIUAGE

— —

-gutte* fSSf** 9""«*

cross saction of split cedat slabtooj

Tff-TA-KiTTCg ntrrir r gUatfiagg SHAua: ihdiaii hodsto
imdij^ Hnnaw. w^a,Ttw« IHDIAH OBCTtf|Hp^

POTLATCB H0U3B

▼ol« 3. P.15-H

ConTereation with August Jack Xhahtsahlsno In my garden. Mr.
Khaatsahlano oame from Horth VancouYer to pay me a visit; we
sat under the trees for three hoars and chatted end he had a
plate of padding ny *lf« brought.

SimdST. 19th Mar. 1935.

TIM-TA,-MATOBT Major Matthews: "What name did the Squaaish

glTS to their landT"

August Jack: "Tin-te-meyuhk; means 'my
country*. Mus queen* hare a name too, seme word, but pronoun oed
differently. People up Lillooet have different name (sounds
like Tsasch); all mean the same, 'ay country* ".

CHIP wMfct ttATftMnng 1uiax Katthewa: "How tall was Chief
Knaatsalanoghf"

August Jacks "Must be big man; look st me.
My father, Khay-tulk, six feet two; I am Just six feet. My
■other tell me about Chief Xhsatsalanogh going from Squamlsb
to Pembertom. Paelfle Great Xsstern train take four hours;
mother say Chief Khaatsalanogh take one day; one day from dawn
to dark; he start ss soon ss light, and at dark he's at Femberton;
he go up to Aah+ow, then he outs across shout 40 degrees north-
east; Just go through forest, orer mountain, no trail. That
will show you what kind of a man he was."

ag Apa. "The big Indian potlatch house on the Klt-

TOTTAff fl 0P3B • llano Indian Reaerre not far from the end

of what is Chestnut Street; about £50
yards oast; face the "Wast Aid". It was about 175 to 200 feet
long, sbout TO feet wide, and made of eedsr slabs. It had a
peak roof, rery low peak, I think copy whiteasns, dirt floor.
All around the edge was a bench or platform, about fire feet
wide; wide enough for two people to sleep side by side on it,
but tbsy did not slsep cross-wise to the walls, but longways,
(i.e., on the long side of the building they slept east and
west; at the ends, north and south.) That beneh or platform
Is called "yi-wus"; Just boards, no bed, end raised sbout 16
lashes off the ground, Just so you could sit and put your feet
oa the ground."

Tv»o bersons
slee£m<}

Side kuSi'de
ott blafyolTfl

TovrHU-OUflM-KFc" PnTtfl TcM Hn.nr

FoJst CVfk T-nrJin-n KfsefVf
at the foot of Cedar sheet] nn<L ott fhf kpaf <j

wow called TiutrarA -J-

FALSE CREEK INDIAN RESERVE

Indian village of Snauq, August 15, 1891.

UPPER: The "WEST END", between Thurlow and Broughton Streets produced. House
on ridge, now Davie Street. Squamish type dugout canoe. Peelass George
in bow. Next: William Green, half negro, Chief Jimmy Jimmy, Jericho
Charlie in stern.

LOWER: Corner shed attached to Chinalset's (Jericho Charlie) home on bank above
boulder strewn beach at foot of Pine Street produced. Yam-schloot (Mary)
making kliskwis (mats for floor). Peelass George, from Chilcooten; Chief
Jimmy, with old fashioned .44 rifle. Tow-hu-quam-kee, paddle maker,
seated. (Jack) an Indian defaced, who disliked photos, and went barefoot.
Canoe making tools. Fishing poles with spear points, or when fitted with
forked ends, for twisting duck's necks at night.

CITY ARCHIVES/JSM.

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BUILDING A RANCH HOUSE, ALERT BAY:
ABOUT 1912 - 1915

The building of a ranch house was a ceremony. The Chief directed. Big trees in
the forest were cut down with stone tools; the larger the tree the more important the
undertaking. The timbers ranged from 18 to 30 inches diam. and from 30 to 50
feet long. The house was 16 to 20 feet, ground to roof. The timbers were chipped
exactly straight, without compass, square or line, and by sighting on some distant
object. The fluting, or decorative grooves were cut so prec'sely by turning the log
over and over, and sighting. The grooves, etc., were to illustrate the skill of the
chipper, or carver. The walls were of very wide thick split slabs.

Authority — A. M. Wastell

561)

Convsrsa tton with >ugust Jack Khahtaahlano. Aug* 12. 1935 .

Vo/. <4 . f>. I

I asked August what truth there ma In a report published
In the "Province" as a despatch from north Vancouver, dated
about August 1st, that "Old Cronie", an Indian, had died at the
age of 101, and that his great grandfather had been the first
Indian to notice the arrival of Captain Vanoouver in 1792*

ARRIVAL OP CAPTAOT VAHCOPVSR "As I told you before, the

first whiteman the Indians
see was up by Squamish; up by Stamish Reserve. My great grand-
father see him too} all Indians see him, but when Captain Van-
couver come, he go up Burrard Inlet, and these Indians about
here aee him. My father Kaytulk, my grandfather Haatsa-lah-
nogh; I know my great grandfather's name, but I forget Just
now* Old Cronie only 88."

SQUAMISH DTDIAK TERRITORY I remarked that Mr. Diamond

Jenness, of the National
Museum, Ottawa, would be out here in October, and would want
both of us to go with him in the launch so that we could photo-
graph and record the Indian place names of Howe Sound. Would
Khaatsahlano oome?

"There cannot be very many that we have missed, and I do
■ot know who oan tell us. I shall have to find someone older
than myself, and he will have to be a fisherman who used to go
places." (I suggested Mrs. Mary Capilano, Chief Joe's wife,
now very old, but August said, "she never go anywhere; she not
know as much as I do.")

8Q.UAMISH KORTHKRK BOuMDARY "Our boundary go far as

"STAWK-KIrYAH" , that's as far
as Squamish peoples oan go; there must be a little creek there;
that why they call it "Stawk"; some peoples must go ashore
there sometime, but they see lots wolf; big band of wolf; so
they turn baok so as not to disturb wolf; that's why they call
it Ti-Yah", whioh means wolf; that is wolf creek."

3QPAMISH HOUSBS "Laam" means one house;

"Lum-laam* means lots houses."

GonYorsation with August Jack Khahtsahlano, Sspt. 23rd, 1955.

I told August that X had boon up to see Kra.
Muth Morton, widow of John Morton, first settlor
on Mirrard Inlst, and that shs had told as all
about ths Indiana bringing hia duaks to sat
when hs llrsd by hlmsslf on his llttls oloaring, and that Krs.
Morton had told as that Mr* Morton had told hor that ths Indians
got ths duoks by spaaring at thsa with a forkod stiok, and
oatohinc thsa by ths nooks bstwosn ths prongs at tha and of ths
long forkod stiok. I asksd, "Do you know how thsy spsarsd thoat"

August Jaoki
J. ■• M.1
August Jaakt

J. 8* H.i
August Jaokt

J. 8. M.I

August Task i

"8paar *sa. a
"Mow not alas?"

"Mali, thrss or four prongs, llks sproad out
your flagors, on and of spaari not alss thoat
duoks ooas olosoi aaybs tsn fsotg thsy not
suspicions."
■Broak nookT"

*8upposo so. Ton soo, Indian go out in
dark, dark night, build flro in aanoo liko
I told you baforo* Man with apoar la bow,
flro just bshind hia, pltehwood, no spark,
quirt, no oraoklo. aan in storn paddla,
paddla soft and quiot; no brush liko Mrs.
Morton says, Just firs.

"Spoar fish saao way, trout, stsslhsad.
oohoo, any flsht Indians not do it now."
"Woll, what about than using brush to ooror
ths aanoo and hldo thoasslTos uador it, as
Mrs* Morton says Mr. Morton told hor thoy
did In 1882 or lator?"

"I doa'jr know if thoy did. In. tho day tias,
thsy might ooror aanoo with brush, paddls
quiot, drift, got about tsn fast, and thsa
pull bow and arrow* Arrow not sink* Arrow
aads of yaw wood} burn yow wood a bit* and it
is Ilka Iron} it don't braak} it*a don't
sink. Arrow nay not kill hia (duek), but
ha oan't fly, ho oan't diwo booauss arrow
kaop hia froa airing*"

August Jack Khahtaahlano
tails as that the loca-
tion of the anelent fife*
dian kitchen midden, a
■ass of ealoined shells approximately sight feet deep and
aeres in extent, used as a whits ooTsring for the first »r ire-
way around Stanley Park la 1888, was just a fsw yards south-
west of the Indian Tillage of Whoi- Vhoi. The largest house,
named •lay-Hay", stood on the exact sits on which the
Lumbermen** Arch, first Barrows, Stanley Park, now, 193a,
stand* •

The werk of excavating the midden, and leading
the broken white shells onto a wagon, is portrayed la Bailey
Ires, photo So* 541, C. T. 0. 1. 91, and the exact Units of
this excavation still narked by a fringe of trees on the
sidehlll to the south west of the swimming pool, and between
Lumberman* » Arch and Totea Poles,

August said, 16th August, 1935s "Old Cronie",
his Indian naae Cho-ha-nua, was 84 when he
died this month, (August, 1935); his father was
Hy-nuoh-tun, and lived at Baauq (Burrard Bridge.)

Conversation with August Jack Khaaxsahlano, at City Archives,
City Hall, Oct. 8th, 1935. v»f. u-.\>-$

esta sn asWM A-n jwwwvawa si ■ ■ ■ — ml aff i ■— rf M mr\ a. a •>•*__.•. a _ •_ .

It KARR0W3. IHPIAB HAMC

J. 3. M.i

"tytatsalem was Khatsa-lah-
nogh's father; he used to
live at Tooktakaaik, but he
died at Squaalah."
did the Indians have for the

"August, what

Tint Barrows?"

August Jacks (quiokly) "Bunx". (a rook beneath Prospect Point.)
J. 3. H.t "Well, what naae did they have for Burrard Inlet?"
August Jacks "Bo particular naae, but after you pass the Second

Barrows, Ihluk-thluk-way-tun, Turn- ta-may- tun, and

awa y up, Slail-wit-tuth. The real name of Capilano

8 BJfJg River is Hoauloheson, but Just because

there was a chief there (by that naae)
they call it Capilano."

50
Conversation with August Jack ff i* k ***| > il °ino. April 15. 1936 «

MR3. MARY CAglLAHO City Archivist t "What's this yarn about

Mrs. Vary Cap llano being a daughter of
the chief who welcomed Capt. Vancouver, 1792?"

August Jnok t "X don't know. See-yik-olay-aulk, he oldest
■an llrlng at Whol-Whol. He build first house there; then after
* while* perhaps hie brother* perhaps hie cousin,
they ooae; long way back, long ago. The way
TBOI-WBOI they come* olams on the beaah there at Whoi-Whoi."
(lumberman's Areh)

Conversation , with August J y* ft>p>» taahlano. April 30. 1936.

"0U> MAM" CAPIL AHQ "0J4 Man" Capllano had two wives * I

MRS. MARY 3B30SB2 don't know what their names were* but

one had a son called Ki-ap-a- la-no, and
the other Lahma; they were half brothers, lakwa boeaao ohlef
ef the Squaalah Indians at Heemloheeon (Capllano River) before
Chief Joe Capllano. Prank Charlie* of Musquoam, his Indian
name la Ayatak, (see "laxly Vancouver", Vol. 2) is a grand-son
of "Old Kan" Capllanoi it was Ayatak who told you about his
grandfather telling him that he saw the first white nan oome
down Vraeer River when he was a boy of about ten or fifteen.

"She "Old Kan's* son was Kl-ap-a-la-no, toot a*» »i*o
was half MUsqueam, and half Cowiohan, and was the mother of
Ayatak. They belong to the Musque&m Capllano family.

"The Indian way to pronounoe Capllano is "Ky-ap-lanogh"."

(lotet This is a possible solution to the extraordinary and

unsupported claim of Mrs. Mary Capllano* now living bat
very aged* that she is the daughter of the Indian ohlef
who "welooaed" Capt. Vancouver in 1792.)

Conversation wl^h August Jac * Yffl h »" hlano. May 13. 193d .

CHESTS. 3QJUAMI3H City Archivist i "Don't you think this

ola la of Mrs. Mary
Capllano (now about 98) to be the daughter of the chief who
welcomed Capt. Vancouver in 1792, is ridiculous? Capt. Richards
of the "Plumper" at Mort Moody in August* 1859, mentions a
Chief Ki-ap-a-la-ao coming on board. How could the same man
be a chief U 1792 and also in 1859T"

(with Incredulous sal).*) "Vail, I don't
know, not born then. They aake ohiefs pretty young; young as
sixteen (rsnrs). laxly days ono nan oU*f (of) Steals, and
all littla Tillages up 8quanlsh Rlrer; that's before; that's
early days; they not oall than afciafa, but he'a bigger man,
If they's staying one plmoe, if they* a got good nan, why they
sake hln hand nan; lt'a a boaa, like."

City ArehlTlatt "Well, what about fcralao (Jarloho),
whoi-Vhol, and Hbauleheson (First Marrows)?*

M ,JB2S*tlg£aa2* "Jhat's the sane. They got man at Byalao,
Staitwouk, 3uauq, Ayulehun, Whol-lhol, Hoauleheson, Slnwn
(the Mission), but no klng| eaoh nan boas In his own family,
but when they nil get together — I don't know how you put it
in Mnglish — but he'a the best talker -- not anal man, Indiana
hare no ohnimnn — but nan who says most wide things.''

Cenrarsatlon with iggUJ Jf,rt ??W htsahlano. July 13. 1936 .

C^fHW . "Hexten, ny aunt, tell ne Old Man Capilano got

a Squaalsh wlfej got a S liaison wife, and he
got a asaeueaa wife; three wonen, one nan.

fall, Inhwn, son of Sq tarnish woaan; Tutanat,
daughter of Slinaon woman, and Prank Charlie's father, son of
■usquoaa wonnn. That's nil."

(lote by J. S. M.t He did not say if all three wires at one
tin*; we were in a hurry, frank Charlie
lires at Muaqueaa.)

fttt IgnM-nYT r »* City ArohlTas .

Vol. M-. J». C

"When ay father Haytulk lired at Chay-
thooa (and of pipe line road), first
Barrowa ), we had twenty-four oowa, two
horses, and sons pigs (no goats and no
, . sheep) running in Stanley Park; aother

(qrywhat) used to delirer the milk to Bastings Sawnill."

J—t aaa ratar,
laa ta Iadlan

•a iaia***-,

at tha atatiat* Bawaill.

allllaaa of barring la
8m1 hrter. Aftar tha ihitnui
aaaa, Mltti »•• Mil* la fish
Mto«l safora •MtHaw aaaa, «h
bar* voaaj vhltaaan aall It Iran voaaj
aaka woai coat an* ary, it gat aafal kara,
i, ariva woaa throagk aaaar pal*, aak* flah raka,
Oaal'luraar fall af barring.

"tea lay »haa X llttla bay, with ay hrothar, va baaa
fish-raking i» Oaal Harbor, gat lata barring la aaaaa,

S« ay Iraaktaa Paint, tins tip a aa— , tan arar, laaa
ah, X hang aa aaaaa bars, va cat baak again, ga aaak Oaal
•ha* flah raka nor* barring, hat aet aa anay. ay aothar

ary thaa, whan va gat thaa baaa Ohaythoaa ay aathar cry thaa
aa stinks, hat m ( pat thaa la aaakat kaap far alatar.

_ voaa far apaar* aa arar larth ahnra, all
along hatvaaa (Oapllaaa) Blvar aaa "lha Mlsslsa" {north Taa-
aaavor), look a aaa fa aatar aat apaar flaaaaari ah, lata
flah far Indian hafara vhltaaaa aaaa.

auoks. aa 99vt thara Oiarth ahara) athar si** at
alght, aava flra af pltah atlaka la aaaaa. X tall yaa ahaat
It hafara, aaak aaaa alaaa, apaar thaa aaaa har* vood apaar,
aat praag, hat sharp apaar aa aaa palat *»ak aaaa alaaa,
llttla aaa plgaon aaaa alaaa* Janay aaa plgaani thay fly
right lata flrai alva lata flra, aplaah all avar It,
all a«rta af aaak «o that, to*.

"ay- grandfather Waaataa-lah-angh,
ay f athar nay-talk, ay aathar
% a y naat. My aathar fcwy-vhat) tha
alaaat, har aaxt alatar aaaaaa (ars. aarrlat vaaaxa), aathar
af Iaakit 3—% har aaxt alaaat alatar aaa. Oalaf Barry -«
thraa alatara, hat aaly ay aathar aaaa* thara tva athaaa
aaaa, tee. anarav Paal*s vlfa la aaaghtar af Xaaklt Jaa.

Jaak«a aallaaaa
LaaTapp*

rlatlaa Tap*, Christian Jaak)
aaa la tha alaaat and ahaat
•• aaa, aaa Baa* (aaa. Baaa VUllana). Shay ara hath livlag
at a aa) Blsalaa*. Booth Taaaaarar, aaa. Sva haya, tllllaa

VoL a. (3 a
August mm bringing with nla a length of eater bark

•tone, nine pounda, 10 ounoes, uaed to .toady .pood and
K*U?V£ " no% " h * n etching "turgeon taHngli.fa
Sd'wEan h^hf:" ntly f! * O0 ^tiuano IndiL Hoaorro.
LtL**a1 it ™2 » r#Mnt8d t<> **• Wty ArohiToa. Ha
•ttaobed It, and wo aat down to talk.

Jfc^rJhtthjBU, "August, llatan to this* (roading) froa
:!*? P«°"«f* la tha "Prorlnoo" during exhibition weak
~rly Sopteabor. um, .optioned ^J^J^Ssl SSm^

Vw'iPrl otlMi float .

He refuaed bJS £ 555 J °?* • xhiDit - «• prioeleaa.

» rerusea nnndred. of dollara for an old buekskla out

SuaaTsh"^: lat »* Tl —« *ing «iward%n^£S"o?°S.
*2?£! 5^ *»■*■•• nnny yaara ago. The ooat haa been in the

S^wj5aas«a«5rtrBS , 2r

long tlae, thinking, and continue.! )

w-^ — . , * **« *•*• *<>«»• »«t afire, and than he

ha* nothingj it*s not Tory long ainoe ho*, house ,,7.?!-,

5!I *2" ^ *«» *"* *»'«• tb* wn~ She oolt CapliSo
Joe, he*, father, wore when he sea King Howard ?TI1) «.
in a trunk, and burned in fire. I Sink JHatSaa iade^ha
one (ooat) he* a got now hiaeelf. w "" "**• the

■^JfetShwn -Hare you got an old eoatT"
SK-aa 1 "!•▼• «ot a ooat 1 I got two ooats. 014
°~t I get from Cariboo, buy hia froi eowboy ?ha? tine
S lt ?~ B L h t* * P° tt **ob Otote, .one reoint oe"bration) 1*
in, I node ny.elf, it*, new, almost."

Si 9 it*I2 f 8o ai7 gh ' t '*"" *"■* °" —* you -"» *»•*•

^BaLiMS* "IhatT Ifi in the box. Where eon* front
2 nnele at Htasoueaa had it| then ay brother he had it?

St^i: ?£' % JK*™ " t0 J»*-SEJ a? Srotier

Shnt^ii^oi 1 .Ir ^!.?^^,;^^ J^^i
grnadf^her hare it) it*, a lonTuI. anyhow EefToU f*
K5 fctttMM . ^t about HJ^iaa* aoihoVaarVno. 7

old is she?"

A umiBt Jaolci (Milling) -Haxtan -- (nota* tb* oldoat Indian
I nTtortn TTfcn oooTT) - aaya eba'a Ofcry) «a young wow*na-.

fcxton mi Bfetalaa* mother about eighty-nine. Haxtan aaya
ah* (Haxtan) was married and going to bare * baby *« "hi
(«^y) 1m a ioM>t that* a about 16. (Xotet oereawny of be-
coming aarriageable • ) Vol **-.{».«}

(Vote* In 1937 the offiolal age of Chief Oapilano Joe'a

widow, aa rooorded by Indian Department, Yanoourer,
la 80.)

54-1.

Vol. u, (». I7Z October 2nd, 1936.

■O LD CHIBP" CAPILAHO The solution, if any, of the

g rfeHAgg extraordinary etory ao frequently

3. MARY CAPILAHQ printed In Vancouver, and also in

the Canadian Geographical Journal,
July, 1936, attributable to Mr. Hoel Robinson, a well-known
Vancouver Journalist, and, by repetition, becoming, unfortun-
ately, accepted aa fact, seems to be as follows*

"OLD dUSF" Capllano, as a boy, lived at Musqueam,
where his descendants of the same name still live, one of
them, Ayatak Capllano, now a man of 65 or 70, stating that
his grandfather, the "Old Chief", told him that he saw the
first white man come down the Praser (1808). The "Old Chief"
seems to have had two sons, one of them afterwards succeeded
him as chief, that is, Chief Lahwa, uncle to Ayatak. The
"Old Chief" is mentioned by Capt. Richards of the H. X. 3.
"Plumper" as going on board, In August, 1859, whilst in Burrard
Inlet. Chief Joe, Mary's husband, succeeded Lahwa.

"Old Chief* Capllano had more than one wife, and
several ohlldren. One of the sans was Ska-kul-tun, and Ska-kul-
tun (or Kha-kul-tun) was the father of Layhulette, or Agnes,
commonly called Mrs. Mary Capllano*

It is claimed that Mrs. Mary Capllano la very aged --
over 100* Report is that "Old Cronie", who died in 1935, aged
88, always said she was younger than he was. Mrs. Harriet
George, or Haxten, a very aged Indian woman, says she is younger
than she is beoause she recalls Mrs. Mary Capllano aa a little
girl. Mrs. R. M. Bower, daughter of Ben Springer, manager,
Moodyville Sawmill, etates that "Old Mary" used to wash for us|
I don't think she la 90."

Another point is that the name of the river which
enters in the Plrst Barrows is not Capllano, but Homuloheson,
and never was known as Capllano to Indians until the white man
named it thus. Capllano is a Musqueam name, and the family
still resides there* But, "Old Chief" had two homes; one at
MUsqueam, one at Homuloheson, and it is reasonable to assume
that in that way his name beoame attaohad to the creek.

The fact is seemingly clear that Mrs. Mary Capllano
Is the granddaughter of Payts-a-mauq, (or Paydsmuk, or Paysmauk)
whose half-brother, "Old Chief* Capllano was a boy "about four
feet " when. In 1808, he saw Simon Praser come down the river*
The welooming of Captain Vanoouver appears to be a myth*

If anyone "welcomed" Vanoouver in 1792, it might
have been See-yik-klay-mmkk, whom legend credits with being
"the eldest man" living at Vhol-Whoi (Lumbonsan'e Aroh) and who
built the first house there*

CoMTTiatien " ith lamtf T n?ft ttimaflaMi Horeaber 6. 1936 .

Vol, If. f3./0

WR3T lAHROfB BBIDQg August Jaolct (who lires on the Indian

Beearre Just M8t of Cap i Ian o Klrer)s
"Hares men, just thro* aen, started this morning with axes to
olear away the logs and trees on the other side (west) of
the rirert suppose it's a start on the new bridge."

J. 3. Matthews.

fcaa£T t ^r lis* 1 AlWM,t ft|alt ^^^^^l" 1 fi<t T *™"™Hr

"My father* naytulk,» said August Jack,
"had a brother ( Ke-olts, and a sister,
luoy. Ee-olts had a eon, Allele; he is
llTlng at Musqueaa, and ay aunt Luoy, who
married a halfbreed, Miranda, is 11-rlng at the "Mission",
Forth Taneoureri Miranda oleared out and left ay aunt.

CHIM LABgA t dJtamtM If "Tes, I haws seen Chief Lahwa,

reaeaber hia well. Tou see, ay
father and lahwa were the saae age (o on temporary)} not the
sams number of years oU, but, you see, ay father, he llred
on this side (Chaythoos in Stanley Park) and lahwa llred oa
the ether side, (First Marrows at Capllano), and they used to
talk about things. I haws aeea lahwa when I was young,
lahwa was a real Indian; got little bit beard on ehlnt little
austaohe, and hair down orer hie shoulders. We used to go
aeress Marrows, and fishing up Oapllano Creek, and lahwa used
to take us up to his house and giro ms dinner there. X
reaeaber when he was drowned at Mrookton Point} he was missing
that night, and the next day they found him oa the beaoh; in
the water t dead on the beaoh. Just inside Mrookton Point."

_o£ "X wae named Khak. taenia not
got an old aen to do itt
that was forty years agot.down
on the Elteilaao Kdserre. 3ho
old man said to the peoples t "bis boy going to be sailed
KheMtsahlanoi saae aa his grandfather". And I giro the blan-
kets. X had lota money then. X work for old Salt — (w. L.

— w-— m m *~~ *www ww^ «»wu« * wvn tor OAU l.*X« ••\f» i..

bit, sawmill, at Ihlrd Arcane and Oranrllle St., afterwards
Mat Portage Lumber Co. Mlll)| work for hia nine years, and than
for Jenkins, ths logger. (Motet She Tait and Mat Portage earn-
mills eaploysd aany Indians from nearby reserve.)

Vol. w.. t* I'
POTLATCH "I give away about one hundred blankets* I

buy them Hudson's Bay store on Cordova street}
two dollars each) double blankets* Then besides that I pay
for eighty pound saok of flour ; thirty pounds tea. and I buy
dishes and spoons, give them away; down at Palse Creek outside
C. P* R. bridge; in the big long house whioh belonged to Jimmy
Jimmy's father, Toe-who-nuaarki . (Hotet big lodge just west
of trestle bridge | almost under Burrard Bridge.)

"The christening take place in morning, last all day and
part of night. The old man he act as my interpreter (spokes-
man). Ha make speech. He say this boy sailed by whitemans'
name -• August — now they going to giro him his proper name,
Indian name; same name his grandfather, and he put hia hand on
my shoulder, and I stand still, and look.

"He calls out to all the peoples inside the house to stand
up; every man stand up, and the widow womans; nobody else stand
up; the married womans and the young peoples they not stand up;
just the men and the widow womans. Then they bust the bundle,
and go around with the blankets, and giTe one to each man and
widow womans; then give tea, and flour, after. Then, by and by,
cook dinner and supper; then all go home."

"Just one day celebration* Ve not allowed to keep those
peoples more than twenty-four hours; one day; on aooount sick-
ness. Tou see, if they pow-wow too long, may be dance all night,
may be get sick. I don't remember how many peoples come, but
lots. Come from Squaraiah, musquaam, Baneimo, not from Sechelt.

HAYTPUC (seoond ) "And my brother Willie; he was called (named)
¥EE|OJ5k~ too. Call him by his father's name, Haytulk,

MARY CAPtlAHO same time, same old man as name me. I don't

think Mary Capilano more than eighty-four."

(Botet See "Barly Vancouver", Vol. 1, Mrs. J. Z. Hall narrative
of hearing noise of potlatoh on the Kitailano Indian Reserve
as she walked to her father's beaoh (Greer's Beach) across the
C. P. R. trestle bridge.)

Conservation with August Jack Khaatsahlano, son of Maytulk, grand
son of Chief Xhahtsahlanogh, after whom Eitsllano is named, at
City Archives, December 17th, 1936.

iB POIST, City Archivist I "Do you know where that

LY CSlfSTBRIBS graveyard over at Brockton Point was, where
STAKXEY PARK they bury the whitemans?"

August Jaok i (astonished) "Whitemans 1 White-
mans — and Chinamen. Along there, they burled whitemans and
Chinamen; I did see them bury one Chinaman there; after the big
fire (June, 1886)."

Vol u-. Ka
City Archivist t "Did anyone try to keep the grave-
yard clean and tidy?"

AuguBt Jack s "Ho. It waa along there between the
gun (nine o'clock gun) and Brockton Point (on shore facing
east). There was a lot of graves — more than twenty} they
were burying there all the time before they got Mountain View.

grPIAK CBMSTERIBS "The Indian cemetery not between

IlDJAtl BHRJAIi? Lumberman's Arch and the totem poles,

IBflJi-TOoT "" but behind the totem poles; some

LUTtBKKU flJ i'S ARCH graves) there yet; they lost It; it

was a fence around the Indian graves,
but the fence all rotted out, and they could not find it; so
they can't find it at all now; I*ve been looking for it myself,
but can't find it; it was the peoples of Julian; he was an
Indian at the Morth Vancouver Mission; he die* about five
years ago; it waB his grandfather's grave and his peoples (an-
cestors). Julian waa going to move It to the Mission, (ex-
hume the remains), but the priest would not let him; there
was more than one grave Inside the fence; there were lots of
Indian peoples; there was one big box; bigger than that box.
(Pointing to B. C. Rifle Asbb. trunk) You see, the Indians
gather the bones and put them in big box; put them all in; bigger
box than that, sides about four inches thick. (This avst be
the box of bones from Deadman's Island. J. S. M.)

TraATTMAw q ISLABD City Archivist t "Well, did the whitemans

have two graveyards, one at Brockton Point
and one on Deadman's Island?"

August Jack Pnahtaahlaoet "Well, how that came
about was. There was a fellow, a squatter, and he lived on
the Island in a shack, and he must have died; and they found him,
•nd nobody's know how long he's been dead, but they (the white-
nans) sail the place Deadman's Island. They could not get the
island no name, so they Just called the place Dead Man's Island
because they found a dead man in the shack.

•After that they start burying on Deadman's Island and
ston (burying) at Brockton Point. Brockton Point was the first
cemetery for white peopes; after that they bury at Deadman's
Island. The Indians used to have them (bones) all in a box on
Deadman's Island, but the whitemans say "you better bury them
(deceased) in the ground", so the Indians gather all the bones
on Deadman's Island, and take them over to Wh l-Whoi (lumberman's
Arch) and bury them."

City Ardhlvlst t "Did Professor Hill-Tout
send the bones down to Ottawa t

August Jack t "I don't know. I think (laugh-
ingly whitemans orasyT he takes a grave and puts it in his
house, and puts an Indian in Jail for catching a salmon."

Memo of conYeraatlon wi th Au gust Jack Eh » faU*bABP »,et City
JLrohiTee, BwO. 23rd, 1936* WW. v. (b. 13

YAHMAS, Indian, TIM MOODY August Jack * "Just celled *o *•!!
TOUhl lait asBa yoS !aS» ( Tim Moody) 1. dead."

(Motet See "Barly VanoouTer", Yol. , pages 1, 7, 10, 12,
etc., re the last surviving "flathead" Indian, 1. e., whose
forehead was made flat artificially by preseure, and whose
bust, showing the flat forehead, was made by Charlee Marega,
Yanaouver sculptor. )

UAH H0 U3BS IH STAHiLgY PARK "Ho mats oTer entire floor;
iT - ' w ! H0f ~" J«»t Little mats In corner

■fCTHSY where yeu eat; Inside house

Jm Just hard floor (earth) » hard

like oement. Indians wonans sweep up erery morning. What
with? Oh, cedar bough, anything, maybe hemlock (bough).
(See his conTersation on Indian Houses).

"All old houses rotten before
Qaatown was; nails In house (whlteman's Iron nails), and
pealc- roof**

C_lty ArohlTiett (astonished) "Peak roof* Iron nails?"

August Jaok t "Tee. You see when whiteaans come, all
old houses rotten, ill cedar slabs (in sides) lie flat
(horizontal). They (Indians) take and cut lumber (out of
sides of old houses), and cut the lumber where it*s rotten, and
before orossways (horizontal), after whitemans come, sides up
and down, and peak roof, and nails. They use iron nails)
whitemans giro them nailsj all old houses rotten."

? ltr Archivist . "Well, could you make me a model of
2 houses) the old houses before the whitemans come?
You never see them; you too young?"

August Jack i "Yes, I make you model* All old Indian
houses in Stanley Park gone before I born, but I see old ones
up Bquamieh; them up there yet, only all rotten and sunk down.

This remarkable conversation explains the wash
paintings in the Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa, whioh shows
peak roofs, and perpendicular slab aides, paintings made by
Geut. Willis of H. M. S. "flanges" in 1861. The Squamlsh hut
roof was a loan-to roof i afterwarda they adopted the
peak roof, but they must hare done so prior to 1861
when Mr. Willis made the paintings of Indian huts on
what la now Kitsllano Beach, YanoouYer*

Conreraation with August Jack Haataalano.

WOB5PTTP l qTOB January 27. 19S7.

Hk August t "Tha cam* wa gave Mm la pron-

ounced "ELayala". There la bo auoh word
In tha Squamish tongue that I know of. It muat be a Powell
Hirer Indian name. Tha Alert Bay Indians say It means in
their language •mink". That'a what they call a mink. Tha
Peabarton Indiana say it means, in their language, •cloud".
I don't know what it means. We had to name him some thing."

]ifTl?'m*I^— "^ f " ***•* inapeeting the bronze memorlaytablet
f5iii L t.. TA ffiJT, to tne BeT " c ' u ' Tat «i Indian mlaeionary.

IKpIAN C USTOMS Auguat:

"Ho, not exactly, not exactly eagle, god
of the aky. whale, god of the aaa, and bear, god of the land.
(Dr. Baley*a interpretation). Thla la tha way it was:

"The eagle ha makea the rain. He makes
tha wind; blowa laaTea off trees. He goea round and round
and round, climbing up and up, way up In the aky; high up.
Than ha cornea down, straight down — almost straight — swlahhhhhh.
He's trying to make the rain."

"Whale I It amy be a blsckfish; he* a al-
ways after everything. He'a after duek, fish, aeal. He»a
always after something."

"Bear I He»S tyee of the land. He'a
fiahermsn. Ha aats STary thing on the land."

The Bar. Br. Balay'a interpretation of the
totem (two) on the Tate Memorial tablet la that tha whale,
I.e., God of tha Sas, waa always making trouble and try-
ing to ••curs mastery of the Bear, God of the Land. He
did it by atorm, snow, rain, flood, lightning, tidal
ware, and tha Boar (seen sheltering tha Indian between
his anas and lags) always was protecting himself from
tha whale, and aa such was friend of the Indian. Tha
eagle, God of the Sky, and tha moat powerful of all three,
saw what waa happening to the Indian , and stopped tha
whale sufficiently to make his efforts futile.

As narrated to as by Dr. Haley. J.S. Matthews.

Conversation with August Jack Haataalano. March 15, 1937 ♦

BARLY CiMETgRIES After displaying before Mr. Haataalano a

BROCKTON POINT" colored crayon drawing (presented by Mra.

Matthews) showing the old "Park Road",
white surfaced with calcined shells, at a point in Stanley
Park looking north from the Nine 0» clock Gun towards Brockton
Point—a distance of about two hundred yards, Mr. Haatsalano
then said:

"The graves must be under that road; that's
why no one can find them. There are people buried all along

there; all along that east shore between the gun and the
point, on the edge of the high bank. A lot of Indians were
buried right up on the point itself. But the Indians not on
the point are under the road now. Indians always bury close
to the shore, but the Chinamans are further from the shore
than the Indians. I see the Chinamans burning stuff there
once — for to feed the dead {and August smiled). The white
mans are buried all along that shore too. No cemetery or
graveyard; Just come in a boat with the d eadmans; just climb
up the bank, dig a hole, and bury him; all along close to the
water."

"Nobody buried on north shore of Brockton
Point; Just east shore."

J. S. Matthews

UDIAH TOBOGGAH — BK FORa TH B "WHITSMAUS* CAME

Copy of skatah drawn in ray garden by August Jack
Khahtsahlano, whilst having tea and cakes this
Sunday afternoon. J. S. Matthews.

Vol

f> '*-

June 6 , 1937 .

Cedar slab, 3haped with stone hammer and stone chisel;
twenty- seven to thirty Inches long, hollowed or scooped out
to fit chest on one side, and rounded on other, (concave-
convex). Cross bar at one end, lashed in position with oedar
rope through holes in one and of slab; handle projecting both
sides.

Memo of our conversation

Khahtaahlanot "Bo. Indians (did) not skate on ice like
whltemans do. They slide. They slide down rivers; on slab
of oedar; my step-father (Jericho Charlie) tell me. I never
see them do it; no ioe suppose, that's why I not see them,
but I see cedar slab they do it with. They take it (cedar
slab) in their hands; hold It in front of them; run hard, throw
themselves down on top of it, and go (slide) a long way down
the river; river slopes down, and that makes them go a long
way; they lie on it; it's same shape as man's body (torso);
same size, without his head and arms and legs, fits him, and
there's a handle bar, a oroas bar. In front for his hands to
hold on to; it's got two handles, and it's lashed (with cedar
rope) to the slab. I draw It for you." (Which he did and
attached his signature.)

J. S. Matthews.

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72A

POTLATCH AT ALERT BAY

72B

CE-QUAL-LIA, or SE-QUAIL-YAH, 1953

Mrs. Chief George, sister of Chief Jimmy Harry, Squamish Indian Reserve, North
Vancouver. She is preparing a delectable dish, broiled salmon, broiled in the open
air before a wood fire, and between split sticks stuck in the earth as her mothers for
generations had done before her, and before whitemans came with frying pans, forks
and grease. The process is referred to as "skwul-lum," a word difficult to interpret,
but suggests "ripening the whole," as ripe fruit. At No. 3 Reserve, east of Seymour
Creek.

72C

AUGUST JACK (see FRONT)

72D

HOW SQUAMISH MADE FIRE

^Y awl1l o t>y August 3aef< Jl*aW'-SaMa->to
stlOvyrrvO Kov« "t-w.dlct>is tmoxjC-« £c>vfi.
V^iftC stie, K ayxeL boarot o^ oerfa*..
WaJ-ev s o * H*dL < e<£ <or

V«Yy dVy cv» VayJ t*V« o/- 5

/lOUSC. Holt. CH fcoa.Vti,

Fvi'ftl-,i-»* embers fall
"tfiYouo^ hol< o>i /' It ^e

dLu it teneatt*

Men. STu^K^e corn**,
ok Ur wilt t>yfca.tyT7

i<f$9

72E

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72F

AUGUST JACK - RE DEED CHANGING NAME

raoriiciAi^BQkgDjCT_nAj.w 1 _Mrroic» or vital statistic*

!*J»«7 18,1941. Radatarlac ohaac* «f anaa af a'agnat Jmok ta Auait J»ok
PttlMU l M •• M Aaguat 19SS,aad af his wlfa, Ku7 Ant Jaok (Indlaa dim*
■vaaaala) ta Mar/ Ana Zhahtaahlana . This la la owflluM with Saotiaa 13
•f tha "Cbaafs af Iw Aot" , ud haabaan glran tha fila nuabar H.CI.1M."

"J.D.Soatt, far Slraotar.

DCKmOH OP CANADA, ) in THE UATT3R of August

J Jack Khahtsahlano, here-
PROVINCE OF BRITI3H COLUMBIA.) tofore known as August

Jack (son of Khay-tulk,
who was also known as
Supplejack) and grandson
of Khahtsahlano formerly
of Chay-thooa (now known
as Prospect Point), Stanley
Park.

I, AUGUST JACK KHAHTSAHLANO, of the Capilano Indian
RsserTe, North Vancouver, British Columbia, born in the
Indian village of Snauq (formerly situate on False Creek,
Vancouver, B. C. ) heretofore known and called by the name
of August Jack,

DO HBRHBY GIVE NOTICE: -

That I do for myBelf and my descendants formally and
absolutely renounce, relinquish and abandon the use of my
said surname "Jack* as a surname and hereby assume, adopt,
and determine henceforth on all occasions whatsoever to
use and substitute the name of "Khahtsahlano" as my surname,
which name was bestowed upon me formally, according to Indian
custom, at a ceremony held by the Squamish tribe at the Baid
Tillage of Snauq in or about the year 1890.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and
seal this twenty sixth day of August, A. D. 1938.

SIGNED AND SEALED
I IN, THE PRESENCE

Atytf/^A KLAbWA,

£**£

" ETSIIANO " VhoN.ISI.P.ltf b-

Chief Khahtsahlanogh (no EngliBh name) was a Squamish Indian
chief who, early in the 19th century, migrated from his ancestral
home at Toktakamic, Squamish River, and settled at Chaythoos.i.e. W10.
"high bank", a clearing at Pipe Line Road, First Narrows. Here his NISI
son Khay-tulk, or "Supplejack", lived, died, and was buried with hon- T>2i^.
or in a canoe placed inside a mausoleum of wood. Khay-tulk's son,
August Jack Khahtsahlano, was born at the vanished village of Snauq,
False Creek, (Burrard Bridge). In 1905, the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way opened lands for settlement, and called the new district
"Kitsilano".

72G

AUGUST JACK - CHANGES NAME

CITY OF VANCOUVER

City /}vcIiivisT$ „m

CITY HALL

WIKWPS**** 45,

Kv\KY-

^ '>• A

1. S tucazhuAT*

litis Li "the. sh'fo o- ' baJzeJ- otsveu. -ocue -6y CUt^i4^t

/ia^t^ ~P& ( /.4yaJ ftyad, &i#y \Mmj% *z*^J> s2^- C r-r^~&'
« /{(lay- ti^ZSC, <rv " Sit^f-tej oatf/ ' <y ' ( Aay^&tr^

72H

Memo ot eonToraatlon with Augus t Jack FamattaOladQ. in ay
Cardan, 2083 Mbyte Arenue, evening of July 7th and 8th, 1937.

Vo/. i+ bis
IBDIAB FAIBTS iBBlgl mtM « "Ikl» bit rook (from Sunsot

Beach, "a mile or so north of Horseshoe Bay
on Horn Sound) is tuaibth (Indian nut)| it's been lying in
creek where the red paint coses from, and got a ooating of
tumbth. Indian find tuabth in soft ground} aometlmea thia
thiok (indioating about six lnohee); up in Garibaldi Mountain
break off big lump; make it (mould it) flat like hot eaket
build ll*il* fire of dry alder on ground; put flat eake of
tuabth on ashes; eook him for six hours, then it be red; put
something on ground to oatoh lt| break it up in hands} it Just
like dust | red dust; then mix with grease and put on face.

"Bluet Blue high up in the mountains) some place it lie
six inohest its blue* Mot mix with water ; it's blue already}
mix with grease, put finger in it i draw finger across cheek
for face paint; whitemans says ttt*s iron} that's what he says.
Bind the earth, the blue earth, high up in mountains} when sun
shines on it, it falls off (down); Just pick it up.

"YellowT make it out of tuabth} out of red earth; mix
it with alder bark; boil both together; It's yellow.

"BUokT Make it out of charcoal.

•White T Bo white."

akJLtj ********* "Portugese Joe hare a daughter, Mrs. Buss,
she llTes up Bgaont. She tell me make white stain far baskets
out of some kind of grass that grow on beach; boll it and boil
it, then it's white stain for baskets."

August Jaekt "Maybe, I don't know."

DPUB MMaSuTgMBTT OS TIME "Before the whitemans come, 8q varnish

hare seres days in week, too} just
name whitemans. Six days Squamish go up and down; up to Bquaalah
down to Magi 1 ah Bay; seventh day be Sunday; mow work. One men..
he priest, talk. All the peoples go into bit houee; prleet
tell them what to do; how to do it right; they haTe another
kind of religion them day a.

"Squaaish hare namea for every
month; they tell by the moon what month it la; just earn*
whitemana calendar; eame moon name month same name eaoh year;
just like whitemans calendar , but not hare year; no 1936 no
1907; forget about year; no uee. Indian count one month, two

63
Vol. t*. 1=. rfe
month, three month, then when twelve month coma, that hoy* a
been born ona year; after he's born fire year ago; six years ago;
that's how. Indian's got no book; no pencil* Haxten remembers
all about that; the getting pretty old; 106 this year I think;
she's my mother's younger sister, my mother eie 27 year ago
(1910); she's eighty then.

■Squamish keeps time with little stick; each day break
off little piece wood of stick; put little bit in box; maybe
break off bigger bit of stick for month, and put in little box.
Old mans do that, that's the way they keep how many days it is."

major Matthews t "Who breaks the little bits?"

August Jack i "Every bod las what wants to know how many
days it is."

ffBATA "Ho sea otter in English Bay, nor

3SA. OTTER Howe Sound; just seal, lota seal,

SEALS, C"ooklng meat Squamish go seal hunting in oanoe.

Seal Bleeping on surface; just
under surface, (indicating seal heaving and falling with the
swell); sneak up spear him. Or, maybe, at night, dark night,
seal sleeping on K'pul (Rocks in Howe Sound east of Bowen
Island) lota seal sleeping there; sneak up in oanoe, quiet, no
noise, very quiet; seal sleeping on rocks; spear him. Then
cook him, little fire, slow, not big fire.

"Cook on two little logs on ground;
about ten inches diameter; lay logs side each other; about
twelve inches apart on ground; built little fire of pitch sticks
between legs; lay seal across logs bo his middle over fire;
cook him slowly; just burn the hair off. When middle's done,
catch him by tall or feet, turn him over; two or three times,
when he's cooked in middle, cook ends, move him; pull him across
logs so he's head over fire; catch him by tall and pull him.
Tail's last part cooked."

OOLACHAH OIL Major Mat thews t "August, you like

"~" oolachan oil, I don't. Too much

smell."
August Jack t "Yea. I like it. Some not smell much. When it's
two weeks old, it's mild; one month it's strong; two months very
strong. It's good medicine. When I up fishing that time my
trousers thirty-five Inches (waist measurement}* I take one
spoonful oolachan oil every morning; by and bye thirty-eight
inches; trousers too tight; make you fat* If youse got worms
inside you, makes you fat. I weigh 200 lbs. then."

SaOAmTSH gDlAHS Major Matthews * "How tall are you?"

August Jaok t "Six feet, just six feet. My father {Supplejack)

Vol <+ k 17
six feet two; ay mother five feet ten. My father Squamleh;
my mother Cowlchan. Squamleh Indian all big men before white-
mans come. Lillooet Indiana medium} about fire feet eight.
Chllcoten Indians retry big men; tall, Bllmi Alert Bay Indiana
short, fat, big around middle; ait down all the time."

INDIAN WIVES 0? WHITEMEH Major Matthews ; "August. What

whltemans about Burrard Inlet
marry Indian woman?"

August Jack *. "Well, there* a lots.
Peter Smith and Mr. Coe (?) at Paapeeak (Brockton Point).
Peter Smith got Indian wife and four children, and Mr. Coe he* a
got Indian wife, and three children. And, Baker at the Nine
•O'clock gun, he's got Indian woman and five children, and John
Beatty he lived on False Creek reaerve (near Burrard Bridge),
he had two children, and Burns, the logger at Jericho, he had
two children (girls), and Tompkins Brew, the policeman at
Brockton Point, and Joe Mannion, and Navvy Jack, and Gassy
Jack, and Portugese Joe, they all had Indian wites and children,
and Cummlngs, in Stanley Park, he's got three half breeds and
there was a man at Belcarra, I don't know much about him, I
Just hear, and Newman, at Deep Cove, North Arm, he's got Indian
wife and three boys and two girls, and Chinha, whiteman at Deep
Cove, North Arm, he's woman got two girls, and Perkins at
Moodyvllle mill, he's got four girls, and Cockles (?), Mr. Cock-
les, at Moodyville, he's got half breed boy and girl. And Mr.
Rivers, at Moodyville, clerk in the store, he's got one living,
and Capt. St ter shank, he had Indian wife, and got Billy Ettershank,
and Peter Plant in Stanley Park; he had two girls and two boys,
and Saripee at Bburne; he's got one boy and two girls. No,
Oaropee's woman not half breed; she pure Musqueam."

(Notet Moat men mentioned are now, 1937, dead. J. S. M.)

TIM MOODY "Tim Moody, Priest call him Tim Moody; he died

last year. (See Obituary Book and "Early Vancouver")
Priest oall him Tim Moody when they start Mission at North Van-
couver; long time after whiteaana come Burrard Inlet; before
priest call him Tim Moody they call him Yahmaa."

TREASURE ON KITSIIANO Note* August Jack KZahtaahlano la
INDIAN RESERVE living in a tent on Kltsilano Indian

Reoerve, and smiles and says he is
digging for "treasure". It appears that when he was young and
strong he earned good money in logging caim)s, gave it to hia
mother who lived in their little house about 100 yards east of
Ogden Street at Cypress— about 100 yards into the Reserve and
close to the old beach. She told him she had buried it Just west
of the house, and he is digging trying to find it, but so far
without gucceBB. (See his file and "Sun" newspaper about June
15th, or near that date.)

Memoof eonTarMtJ^jL«)iU^H&^^£^ m «y garden,

where w e Bay together thie beautiful eool Bummer evening,
drinking tea and eating cake. July 14, 1937. Vol. w>. 12

DTOIAN CHU RCHES Mfcj pyfttaahlano aaid« "That little

M STHO'Dl'sfC HURCH church at Homulcheaun {Capilano CreekJ

HOlJJLCHiSfoK »aa pulled down; oh, long time ago;

cHlSt* CAPfi^NO JOE Capilano Joe build it for himself,

for hie peopleB at Capilano; he waa

working on the reserve getting out logs; he got the lumber f » m
the Ratings Sawmill; it was not of logs; it was aort of private
church for he's own peoples."

Major Ma t thews . "What about the church
at Korth Vanoouver; at Uatlawn; the churoh with one steeple
before they got the church with two steeples they have now;
which was first, the one at Ustlawn, or the one at Capilano?"

Khaht sahlano t "The one at * St lawn.
The church at 'Stlawn was built by all the peoples; everybodies
give money. The church at Capilano waa built by Capilano Joe
himself."

Major Matthews ; "Well, whioh was the
first churoh on Burrard Inlet?"

Khahtaahlanot "The first church was
the one the Indians call "King George mans church" over at
Gastown; put up by the Methodists; the Indians built it; the

Methodist priest was there* Mo
KI NG GBORGB MA N S CHURCH other churoh first; no church north

shore; only after, when the Catholic

priest cone; Korth Vanoouver churoh built before my time."

Ma jor Matthews * "Well, Catholic
priest here long time before? -

Khaht aahlano t "The Methodist priest
started first; to get the Indiana to go to church; to go to
the Gastown churoh."

Major Matthews i "I thought the
Catholics claim they were the first to get the Indians to go

to church?" „__

Khaht aahlanot "They were --in
Westminster, but not here" All Cathollos (Indians) in
Westminster.

Major Matkhaya t "Why did the Indians
ME THODIST CHORCH go to "dtiawn. Ho Indians at 'Stlawn

HASTiros~sffigLL before. All Indians at Whoi-Whoi,

Snauq, Homulcheaun, and up Steets-

s»h-m»h. (Lumberman*s Arch, False Creek, Capilano, and Seymour
Creek.) Why did they go to live Horth Vancouver?"

Vol. l+. to \q

Khahtsahlano t "Hastings Sawmill. Everybodies what was working
at the Hastings Sawmill go to the littla Indian church at Gas-
town on 3unday. Thomas Randle, no, not half breed, pure Indian,
he interpret for minister. Then the Catholic priest come. They
want to build a church on Hastings Sawmill property, but the
Bastings Sawmill peoples say "no, you cannot build here; you
must go your own place". So the people go across the inlet,
and there was two old peoples making canoes there. They ask
the two old peoples if they could come over there, and the old
peoples say "alright", and then they build the church with one
steeple."

(Hotet The refusal of the Hastings Sawmill management to have
anyone on their property was their customary attitude; they were
rery jealous in that respect; they feared squatters, the est-
ablishments of rights, and would not tolerate occupancy for
scarcely a single day. Of oourse, St. James Church was built
on their property, but Mr. Raymur was a moving spirit in that
church and it was called after his name James.)

IHDIAN SLAVB3 I explained at considerable length, the

system of barons and serfs under the
feudal system in England, and how the universal sufferage was
ultimately extended', to male and female, and then continued.

Major Hit thews : "What about slaves?"

Khahtsahlano i "w aiavea; Squamlah don't
have slaves; they don't capture in another country; maybe take
a little girl (indicating three feet high) or maybe a little
boy about ten years, but they don't take a man or a womans."

Major Ma tthews; "What's all this talk
about there being a little king or chief, and nobles, and
commons, and slaves before the whitemans come? Professor
Hill-Tout he write all about it, in a book?"

Khahtaahlano i (irritated) "Oh, that's Ions
ago; maybe two hundred, maybe three hundred years ago. They
(Indians) don't have slaves in this country. -

Major Matthews i "Well, haven't you heard
it?"

, , .. Khaht sahlano x "Y 88 . I've heard of it. but

you picked them out wnen tbey were little kids (young children)."

„v. , , , ,,».,, MUfflE Matthewwi "Did your mother (Jericho
Charlie's wife) tell you about slaves; she tell you a lot."

rf„„t* ».n ,,,„ IBiaktaahl,ano» (visibly annoyed) "Ho. You

don't tell ohlldrens that; you keep that to yourself; it's
not right to tell the ohlldrens."

Major Mat thews i "Why?"

Vol. <+ f>. io

Khahtaahlano . "Slave boy, you say to him you go hero,
you go get that, you go get this for you; while you alt* down;
that's not right; you ashamed. You not tell your ohildrens
where you get that hoy or girl. 3ome nana he with you when
you get him; he knows where you get hlmj you knows all about
it, but you don't tell your ohildrens*"

Major sat thews i "I don't understand clearly."

Khahtsahlano t "Veil, jaaybe your ohildrens say (taunt)
something to the sieve boy. Then someday the slave boy grow
up and tell his friends* That's bad. Kever tell your ohildrens.
They sight insult him."

Major Matthews t "Tou mean the slave boy remember, and
by and bye tell his friends same time when they come to visit
you that he's been inaulted, that he'a been sailed slave, and
they seek vengeanoe, and find out about it, and start a dis-
turbance. Somebody start a fight, somebody get hurt, maybe
somebody get killed and that start a war?"

KVyhtsahlano t "May start a war, yes. Mover tell the
ohildrens whose boy it is if a slave} that's same whiteman's
kidnap."

HDIAB PROMWtCIATIOH Ma.lor Matthews . "August. 1 oan always

understand yon when you talks you say
things clear, but some whitemans write down Indian words ■•
that no one, not even whitemans, e*n read them or say them.
Andy Paul (qoltohetahl) Just the same. You aay "8ait-up-sum".
I oan say that, but Andy Paul aay muat be "Taait-up-sum",
all the time T's and T's, and Hots other hard words for white-
mans, too. Is it all necessary? I oan echo the words you say;
why eannot I do it with other Indians and what whitemans write
about Indians words.?"

Khahtsahlano i "May be something wrong
with his tongue. It's not neoessary." (But August Jaok has
often told me that whitemen oannot eoho the sounds of Indians'
words in every ease. What I think ho means ia that there ia a
tendency among white writers to exaggerate the spelling, and to
increase the difficulty rather than reduce it*)

Memo of conversation with August Jack Khahtaahlano , In my garden,
evening, 21st July, 1937. v"T~ r"

INDIAN SLAVES

We did not resume our previous conversation
on this subject; the time was inopportune, but upon reflec-
ting upon what my friend said the other evening, it i3
evident that much whiah has been written about Indian slaves—
aa in other natters — has been exaggerated and "colored".
It ia obvious, for instance, that a Yuclataw slave in the
possession of the Squamieh would be a source of irritation
to the Yuolataws; might form an excuse for a reprisal raid on
the Squamish, and, regardle33 of what whitemen have written of
the desire of Indians to fight one another, the fact is they
feared those raids, and desired peace, no lass than we do.
Capt. Vancouver reports that when, in 1792, he passed through
our First Harrows, he saw no signs of habitations; yet
actually there were two large villages close at hand; one at
Homulohesun (Capllano) and the other at Whol-Whoi (Lumberman^
Arch, Stanley Park). The explanation most likely ia that,
following their usual customs, these two villages were slightly
back from the beaches, and hidden from the sight of passers-
by, for one authority, Chief Matthias Joe, states positively
that until the whitemen guaranteed safety, Indian villages
were concealed thus in the trees, to hide them from the sight
of possible foes. JSlf.

SKUNK COVE Major Matthews ; "August. Did you ever got the
Indian name for Skunk Cove?"

Khaht sahlano : "Noooo. I ask everybodies; don't
know| must be some name; tJta only one I can now ask is Kaxten,
or perhaps Jiany Jimmy may know. If they don*t know then no
more use trying.

(Hotes This ia in oonneotion with the map
"INDIAN VILLAGES AND LANDMARKS, BURRARD INLET AND HOWE SOUND"
recently compiled after six years* endeavour. Through disuse,
the Indians have forgotten the o Id names; one by one we re-
covered many, but Skunk Cove seems to have been completely
forgotten.)

INDIAN PAINTINGS NOTE: Khahtaahlano came this evening with 3

colored drawings, done by himself; one
on brownish paper or cardboard depicting an Indian in yellow
Jacket and feather headdress; one on an old piece of packing
case cardboard depicting, in red and^llow paint, three
Indians wearing masks, and one of a half length naked brown
Indian with feather headdress and clenched fist on white nan.r
It is an extraordinary faot that Khahtaahlano could not write a
hla own signature until I taught him four years ago, nor can he
read, nor has he ever previously made drawings, yet this week
he successfully attempted and effected these quite creditable

even

Vol. M.. (=4i_

drawings In hi a little tent on th« Kitsllano Indian ReserTe
on l&lse Crook, whore he la digging for hie burled "treasure".

atjMB Major Mat thews » "That's this?" (holding

AH MA8K3 up sao ond picture . )

Khaht sahlan o_ i "Those two big fellows are swhy-
whee (masks) — (a form of Thol-Thol, i. «., "masks", the Tillage;
and the little fellow Is tyaaln-nia, the funny man. They are
dancing! erery time there la a death, or a marriage, or a first
born, they oan have a danoe. The funny man is tlokllng the
swhy-whee, teasing him, tickling his nose with a brush; makes
peoples laugh.

"Those (stems with red and yellow flowers
in head dress) are bushy feathers off goeso; the red (plumes)
are little atioks with feathers tied to them} hand made, home
madet they are like whltemans feather duster."

Major Mat thews t "Thy hare two swhy-wee and
only one quain-nia?"

Khahtaahlanot "Oh, Just looks betters if
there's only one owhy-whoe, not look so good, but one qualn-nia
ia enough; no others oan use that mask; that mask belongs to one
■an; it's He's mask; nobody else use it."

Major Matthowa i "Patented, eh? Tell, why
did you put big eagle feathers on their heads; Squamlsh not hare
hats with eaglee feathers like prairie Indians; only prairie
Indians have feathers before (whltemen come)*"

Khaht sahlano I "That's right. Only prairie
Indian hare them before, but that's my hat." (Hotosi By which
he means that he has adopted that form of headdress; he is the
first to use it; he may bare oopled it from pictures of prairie
Indians but he is the first to use it, and therefore, according
to Indian ethlos, it le his personal property; that ia, the
design, whaterer it may be. Henceforth that form of headdress
belongs to Khahtsahlano; see his photo*)

J or M* t thews t "That's this?" (indicating
di

brown-skinned naked Indian, half length, with clenched flet
and feather headdress painted in color on white paper*)

Khahtsahlano i "Oh, just an Indian, only he's
angry, he'e mad, he 'a got olenched fist, he'e looking up, he's
lip are firm, he's going to do something, he's determined."

Major Matthews i "That about all thla long
hair? I thought Indians out their hair at the shoulders; why
do long — down to his middle?"

Khaht sah Ian o t "That's an old timer. All the
old timers have long hair; some - braid It, some ties it up like
this man ties his, but all the old timers hare hair down to he's
middle."

Vol. 1+. f>. i3
(Bote: aee Lieut. Willis* famous painting (at Ottawa) of 1861
of part of Kitallano Baach which shows an Indian with his hair
half way down his hack, in the foreground). "Only old timers
have long hair."

Major Matthewa i "Why is he naked?"

Khahtaahlano t "Squamish got no ooat; only
little shorts around his middle; just like whitemans bathing
trunks, made of buckskin* about twelve inches around hia middle,
like little short pants; buckskin. That* a only thing he wears;
he's not oold; summer or winter go naked."

Major Matthews : Thy not cold?"

Khahtaahlano t "Hot when he's in house by fire;
when he goes out he wears cape over his shoulders."

Major MatthewB t "Barefoot in house?"

Khaht sahlano t "Ho, moccasin; he's got lots
sin; lots time make them - in winter."

t.lor Matthewa i "August. You can't read or
_ draw these pictures!
this week?" (He is about 60 years old.)

write. How did you draw tnese pictures) you never draw before

Khaht Bahlano t "Tes. I draw him. I Just sit
down. Some peoples have models to draw from; some peoples have
picture to look at, but I just draw from memory. I give little
totem pole to boy; he give me paints. I just sit down In my
tent and draw what you've got; only it get dark and I have to
stop; maybe by and bye I draw better."

(Wctet A remarkable fact that this Indian
who has never had a day's schooling in his life, can sit down,
and with rude tools on a rough table, draw these pictures of
Indian life from memory. He mist have great natural ability,
and be a born artist. And yet some people sail Indians
"8iwasb". (1. e., eauvage (Jr.); savage (Xng.))

J3DIAK MASKS Khahtaahlano t "I'se only one got it, mask, in

all Squamish peoples I'se only one. I'se
got only old time mask; mm great grandfather's."

Major Matthews i "How did you get it? Did
you say your great grandfather?"

Khahtaahlano t "My mother keep it when my
father (Bay- talk) died, and my brother (Willie Jack), he's
Haytulk, too, ha not like it, so he waits until I grow up, and
then he gives it to me (Khaht sahlano). I'se the only one In
gquamlah (tribe) whose got one. My father (Haytulk) got it
from my grandfather, and he got it from he's father Khahtsah-
lanogh, and he got it from he's father, old Haataalanogh."

Vol. i+. p. tif
(Bote: It will be recall** that Haytulk's two sons, known by
the Xngllsh names of Willie Jack and August Jack, were cere-
moniously bestowed at a potlatch giren under the Burrard Street
Bridge » the old Tillage of Snauq — with the names of Hay-tulk
and Khahtsahlano, being the names of their father and grand-
father.)

fsao of eonTersatlon with August Jack Khahtsahlano . in my gar-
en, August 14, 1937*

IBPIAK CUSTOMS
HT>IaK Pool) —
SftBoisoB

August arrived dangling an angular stone,
six and one-half inches at its widest part,
and weighing 3 pounds net, by a wire which
had been passed through a tapered hole,
about one and one-half inches wide at the mouths on either side*
and narrowed down to a central half-inch, two and one-half
inches through stone from side to side of hole, which had been
bored by some primitlTO instrument! the angular edges of stone
being rounded, and the stone itself showing minute spooks which
sparkled*

Major Matthcws t "Where did you get that?"

August t "I did it up. I get another
bigger one; bring it next time; got hole in it, too. Wot sure
what it is, but I think it's hold canoe when they catches stur-
geon out Spanish Banks or iq> head false Creek. I dig it out of
ground when digging for my treasure: not find my treasure yet,
but find thlsi about two feet down (in earth)) two of them;
together) right where Chinalset's (Jericho Charlie's) house
was -- (approximately 100 yards east into the Indian Reserve
from the corner of Ogden Avenue and Chestnut Street — down
deep, about two feet) I find two) bring you big one next time."

Major Matthews t "What for?"

August t "I think us* it when they eatohes
sturgeon. Bquamlsh hare big hook on end of long pole) big bone
hook with barb on it, and theys go out after sturgeon, when the
tide Is out, and hook him) then sturgeon, he's big fish, maybe
ten feet, he pull hard) wriggle) wriggle in the water |

go swift) canoe goes too fast, may be wares) amy be wind, Indian
hold on hard, and if theye got nothing oanoe not go straight)
goes this way, goes that way, all about, so the man in the stern
drops this stone) hold back stern of oanoe."

, n , . ._ Ms J or Mstthcws : "lor anchor?"

August : "Bo, eo ' a canoe not go so swift.
Hakes oanoa go straight. Then, by and bye, hs's (sturgeon)
get tired; they take him to beach) he's too heavy, so's they
tip canoe on beach; slide him in; tip canoe back again, and
they take him home."

Major Matthews : "How do they know where
the sturgeon Is? They cannot see him on the bottom?"

August: (shaking head) "There must been
awful lots sturgeon one time; up end false Creek; out Spanish
banks; all over. They can't see him on bottom; they just
feel with pole with hook on it; bone hook, big one; they Just
feel around with pole when the tide is out. front man in canoe
hare pole with hook; man in stern with paddle; poke around
with pole. Sturgeon's kind of rough outside, they can feel
when pole touches him; then Jerk hook quick; maybe hook him in
front, maybe middle, maybe tail.

"There's a csdar rope on the hook; man in stern pull rope
tight* Hook cornea off pole; (note: he means that the tremend-
ous weight, perhaps 800 pounds, of the struggling fish would
pull the bone hook off the pole), take pole in canoe, but hold
on hard to rope; hold hard on to sturgeon; keep rope tight;
hang on; pull pole in canoe; hook not come out if hold on hard;
throw rope with stone over stern; it pull behind; rope is
oedar bark rope."

Major Matthews : "Veil, what happens then?
when he gets tlrsd, take him beach, tip canoe, slide him In,
tip eanoe back; he's in canoe. That next?"

August: "Take him home; pull eanoe up on
beach, dump sturgeon, clean him; slice him; slice him, not
very thick (notet with stone knife) 'bout one inch; hang slice
up to dry; maybe hang In house to dry; maybe good day hang him
outside."

MsJor Mstthews t "Doesn't it get smell?"

August : (amused and smiling) "Dry, oh dry
quick, dry good two days; then put slice la house; smoke him;
dry by fire; that's food for winter."

i or Matthews : (laughing) "Then put In
s

(wooden) trough (filled with water) , put In hot stone; supper's
ready."

JUlf— *- (also laughing) "Supper's ready;
no bread; just sturgeon; good eat."

IfcJor ^ t thews t "What about pudding?"

August: (chuckling) "Mo pudding."

Vo ' ** P±<> Major Matthews ; (consolingly) "Well, maybe

they didn't have oranges , and lemonade , or Ice cream, btft
that aort of food produced some pretty good men and women."

August t •Good health; no sick. Look at
Haxten; she's 106 years old, and got front teeth; same teeth
(as when she was a girl). Don't drink tea when she waa young;
everything roast, fire roast, maybe sometimes boil. I bring
you big atone next time."

. . // \* cedat baYk Yofop

bone hook ,_j£__xv^ n^

. r~-*~ t i Bottom

-jLarLg^d*a.t}

Memo of conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano, in my garden,
23rd August, 1937. (He is still camping on the Kitsilano Indian
Reserve.)

Mr. Khahtsahlano brought another stone; much larger than
the las t; of sandstone; probably originally from Slm-sah-mulls
(Baywwater Street beach), or perhaps from near Siwash Rock;
pierces by some primitive abrasive stone tool, with a good sized
hole in the centre large enough to pass a half-inch rope through.
Ihe stone ia seven and one-half inches by seven and one-half
inches by four inches, and weighs nine pounds, ten ounces. It
was dug up on the Kitsilano Indian Reserve, by Khahtsahlano,
about one foot beneath the surface, and about one hundred yards
east of the corner of Chestnut and Ogden streets, on the site
of the old bouse of Chlnalaet (Jericho Charlie) and To-who-quam-
kl .

STUROBQJ Mr. KhahtBahlano saidt "Here's that other stone

I promised you." (See conversation of Aug. 14.)
M»Jor Mstthewst "Do you s'pose it was anchor
for canoe?"

August Jacjct "Moooo, It would not be sharp in
front if it was."

Vol i+ f> iy

HPIAK DRSSS Khahtaahlanoj (handing oTor three nor* crude

IHDIAM HAlF ' drawing* on writing paper, made with colore*

crayons such as school children use.) "Indians
head (laughingly). These green feathers alright in he's hair;
may he not colored right (not correct hue), I*se got no good
paints, but theys (Indians) take white feather and dye then
so theys (feathers) ease as grass; then put them in their hair.

"Indians not cut their hair short long tine ago; long tine
age let it grown down to he's Kiddle; only since whitemans come
cut it short. (Votei by short he does not mean as whitemen cut
their hair, but cut off about the nape of the neck; which is
rery long for whltemen). Chinalset and Tom-quam-kee cut hair
short, but not before that (Indians did not); before that
Indians wear it long; down to he's breasts. Theys braid it.
Mans wear it in front; woman a hang it down back. Hans hare
one braid on each side; it hang down in front; he ties ends
together bo's it not go over (his head); just like I draw you
here."

CHIS? KHAHTSAHLAMQGH Major Mat thews : "What's that yarn about

Chief Kbahtsahlanogh coming up from
Point Roberts, or about Kbahtsahlanogh being a rery anolent
historic title first at Point Roberts; woman break the moral
code; they all lea-re her and come to Snauq?"

August Jack i "Mo; that's not it. Chief
Khahtaahlanogh not come from Point Roberts; he come from
Lillooet; anyways he's father did; "old" Kbahtsahlanogh; my
great grandfather.

"My mother Vhy-wat, she tell me. My
great grandfather Khahtsahlanogh he come down Souamieh from
Lillooet, and he sit eight days, all the time, nothing to eat,
in the door; without eating.

DTDIAK CUSTOMS "He sit eight days without eating; maybe

DTDIAK MARRIAGB he go away for a few minutes, but he come

back again and sit down; sit in the
doorway; just inside.

"He' a got lots goat skins; they expensive,
hard to get; shoot with bow and arrow, but he's got fifty; all
together; he get them up the mountains; take long time to get
them; shoot with bow and arrow; take long time to get fifty
skins; he bring them to house with him when he sits in the door*
He wants to marry the girl in that bouse."

Major Matthews I "How did he know about
the girl; he must have met her before?"

A ugust Jackt "Mo. He just hear the news;
he Just heard about girl; he hears the news; the girl is good,
and her peoples rich, got lots of everything; got canoes;
got blankets, old fashioned stuff (Motet meaning unlike the
modern Idea of wealth). He never see her before. He just leave
Lillooet and come down Squamleh.

Vol U. p2g

"a.t the and of the eight daya, her father aeya "put then
together". 80 har father goea out and gata a aan to put then
togathar (marry) ao'a ay great grandfather' a going to Barry that
Squanlsh girl, and than he stays at Squaalah about a year, and
then there'a a baby, and that 'a ay grandfather Khahtaahlanogh.

flw W F^^ PSAHLMIOGH "Then "old" Khahteahlano he'a not old than;

he' a go back to Llllooet again to ehow
then he'a wife and bey, and than he eoaea back to Bquaalec, and
stays, and ha* a boy grow and grow and grow, and that* a Chief
Khahtaahlaao, my grandfather, and then he eoaea to Chaythoos,
and hi a brother Chlp-kay-a go to '

■a Jar Bat thews t "Did you aay •old" Khahtaahlanogh froa
Llllooet alt outalde for eight daya without anything te eatt"

august Jack 1 "lot alt outalde) lnalda door; lnalde door-
way t nothing to eat for eight daya. Tou aee they got big nana In
Squaalah (proud faally mm). Theya (the glrl'a family) pnnlah
hlat they find out what aort of a aan he la. Lata of aan he alt
four dayai then he'a go awayi he*a gire up; he go away; he not
ooae back j he not want girl Tory aueh. a

"When he ("old" Khahtaahlanogh) waa leering Llllooet,
he* a father tell hln "If you not aan enough to alt eight daya you
■JEVJOt get a wife". 80 he* a ("old" Khahtaahlanogh) eoae to
Squaaiah froa Llllooet, and alt down eight daya."

Major antthowa i "Did you aay the girl* a father got
a aan to put thaa together?"

Auauat Jaok i "Tea, they hare to. The glrl'a father
eannot do It. Tou aee, theya got a big naae In Squaalah; they
oannot take the aan*a word; theya got to hare witness. That's
Indian atyle."

8IWASH ROCK

aaJer antthowa t "Where did you aay 81waah Rook' a
aeoond wire waa; Just by hlat how far away?"

Auguat Jac k 1 "Juat this aide (southeast froa Slwash
Rook) about eighty feet froa Slwaah Rook; perhaps aorei this
way (towarda Kltallano Beach). It'a a rook; sharp shape at top;
peak; high at top, like woaana got peak hat; lt'a got aouth, and
eyea; looks Ilka a woaan."

Vote* Slwaah Hook's other wife, Suns, la below Pros-
pect Point, near Lighthouse.

It la my old Indian friend, Kbmhteahlano, who neither reads
nor writes, speaking «

■Mil (astonished) Stone age man? May be,
too} (long pauaei then aailllng) you're "Relief age"

"Long time ago, Indian boy' a father Juat
(as) anxious heea boy hare good education aa white
boy's father like heea boy go unireralty, but heea
got no pencil; nobodies know how to write* 80
heea TKLL him.

"When heea go out in oanoe fishing young
Indian paddle; old Indian flah; oanoe not go fast;
oanoe go alow paat places; lota tine talk about
things; tell what happened there as eanoe go by*
Old Indian flab and talk; young Indian paddle and
listen; old Indian make young Indian aay it back
bo'o he get It right; then old Indian tell him again;
that 'a way teach him about Squamiah* Soma boy no
good; he not listen. Good boy he listen; bye *em
bye he grow up, be wise man; he know lota* Indian
(who) knows most 'bout hiatory moat educated; heea
best man; peoplea ask him 'bout thlnga; maybe make
him chief."

J* 3. Matthews

October 6, 1937.

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 337: October 6th, 1937.

PU CAT I ON Two men, one white, one brown, aat aide

by aide on a cottage verandah on sunny
summer's evening at Kitailano Beach; old friends, enjoying
each other's company, and with a tray of tea and iced cake
between them, watching the blue sea beyond the sandy beach of
Kitailano shimmering as the golden rays of the setting sun
fell upon its wavelets. It was a tranqullle happy scene.
On* man was August Jack Khahtsahlano, son uf Khay-tulk, or
♦Supplejack'; grandson of Chief Khahtsahlano of Chaythoos,
First Narrows, and Snauq, False Creek, Vancouver, Canada.
The English speaking people converted the historic Squamish
name Khahtsahlano into Kitailano, and applied it to their sub-
urb of Vancouver. August neither reads nor writes. The
other man was Major J. 3, Matthews, pioneer and City Archivist,
Vancouver.

The conversation continue*:

Major Matthews: (jokingly replies to
some remark made by his companion) "Oh, you're a STONE AGE
man, August!"

Khahtsahlano: (astonished, ejaculates)
"MEM! MEM I ME STONE AOE MAN? May be, too. (a long
pause; then smiling) You's RELIEF AGE MAN" (a reference
to the thousands of Canadians living 'on relief' during the
years 1933-1937).

Khahtsahlano: (continuing) "Long time
ago, Indian boy's father just as anxious hees boy have good
education as white boy's father like hees boy go university,
but hees got no pencil; nobodies know how to write. So
hees TELL him."

"When hees go out in canoe fishing, young
Indian paddle; old Indian fish; canoe not go fast; canoe go
slow past places; lots time talk about things; tell what
happened there as canoe go by. Old Indian fish and talk;
young Indian paddle and listen; old Indian make young Indian
say it back sos he gets it right; then old Indian tell him
again; that's the way teach him about Squamish (Indian tribe).
Some boy no good; he not listen. Good boy he listen; by 'em
bye he grow up; be wise man; he know lots. (Indian (who)
knows most about history most educated; hees best man;
peoples ask him bout things; maybe make him chief."

Ve/

P 3o OBHBALOOY

Of
THE SqUAlgSH DPIAS IMffig 0? KHAHTSAHLAKO

from which nana
"KITSILANO" IS DERIVED.

Kitallano

Khaht sail Ian ogh of
Llllooet

"Old" Khahtaahlanogh of
Took-tah-kah-alc

Chief Khaht sahlanogh

of Chaythooa

Khay-tulk. (Supplejack)
of Chaythooa

August Jack Khaht sahlano
born , Snauq

CHIEF KHAHT-SAH-LAN-OUGH

Kitallano.

A European descendant of Chief Khahtsahlanough, of
Chaythoos, (end of Pipe Line Hoed) Stanley Park is, in 1943,
Frank Plante, of Clarke Road, R.R. No. 2, between New A'est-
minster and Port Moody. Also Mrs. Captain George Mayers, of
the same address, and other members of her family. On Oct.
29th, 1889, Frank Plante drove Lord Stanley and his A.D.C., the

present Earl of Derby, and Mayor Oppen-
FRAHK PLANTE heimer and his City Clerk, Thos. F. McGuigan,

to the ceremony of the dedication of
Stanley Park.

The descent is as follows:
Chief Khahtsahlanough had three (or more)
sons, Khey- tulle, Khar-luk and Kee-olst, and one (or more) dau-
ghter, Khah-my. Khah-my married Suppllen Guinne, a former
Fort Langley Hudson's Bay Co. employee, French-Canadian, from
Three Rivers, Quebec. Suppllen Guinne was a pre-emptor of what
is now part of Marpole. His farm and orchard were exactly at
the south end of Granville St. on banks of North Arm, Fraser
River. His name was so difficult to spell and to pronounce
that he became known as 'French John*. Frank Plante says he
was also known as John Young, a semblance to French Guinne being
English Young. Suppllen Guinne, 'French John', or 'John Young'
had a daughter Ada, or Addle, a half-breed, and she married, at
Moody's Mills (Moodyville, now North Vancouver) July 18th, 1868,
Peter Plante. Their wedding was the first recorded one on
Burrard Inlet, and the clergyman was Rev. Edward Vifhite.

The eldest child of Peter Plante is Frank
Plante. (See his photograph taken August 7th 1943).
13th April, 1868. J.S.M.

CHIEF KHAHTSAHLANOGH (KITSILANO)

Suppllen Guinne
"French John"
"John Young

Knah-my, sister of Khay-tulk,
or "Supplejack",
son of Khahtsahlanogh

Peter Plante - Addle,

Frank Plante -

"Miss Ada Young", dau.
Suppllen Guinne.
Wedding at Moody's Mills,
Burrard Inlet, 18 July 1868.

born 13 April, 1868

of conTorsatlon wit h August J acft f^«fit««h;«.n W . wbo called

at the City Arohires after an lnterrsl of ttren month* alno«
his last Yislt. July 11, 1938. v e / H «, 3/

jjagMSjaaMi PM| ffsior Mttthawat (to August Jack)

IBAHTSAHL AEO QH* Chief 'Gracious, where hays you been all this

tlaof"

^t /- ttfJif'^lrrif "*••» in st« Paul's

Hospital) thirty-Bins days; atoaaoh sick; six tlass X-ray;
didn't toll as chat's aattsr; better now; no paint no asat|
just TSgstablas; not Tsry strong; Sfsel weak."

aaJor aatthewat "What about that
declaration we sade that you vast to change your naas froa
August Jack to August Jack Khahtsahlano? Tou got paper wo
aadaT"

A T j t p'fh tsahlano i "So. I take It
Squamlshj not bring It back yet. but I talk to Chief and hs
says It's got a "X"; ha says It's KhahtsshlAno, not Baatsalano,
so as better change It."

■fAlflt a ^tthew s t "You sign this paper
now) It's oopyj It won't be official, but It will do to
reaeaber byi If It's official you're got to aaks swear."

A. J. Khahtaahlano i "Alright*. (Signs
la pressnos of Kiss Margaret Giles, who witnessed his signature,
aaas "August Jack Khaht sahlano" , after the words bad been
written for hla to oopy.)

)IAB C08T0M3 AID GAMES

Major Matthsws t "Corns over here to the
glass ease* See that black stons ball?
It's four Inches through; twelre and a
half lnohss round It; weighs three pounds six and a half ounces.
(Prssentsd C. R. Brusberg, sse Acquisition Book, page 10.)
Vhltaaans tell as he dig It out of ground near corner of Csdar
Street and fourth Arenue when he's asking road; long time ago;
giro It to aa. What's It for?"

A. J. K. t "Well. If It's Indian It's
Tck-kwal-lah; Just like laorosse; only they uses their hands;
bo stick; no not; that's where laorosse comes froa (originated)
kastern Indians use stick; 8quaaish use hand. Say "Tchuck*
fast, "kwal" slow; Tahuck-kwal-la, Tck-qualla."

Major MatthewB t "How did they play
the game?"

A. J. K .t "I aerer see it played; not
enough young aen ay tlaaZ But ay father (Hay-tulk, or "Supple-
jack"), hs tell as about it; ay father toll as if aan's a
good runner ho always gets to the goal.

Vol u £32. "Your partner throws it to you. 5o, they

don't play on beach; play between houses; in front houses;
any place what's good where they can play; any place where there
good clear ground in front of houses. They're got little base,
like lacrosse; only two poles; no net; 'bout fire feet apart;
'bout six feet high poles; they'se got goalkeeper. You got
(stone) ball; Just like football, only you use your hands;
you get round atone, you throw it to your partner; about six
■sen on each side; six men make team for Chuck-quala; your part-
ner run; you run too; man in goal try stop it. You can run
through with it in your hand, or, maybe, throw it with your
hand. Goal keep try stop you; try catch stone; he's got to
take it from you. Good ruflnar get in goal.

"You see, there different places all the
way up Squamiah river from Stanlsh; Staatish is below Squamish;
and those fellows up river come down to Stamish to play; long
■my up; up's far Yukits (Yook-witz), and they play against each
other, and find out what's the strongest team; just same whlte-
mena."

Major M » "Well, it's heavy; it's atone;
maybe it hit you; may be hurt you?"

A. J. K .i (laughing) "Oh, take chance."

Major M ; "Where did they get black stone
to make it? Ho black stone here." (Black pebbles are in pro-
fusion on Sechelt seashore.)

A. J. K .i "1 don't know; up mountains,
I suppose."

Mm J or M i "Well, how did they make it so
smooth, and round, and polished?"

A. J. K» ; (impatient at such ignorance)
"'#•11. They can chip it, can't they? Make it smooth with
another stone, can't they? So'a not to hurt his hand when he
catch it; so'a it roll. Sames they do other stones when they
make things."

Major K. i "Well, how did whitemans come to
find it at corner Fourth Avenue and Cedar Street in the ground?"

A. J. K. ; "Maybe they had a good place to
play there; may be they lose it down old root, or hole in ground;
any be just leave it there till next game." (Hotel All the area
to the west and north was originally wwamp; all to the south,
hillside; the old Indian village of Snauq lay due north, a short
distance from Cedar and Fourth, where it was found. In early
days of white settlement, there were still trace of what appeared
to have been a clear space in the woods at that point; a little
creek ran through it, and there was a small pond surrounded by
solid ground; it may have bean an Indian "playground". J.S.U.)

Vol. u |»3i fcjar Ifctthw ii "I show that (stone) tell

to Dr. Baley, and Ei tella 5 XSaUaa bar* gaae with ball,

• is* about, but aoft; cedar bark, relied tight, tgnrtd with
akin, and a llttla tall about eighteen inches lone faetened
faat, ana they (Indians) pick It up with atlek — by the to 11--
and throw It with atlok. Jut ha aaya ball's aoft.*

A . J . K . i "Tint's •nothar gaas; that's not
Tck-qualla; that* a light ball with tall on ltj I forgot tha
naae; whltoaane plays that gaae; thaya oalla It "Hobby" |
two llttla bits of sticks with llttla bit of string between;
pick It up with atlok; throw It.

"Tok-qualla's dlf f orant ; Ilka laoroBse; only
no atiokat no net In goal; just throw It with hands. That (stone)
ball* a heary; thay nake It hoary aa's they oan play, ay father
tolls an If sins good runner he alvaya get to tha goal.*

Further oonToraotlo n with Augu st Jaiyfc rj^ht««^>Ti« r Aug. 4, 1938

ELS
llfiuf-

3AST0WH |JL 1884. A. J. X. t "First I reaaaber Oaatown only

\CK. BUTCHER four houses | Juat two aa loons, one but-
cher shop, ana ohlnaa»n*a laundry; nay
be more, I forget, long tiae ago, and a

SjiLSftiS f * )w »hacks along beach by Canble Street.

SUXBT3IDB FLOAT Ton Cyra haro one saloon, south side

Water Street; china laundry south aide too.

"Jerloho Charlie, ny step-father, ha take big oaaoa;
go down Bastings Kill atore. Load up. hhybe tan sacks oats,
tan aaoka barley, fire bales hay, groceries, put all in oanoe,
than paddle up to Oaatown; ateer, in here between logs and
float a; la between Sunny side float and Joe nana ion's float; push
oaaoa under Oeorge Black's butcher shop, and theys open trap
door In floor, and lower aaat lato oanoe. Sail and paddle aanoa
down to Jerloho and Point Qrey lagging saape; no float at
Jerloho; Juat ran nose of oanoe up on aand, and Jerloho Charlie
paok oats; oae anah at a tlaa; up to oaap; oaap just by boaoh.
Big aanoa, big lead; two tons.

"Sunayside float juat two loga; any be float four
feet wide; aay be fire feet; about two hundred feet out la
water | foot Carrall Street.

t a T XWF/tfii "X think that* a boathouse (photo af

Oaatown from water, lSOd) way ore*

here. There's whit aaans lired In littl.

shaoka alaag there (foot Caable St.).
There Andrewe live in little aback there, and "Chuckle" ho* a got
hole In his throat, and whan ha talks he goes "chuckle, ohaokle"
and wo oall hla "Chuckle"."

^ABS? "Theee logo (ansa photo which showa

a few loga beside Sunayalde float)
aay bo spars. They square thea on tha boaoh, low tide. Fat

Yol 14 t- 3c-»-

them on beach, high tide; chop them square (octagonal) with
axe; float off high tide."

^RLiiS "I been plok blueberries and blaokberrles, but
E rULj theya low; six cent pound blackberries; ten cents
blueberries; my wife (Swanamla) go out Point
Orey sell them. Indians boys break In our house and steal twenty
baskets, and my hat whats In that plcturo there on wall; I got
two more though, not so good though. Catch boys up Kamloops,
bring back; priest says they's not to go to Jail; theys get lash
every Saturday."

Memo of c onversation with Au g ust Jack Khahtaahlano.i who came
to the City Archives, and shared my lunch with me. His wife
Is up at Sumas picking hops. August 22, 1938.

QTDIAH IMPLB1EHTS
ALP. J. TT. COHKBTT
?IRK. mak ing.

♦-cedar stick.

roughened end
stone
cedar dust

August said i "This stone (a round flat
stone fell out of the bank at the summer
residence of Aid. J. W. Cornet t, lot 9,
Hogan's Alley, Maple Beach, Boundary Bay,

(American side), Aug., 1938, size 4*"x 4*" x lfr" with tapered

1't" hole on both sides hollowed down

to centre hole of 5/16" dla.; edges

darkened with charcoal). This stone

is for making fire. The ways theys do

la, they get little stick, and twirl It

In hole; roll it between hands, it gets

hot; the grinding makes it hot; the

cedar grinds, and the cedar dust glows;

it's hard work, but it makes the fire

alright . Then, under the little hole

(in the middle) theys have a little pile of cedar bark dust, and

little bits red hot dust from the cedar stick drop through the

hole on the little pile, and you get fire. You can see the

charcoal burn. When the araoke comes, theys lift the stone, and

blow on the little pile."

7IKB MAKIHQ Major Matthews : "How long the stick?"

August > "Oh, 'bout so long; 'bout eighteen inches, and 'bout one
inch, 'maybe little more thick; dry cedar stick; it 'bout fill
the hole; they cuts a little notch in the stick so's make It
rough; end of stick big enough to fill the hole. See this dark
part of this little hole. I think that's where the fire been;
maybe. After the whiteman come, they get flints."

Ma .lor Matthews : "How did they carry fire away from where they

made it?* "

August! "Well, they hare a little thing like a tent, just a

few inches high, but long, only

no ends to it, and they put it on

bow of canoes, and they put enough

cedar dust under it, and the fires

in it, and when the canoe go along

the wind blow through the tent.

!*-

- Sr

STnoulderi-ng cedaidvst

89 R

V HALL

Ho*Au<f ffhS

3>-rav»m.o by August lac* kiaUwUt-yto \

VMifJC sHe K <xvi<i boo-Tc£ of oee^aA..
Wafer soa **«<<. <*<£«.r
Slle« <xv,d bo«.voL df'itA

v«y y dyy i* ra/f t«V$

f>OUS«. Ho/fc (.X toaVci

Fyi'et-io-n e»>,beyj fa{/
"throng hale ow /itt^e
/"/e ofct<ia-f
dxjlt b*-H«£*fc"
wen. linage Coto«j, J>)oiv
oKlt^Kt hre.a.ttr

-^ *JucuttL^T> .Auf.xL. i?39

HOW 8Q0AMISH jlijtt ri«
I tossed this scrap of paper across the desk to August Jack
Khahtsahlano, saying "show as how Squamish mad* fire. Ha draw
in pencil; X inked it in, It shows a stick, a board, and snail
heap of dust below hole in board. The cedar must be old water-
soaked, almost black in colour after lying in creek or swamp,
and "dead". It was then stored in the rafters of their houses
in which earth fires were constantly burning until it became
tinder dry. Tiny embers, produced by the friction of the rapid-
ly twirling stick, fell through the hole en to tinder dry cedar
duct* When aaoke appears, the firanaker blew with his breath
en glowing embers; fire followed. J.8Jaatthawa

see Khahtsahlano conrersat ions, 22nd a 26th august 1938

Vol. M-.f 3T
and keep the fir* smouldering; that's how."

Major Matthews : "What about the wood;

August Jaok t "They get It out of the water;
aedar trees what's been In the water long time, and theys
put big pieoes up in the house; high up, Inside house in the
rafters, and it get dry, very dry; cedar what's been in water is
beat."

Major Matthews ; "why don't they get oedar
out of the woods?"

August* "Weil. Cedar what's in the trees
not so good. The sun gets at it, and it gets hot and cold;
it's got life; it don't work so good as what's been wet. Cedar
what's been under water, the water soaks into it, and it works
better — when it's dry again; it get very dry up in roof
inside house; there's fire inside house."

SUPPLSJAiaC Major Mat t hews t "Did Supplejack, your

HAY-TPLK " father, wear long hair?"

ftfof Aff 'JRB3S

August » "Long hair, black, down to his
shoulders. And a little bit mustache, and whiskers on hia
chin. Great big man; bigger than me. He's good man. You say
whitsmans say he's bad man. Some whltemans may, perhaps, but
he's good man; knows how to look after himself. He has two
horses and twelve cows, and six pigB. George Black have horse;
race horse. He always racing he's horse against Supplejack's.
■o. Supplejack not ride his own horse; somebody's else;
Supplejack too big. Indian not bury him inside that deadhouae,
in a oanoe, at Prospect Point if he's not good man.

HAXTKH "I go in to see Haxten this morning when I

come over. She aay, "I'se getting old;
can't sleep night; only day." I say, "what's matter? Sot
enough blankets? You get cold?" She say, "Ho. I'm warm, but
I* can't oleep". She tell me hex great, great grandfather tell
her about it before; when you get old you can't sleep in the
night time; you can lie down, only not sleep; just sleep in the
day time; that's way you can tell when you're getting old."

QTPIAH TRADinOH (After and long, desultory diaouasion on

the purpose of life, and the life hereafter.
August is very devout Roman Catholic.)

August i "That's what the Indians say; only
one man be God, but don't know who he is; never see him. Do
you think this ground (Vancouver) under water one time?"

Major Mat thews t "Ho doubt about it."

August t "Vise Indian man say that too.
., SARD'S (sic) One time the water rise up; Squamish river

Oltes MOUHTAIH gets higher and higher; rain, rain, rain,

big drops, not little drops, but big drops

Vol u t> 3(=

bigger taan your hands put together, and they 3 keep falling)
faj.li.ng, and the water rise up, and up, until It cover
Srouae Mountain and all the little mountains ; all except three
peaks, Mt. Baker, Mt . Garibaldi, and Mt . Sakua — way up the
Squamish River. And the men in the canoe rise up and up, and
as they steer through the cedar trees one breaks off branches,
and the other twista it, and they made it into a big cedar
rope; about four Inches thick; and tied it round top of the
mountain."

Major Matthewa t "What did they tie?"
CAHOiC

August : "Tied the canoe to the mountain;
put the rope around the top of the mountain, and tied the canoe
to it; all 'round top of mountain, so's make canoe fast."

UTDIAH HASMKRS (Presenting me with a little hammer, four

inches long by two inches at the widest
part.)

Ma .lor Matthews ; "Where 'd you get
thLa little hammer?"

August t "Up Squaalah; that* 6
tetshea, little tetahea (hammer j);
thoao over in the glass case are big
tetshes. Big tetahes (haunters) for

making canoe; little tetahes for making little things. White
carpenter got little hanmer, little chisel; got big hammer,
big chisel; Indian carpenter Just samel"

Memorandum of conversation at City Archives, with August Jack
Khahtaahlano . born at Snauq, (under Burrard Bridge), False
Creek, 26th August, 1938. Vol .14 . f> .37

glTS I LAKQ. The name August said: "I bring you that paper

KHAHT-SAH-LA-SO back, to change ay name. I see all

the chiefs. On time they tell me
there no K; now they tall me there K. I see all the chiefs,
Gua Band, Louis Miranda, and two or three more, and theys talk
about it, and they say it* 8 got to be "KHAHT-3AH-LA-H0 " ,
saiae as on thi3 paper."

Major Ma tthews : "Have you made up yo«r
mind that you want to change it? I don't like you have name
August Jack, Just because some body, long ago, call your
father "Supplojack"; didn't they have a big p otlatch down
Snauq, and very old man, Tom, put his hand on your head,
and say "This boy's got an English name, August. How, we
will give him an Indian name, after his grandfather Khaht-
aahlanogh; and then they give out blankets, and tea and lots
to oat?"

August Jaok t "Yes, that's right.
When you're ready, I Bign paper." C*i3B Giles typed the doc-
ument, to conform with the changes made since, and Major
Matthews and August went down, and the document was formally
signed "August Jack Khahtsahlano," by August, and witnessed
and sealed, by John Burling Roberts, barrister and notary pub-
lic, the impress of his seal, put in triplicate. Major
Matthews promised to have one copy framed for August to take
hone. JSM)

KHAY-TULK (The same committee of chiefs decided that

KAY-T ULK the name Khay-tulk, known as "Supplejack",

SITPLBJASK father of August Khahtsahlano, should be

"Khay-tulk", and not Hay-tulk, as formerly.)

?IRS. Mak ing , August continued } "You see, ao I tell you

CAHOBS before, when making fire with this stone,

your hands slip down the stick, that's
when you keep the pressure on. So's got to lift your hands
up to top of stick again; do it quick; stock don't come
up; just hands. But you get quick at It} Jumping up your
hands so's not to stop.

"But some Indiana not use stone; some Indians
used bit of cedar board instead of stone. They Bay stone
not so good as board. I don't know how they find out; maybe
from Pemberton Indians, maybe Sechelt Indiana, maybe find out
themselves. But, ways they do it make little hole in board,
and twirl atisk in hole; they say make fire quicker; not so
much work. Not use stone after; only acme peoples.

fel. u ^ 32

"The cedar board come out of water same aa the
stick; the cedar old, and black color; etiok black color
too. Been in water; that's what maks It black, and it's
got gooa and dry in house; cedar board make fire quicker
than stone. Some peoples still use stone, though. Just
like whltesana; some use lighter to light his pipe, some
uae matches; Juat "fancy" which kind you use. Nowadays
we stuff the store full of newspaper and strike match.
(He laughs)

"When they take fire In canoe they have little
tunnel, like, of wood. Three pieces of wood, few inches
wide, and about three feet long. Fasten them together;
mud on bottom to stop wood burn, and block up one end bo's
not burn cedar dust ao fast. Then put fire in little
tunnel, and put in cedar dust, and bark. Get bark like
you make cedar rope of; dry, very dry; rub i t in your hands
to break it up; roll it like a ball, make it small, then
atuff it in little tunnel, and when you get in canoe, put
little tunnel anywhere in canoe, but lift up corner of
kliakis (cover of woren matting) and that leta the wind
blow under the kllskla, and it blow on the burning oedar
bits. Then because one end of tunnel is blocked up, it
not burn ao fast, but it keep burning all the time*
They take it in the oanoe, where ever they go, keep on
stuffing more in little tunnel, and when theya get to
chiift, fires ready; save iota of work with fire 3tick; don't
have to work to make fire.

-ZSa

-36"-

CHIP-KAY-M (Chief George) "You see up Little Mountain

BSAR there; up Cambie Street.

LI 7 TLS MOUHTAIH That's when the beevr got

GTSfe. flLDTT Chip-kay-m. Chip-kay-m

hunting bear, and shoot,
but he's slow re-loading; he's only got muzzle loading flint
gun. Big bear coaea at him, and claw all dowi the left side
of his face, and tear his breast; hurt him very bad, but
Chip-kay-m got better again."

"That's where it was; right there, by Cambie
street Juat below Little Mountain."

DOMINION OF CANADA,
PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
TO WIT:

IN THE MATTER of August Jack
Khahtsahlano, heretofore known
as August Jack (son of Kay-tulk,
who was also known as Supplejack)
and grandson of Khahtsahlano
formerly of Chay-thoos (now known
as Prospect Point), Stanley Park.

I, AUGUST JAcK KHAHTSAHLANO, of the Capilano Indian
Reserve, North Vancouver, British Columbia, born in the Indian
village of Snauq (formerly situate on False Creek, Vancouver,
B.C.) heretofore known and called by the name of August Jack,
DO HEREBY GIVE NOTICE:

That I do for myself and my descendants formally and
absolutely renounce, relinquish and abandon the use of my
said surname "Jack" as a surname and hereby assume, adopt, and
determine henceforth on all occasions whatsoever to use and
substitute the name of "Khahtsahlano" as my surname, which name
was bestowed upon me formally, according to Indian custom, at a
ceremony held by the Squamlsh tribe at the said village of Snauq
in or about the year 1890.

IN VITNESS .HEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and
seal this twenty sixth day of August, A.D. 1938.

SIGNED AND SEALED IN THE
PRESENCE OF:

"John Burling Roberts"
Law Dept. City Hall
Vancouver, B.C.

(Notary)
( Seal )

"August Jack Khahtsahlano"

(Seal)

"KITSILANO"

Chief Khahtsahlanogh (no English name) was a
Squamlsh Indian chief who, early in the 19th century, migrated
from his ancestral home at Toktakamlc, Squamlsh River, «nd
settled at Chaythoos, i.e. "high bank", a clearing at Pipe
Line Road, First Narrows. Here his son Khay-tulk, or "Supple-
jack", lived, died and was buried with honor in a canoe placed
inside a mausoleum of wood. Khay-tulk's son, August Jack
Khahtsahlano, was born at the vanished village of Snauq, False
Creek, (Burrard Bridge). In 1905, the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way opened lands for settlement, and called the new district
"Kitsilano".

100

88-1.

PROVINCIAL BOARD OF HEALTH
Division of Vital Statistics

January 18th, 1941.

Major J. S. Matthews,
City Archivist,
City Hall,
VANCOUVER, B.C.

Dear Sir:

I am in receipt of completed form
C.N.-O., registering the change of name of AUGUST
JACK to AUGUST JACK KHAHTSAHLANO, on the 26th
August, 1938. Also the change of name of his wife
MART ANN JACK (Indian name, Swanamia) to MART ANN
KHAHTSAHLANO. This is in compliance with Section
13 of the "Change of Name Act" and has been given
file number NCN 108.

Tours truly,

DIVISION OF VITAL STATISTICS,
"J. D. B. Scott"
For Director.

/EJB

101

Memo of conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano . at City
Aro hires, Sept. 21, 1938 Vol ^ f> . 3 ?

IMDIAH IMPLBMKKTS August earns carrying a long, conaave

wooden plat tar, 18$ inchaa long, 6£
lnohaa wide, whloh ha bad hollowed out of oadar, to illus-
trate the sort of table "dishes* used by the Indians before
the "whitemana* as

August sald t "I make this for you;
to show what the Indiana put their food on. This one man
(individual) plate. (Holding it before him) Have some fish;
hare a>a« potatoes?"

MaJor Matthewa : (surprised) "Potatoes?!
Hot before the whitemana came?"

Aujustt "Oh, yes. Indian potatoes]
fresh water potatoes; get then out of Horth Arm, Eraser River.
Ihla little plate; just one man help himself. Theys make
great big ones, too; (extending ansa); for the family; about
three feet long, and wide, too. Make them out of apruce and
maple."

Major Mat thews t "Make them with stone
ohisel and stone hammer as good as this one."

Auguat t "Just as good."

Major Matthews: (showing him small
sharp agate-like stone, 2+ x 1; lnohes, shaped like an Indian
axe; tiny thing, pioked up by Mr. Harry S. Kent on his summer
cottage property. Lot 6, blk. 24, D. L. 543, near Dollarton,
1933.) "What for?"

August i "Don't know exactly. Maybe small
axe head, but seems too small for axe. I think It's a woman's;
just about the sise woman's fingers would want to chop up
roots before cooking them. Yomans hold it in fingers, press
down with palm, sharp edge out roots up in little bits so
put in for cooking; like chopping knife white womans have.
But It's dull. It*s been In ground so long, edge got blunt."
(Must have been very sharp when it was sharp, for it is quite
sharp now.)

f . HTHrt IflBT August : (following desultory conversa-

"IffllCTO CHARIiIJ" tion on the inhumanity and selfishness

UDIAM GUaiQMS of man) "Old ChlnaJtset (Jeriehb Charlie)

MBUI JEMttCa he kind; he sail me son, but I'm only

step-son. He tells me, "Old peoples,
go help them; when theys cannot make it, go help then; these
peoples not pay, but the man above (pointing to sky), Chinalset
tell me, he pay -— someday."

102

OIBSOH'S LAKPDTO
SCJtfflK

ROBERTS CKSa K

stawk-ki-yaA

"8c Junk, that's Slbson's Landing; Stawk-
ki-yah, that's Robert's Creek; that beyond
Squamlsh muat not got beyond Stawk-kl-yah
la Sechelt.

"8c junk Is a little creek about 300-400
yards west of Gibson's Landing; Stawk-kl-yah Is a long way;
about three miles to Roberts Creek. There's a creek come
down at Stawk-kl-yah; Indiana oamp there all the tine; but north,
of that Is Sechelt country."

(Motet In "Barly Vancouver", Vol. 3,
p. 16>W, I hare recorded Sojunk as a rook; there must be some
error somewhere; a creek la more likely.)

"It was after the flood. Oh, that's
a long time ago. I tell you about the flood the other day;
about all the mountains coTered with water excepting three
highest.

"Teal, this man Scjunk, he dance, dance,
danoe, danoe all the time. Of course, he's got his mask on
and everything, but he takes it off at night, and in the morning
he puts it on again, and start dancing again."

danoe for?"

Major Mattaewa t "What did he want to

August | "Well, that's the way he was
made. But, he's so old. He's got a friend in the ravens.
The ravens he's friend; tell him the news; if there's anything

new coming, the ravens fly and tell him.
RAVKK3 The flood la gone; all thia la long after

the flood. The man 1b Scjunk; same these

little white models; they're in hea dress."

Ma j or Mat thews t "August. What do
you think of 1 this map? What does
this Punta de Bodega mean here?

3TC CKALS '

BORSB SHOB BAY
CHA-HAI

August > (atudylng It) "May be the
Span! ah was travelling at night;
at night after they left Boundary
Bay. Long summer evening, early morning, June, may be they
travel travel; not see very good. Maybe these houses (square
dots on map) be at Horse Shoe Bay, and Great northern Cannery*

"There was always a big plaoe
(Indian settlement) at Cha-hai, (Horse Shoe Bay); I never seen
them, but they tell me (split cedar) houses there one time.
Indian from big village at Whol-nuek (Squamish) go down there to
troll and fish.

103

"Then there was cedar shake houses at Stuckale, (Great
Northern Cannery). There's a oreek there, and the salmon goes
up It, and that's where the Indians goes to live. They had
cedar shake houses at Cha-hal and Stuckale.

"I think tnose Spanlah soared (frightened) to go In First
Harrows. Theya just got sail. May be go in with row boat,
but not with schooner; that's why they not make map. Perhaps
they travelling at night time, and not see opening at Prospect
Point."

Memo of conversation with August Jack Khahtsah lanq at City
Archives, Ootober 13, 1938.

TJDIAN IMPLfflfcflJTo (August oaae carrying two black stone

LMDIAN BURIAL arrow heads, one large, one smaller.)

ARROW MEADS August saldt "I get these arrow head3

up at Yookwitz; there's lots of them
there, but theys all broken; only these two good; they lying
on ground in old graveyard, the graves were sitting on a rock,
but the burial boxes all broken and fall to pieces, arrow
heads lying around. Indian bury their dead sitting up in boxes,
put box high up on rook; leave them there; Just sitting same
as when theys alive. But whitemans say got to bury them, so
get all the bones, and put tmara in big box, sides six inches
thick, and put them in ground, not deep, only about two or
three feet down. I cleaned these two arrow heads with an old
file; theys all covered with dirt; theya been with dead men.
That's why they got file marks on them*

"In the box we bury the bones of Chlnalaet."

Major Matthewai "Why is this one big, this one little?"

August t "Big one for big animal, bear, deer; little one
for little animal, perhaps squirrel.
CHIKALSST .

JHkJcBb CHARLIE'S PATHKR "Old China laet was not

my step-father, but my
step -father* a father; my step-father, Jericho Charlie have same
name as his father. The old man a great hunter. He shoot the

grizzle bear. Bverybodies from Stamish,
GRIZZLE BEAR Mamiuam, all those fellows go try kill

grizzle bear, but could not do it. Cheaka-
bub people, they try, lots people try, but Chlnalaet, he kill
him, HSxten tell me. He shoot him with bow and arrow, with stone
point like this; go right through bear and out other side.

OTDIAK GRAVES "So, when we put Chlnalaet'a bones in ground

we all go up; that's about 47 years ago;
we all young men then. I was there. So was Jimmy Jimmy, very

104

SECOND BEACH. JULY 1889

Showing bouldered shore of "Stait-wouk", i.e. Indian name "white clay." Presented
by A. Tinniswood Dalton, Esq.

104A

CEDAR BARK ROPE

■HMB

Twenty-five feet of three eights cedar bark rope twisted by hand.

104B

104C

a.
iii

3
O
(J

z
<

I-

Q.
<

o
a.

104D

92
Vol M- |* l+X.

old man now, and Jiiasy Jimmy's father, and hie uncle, and Iaaac
Joe, and Chief Andrews, and my brother Willie Jack, and old
Bill (1. e,, Old William of Hastings Sawmill). My atep-father
Chlnalaet ("Jericho Charlie") waa the headman. Theys -- the
whitemana -- was going to build a bridge, and we have to move
the boxes, and the boxes they all falling to pieces. The bodies
set up high, sitting in boxes Just like he's alive, and we found
old Chlnalaet* s bow, great big bow about four feet long, and

thick as your wrist ; Chlnalaet very
BOW AHD ARROWS strong man; that's why he use such

a strong bow, and there was a big string
on it, made of thick sinew out of leg of same animal, but It was
rotten. Chinalset must have been very strong.

HPIAK GRAVES "Then we found a tube, and they said

there was a map in it. They say the
people at Hew Westminster give it to Chlnalaet. The tube was
about two inches diameter, and four feet long, and was black —
it's so old — but we could not tell if it was galvanized iron,
or brass, because it was black. But we did not open it because
the old peoples say it might have some disease, and maybe that's
right too; it was in the burial box. So when we bury the bones,
and the bo*, and lots of things we found, in the box, and put
it in the ground, we stand the tube up in one corner of the box
wo*s water not get in tube. The box is big, and the tube is
standing on end in oorner of box; it's there yet. I know where
it is.

"Old Chinalset is a great hunter, all his things burled
In his box with him. So we buried Chlnalaet again in a cedar
box about six inches thick — about two feet down — on top of a

mountain, and put all his things in with

him."

Major Mat thews 1 "What wood did they use

BOWS AFP ARROWS

for the arrow shaft?"

August 1 "Cedar"

Major Matthews : "Wouldn't it split?"

August : "If it split, throw it away ; make
another; but not split. Shoot « When shoot, stone part (arrow
head) go through (flesh); wood part (shaft) come back; but stone
part (arrow head) go through Just same bullet go through.

TBI SdPAlgSH JLAGS "Old Chlnalaet got the map of Westmin-

ster; they must have given it him. That's
where they get the flags from; the Squamish flag; all the chiefs
got a flag. It was the first priest who came who gave the flags
to the chiefs. I*se got mine yet; some others have theirs; some
have not. Mine has passed from old Ehahtsahlanogh, my grand-
father, then to my father, Khaytulk; then to my auntie, Kauai--
my father's sister— then I got it, and I've kept it. All the
flags are alike."

Three black ba//5

'ike a steam qovetnot

wd.'he

rtd.

A took;

biacK lettering

105

Memorandum of conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano , who
called at City Archives, October 31, 1938. Vo |. ^. f> .^2.

CAMHOH SHOT August said ; (following conversation

WARSHgS OS EKGLISH BAY on necessity of putting "things down"
J3RICBP ~~ on paper; he is a born historian)

■I tell my children. I say "You ed-
ucated; you can read; you can write; if you sit down beside me,
I tell you how the Squamlsh liTed, but you think they will do it?
looooooo. (disgustedly). They more interested in trapping; make
two or three dollars."

Major M atthews; "Did you ever see
the warships doing any shooting on English Bay? Come over here,
and look at these big cannon shot; we find one at Brockton
Point; this other on hillside over Jericho."

August s "The warships used to
anchor off Jericho Beach, and used to shoot across to West Van-
couver."

Major Matthe ws: "What sort of ships?"

August t "Old fashioned men-o-war;
we called them men-o-war. Sails, and steam, painted black; big
ship; big white smoke when gun go off. They shoot up in the
trees in West Vancouver; I don't know where the shells land.

"Then, sometimes, they shoot out
towards Texada Island; away out into the gulf, and the shells
would strike the water with a big splash, and then the shells
would keep on going, splash, splash, splash, until finally they
went down."

Major Matthews ; "Did they go straight?"

August ; "Sometimes; sometimes in
straight line; sometimes they go crooked; curve off to one side,
but keep on splashing; bounding over the water; two or three
splashes before they go down."

"We used to go out on the warships,
CAHILgS and "bum" candles. The fellow would

JSRICHO BEACH give us Bhort, thick candles; very

thiok, very short. The candles had been used; they could not
give us new ones, but, when we were going ashore, they would
give us a big bundle of them in a sack as we went ashore, and
then at night time, we would put them all along the tops of
logs at Jerloho Beaoh, and light them, and they looked pretty
in the dark; all along the tops of the long logs lying right on
the Bandy beach.

106

Vol. M, \>. H +

CHIKALSBT "Jericho Charlie had a pot latch house

" J5RICH0 CHARLIE " there before, and the gunboat pulled

DtDIAK HOUSES It down, and put all the cedar shakes --

POTLATCH big thick long ahakes -- on the gunboat,

and took It to England. The potlatoh
houae was west of Jarry*a CoTe, not far, because there was trees j
but they cut then down; it was eaat of air station.

"It was a great potlatoh houae; it
was about seven hundred feet long; as long as from the City
Hall to Ash Street; and about ten feet high inside along the
walls; and about eighteen feet to the ridge; it had ridge;
suppose Squamish copied whitemans, and make ridge. There was
fire men owned it. Chinalset was the head man; and Towhoqwamkee,
Q,ulnah-ten, Chip-Kay-m, and Charltun; it was built all in one
room, but each man had his section, and he's got hia mark to
show where hie section is. Part of it fell down, but the rest
was good, and you could eamp In it. We were there when the
warships did their shooting.

"Then, in addition, Chinalaet had a
cottage on the end of the sand spit at Jerry's Cove; across
the core from the end of the spit was Jerry Roger's house;
it's the same site as the golf house is now. Chinalset 'a cottage

waa on the tip of little sand spit,
BPRHS Oj JERICHO and opposite Roger's house.

IBDIAH WIY TiH Mf wwttbmew "Burns, that' s the only name I

know him by, Burns waa a whiteman
married to my sister Louisa, and, after he die, they "kick" her
out; he had a six aore orchard there. But that's the way they
do with Indian woman who marries whiteman; when their husbands
die, they kick the woman s out — because she's "just a squaw".
Burns had two girls; Maggie died, but Addie is living yet out in
Kerrisdale; they hare a half brother, Dave Lock; used to be
city policeman, but he's half Indian." (August deeply resents
such treatment of Indian wires of whitemen. J.S.M.)

OTDIAK HARRISES Major Matthews: "I was talking to

OLD KIAPILAMO Mrs. Walker, eldest dai«hter of

Joe Sllrey, of Gastown, "Portugese
Joe" Mo. 1, and she told me that her father married an Indian
girl at Muequeam, and that it was done with much ceremony; that
Old Klapilano took "Portugese Joe" by the arm, and another
chief took the Indian girl by her arm, and put them together,
and aaid they were going to be man and wife, and then gave
them lot of blankets, and then put all the blankets in a big
oanoe, and sat Joe and his wife on top, and they set out for
Gastown. What do you think of it?"

August | "That's the way all
Indians marry. S'pose I'ra got a son, and he wants to marry.
I go to you and say, "My son want to marry your girl." And
ha aays, "Alright, come on Tuesday", or some day like that.

107

95
\/o|. i+ p.u-5

And, they tall all their friends, and each one of them come
with hie blanket; and the boy come with his blanket) and
that's the way the Indian get married*"

Ma.ior Matthews; "But they aaid it was not
the proper way, didn't they?"

August t "That's why I had to get married
twioe. I get married Indian way at Hanaimo. I said "I'm
an Indian; that's Indian way; I'se going to get married Indian
way; I'm Indian." But everybodies kick, and say I'm not
married, so I say "Alright. You'se want me to get married
whiteman's fashion. Alright." So I'se married twice."

01fl KIAPILAHO "Old Kiapilano was a Musqueam; that's

LAHWA why he was at Musqueam to give the

Indian girl to "Portugese Joe"; Just
like me; I have home at Squamlah; I have home at Capilano.
Old Kiapilano have three wives; one was Musqueam; one was
Sechelt; one was Squamlah. Lahwa'e mother was Squamish."

108

Conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano, son of Khay-tulk
grandson of Chief Khahtsahlano, from whom Kitsllano takes its
name.

18th December. 1938 .

JB&1BB Major Matthews: "August, what's Indian

LANDING name for Hopkins Landing, Howe Sound? One

man say its "Mowitch".
MOWITCH

August: (smiling incredulously) "you ask
me before. I never hear the name, so I ask Louis Miranda-
he's chief up there; he said "it's got no Squamish name".
Then I ask Jimmy Jimmy, he's the oldest chief living. He says
he don't know; never heard it. It's got no Squamish name."

NOTE: The explanation probably is that the locality
had no significance to Indians, and consequently they had
no need for a name for it. whilst the Squamish used
names for places no less frequently than white people use
names for streets, at the same time the placeB they knew
by names were such as white people would not bother to
name, and vice versa. For instance, Stanley Park is
without Indian name. There was nothing remarkable about
Stanley Park to the Squamish. Nor has Burrard Inlet, or
the First Narrows, an Indian name, but, on the other hand
peculiar shaped rocks on the shore which the whiteman
would never notice unless pointed out to him, have names.

109

Memorandum of conversation with August Jack KhahtBahle.no ,
at City ArchiTes, 23rd January, 1939. Vol . t+. T 3 *+-7

August came carrying an Indian wooden face mask,
bored with holes for eyes and nose, a mouth with slantwise
opening, and 3 patches on chin of burned ornamentaion — burned
strokes.

INDIAN MASKS Major Matthews : "Where did you get it?

August : "Last week, up at Khaykulhun (Port
Mellon) Howe Sound. Pound it in a deserted shack on that
Indian Reserve. Mot very old mask."

COIKS 1787. 1791. 1812
on watch fob

August : (displaying watch fob of
four small coins linked together)
"I find this watch fob same place,
Khaykulhun; in the old grave yard, last week; just insiae
fence. I was walking along, and it was lying on top of ground;
I saw it shining. I give you.

SO!S: The following is a description of the coins, each one
being pierced with two holes, save the lowest which
has one only:

1. y. R. (monogram]
OBTERSE: 2. C. 7. (monogram) DAK. KOR. VAN. GOT. REX. D. G.

3. PRID IIII. D-.
4* Georgius III, Del Gratia.

1. 1812. 1 SHILLING DANSK, copper silvered.

REVERSE: 2. 1787. 2 SHILLING DANSK, A. R. Silver.

3. 17— 8 S. NOR VAN. GOT. REX. D. N. A. Silver

4. 1791 T. B. et T. A. REX F. D. -AR.S.T.D.S.T.M.

S. et C. Alloy silvered.

(See photo No. C. V. P. Misc. 1, N. Misc. 2)

Major Matthews : "August, how did they
make a Squamish brave?"

INDIAN BRAVES
SECRET SOCIETIES

August : "Took four days* ceremony. Don't
let him know you're going to do it, or he might run away.

"Ten men, about, seize him; take him in house, frighten
him, make him scared; throw him up in air in blanket; catch him
in blanket; make noise, make him think they go to do something
terrible to him; frighten him good,

"Then when he's frightened good, and he's tired, he's
keep quiet (exhausted); he's stiff; lie him on ground, and cover
him with blankets; two man alt on blanket what's covering him;
don't sit on him, but on edge of blanket ke's'onder; on part
what's left over; one man sit on each side, so's keep him warm.

"By and by, in four or five hours, he gets better, and
begins to sing.

Vol. U-p.l+V

"Hext day, put him in corner of house. Sit him down on
low atool in corner, and throw water over him. First throw
hot water, than cold water. Bight gallons. Hot water just
hot enough to burn himj then cold; then he gets stiff again.
Dash the hot water in he's face; then dash cold water; he
does not get chance to breath; then he gets stiff again, and
still(quiet); than wrap htm up in a blanket again, and sit
by him; keep him warm.

■Then, by and by, he wake up again. Then they dress him
with a "Crown", and a big belt around his waist, and they let
him out of the house early in the morning, let him go through
the bushes; no trail; he runs around in the thick timber.
Don't know why they do it that way, but it's the old time way.
Pour men follow him through the bushes; all the reraainer of
the men — maybe fifty or sixty men — stay in the house; Just
waiting till they come back.

•Then he stops running, and he looks around and he starts
to sing. Then they all come back to the big house, and he
goes around Inside a few times, and then he's a brave man; all
the same as whltemans' eoldier; he's fit for war, and he's
one of the Indian dancers.

HtDIAH DANCERS t "Hot all Indians can dance Indian dance.

All Indians can dance whiteman's dance,
but not all Indians can dance Indian dance."

ill

Memorandum of conversation with August Jack Khahtaahlano.

who called at the City Archives tbia afternoon, April 20, 1939.

Vol. <f p t+f

3IAHLKY PARK Copies of the following letters, written in

THOI-WHPT 1865, had been forwarded to August Jack for

■SUPPLEJACK* peruaal, and he brought them with him.
CAPT. STAMP "

■Hew Westminster,

June 3rd, 1869.

8irt In accordance with your orders of the 31st of
May, I proceeded to Burrard Inlet arriving there at 3
p. m. and narking out Captain Stamp's Kill the same even-
ing (June 1st). On referring to the sketch appended, it
will he seen that the K. V. corner occurs in the centre
of an Indian village to clear which would only give
the sawmill about 90 acres; by the appearance of the
soil and debris, this camping ground is one of the old-
est In the inlet. The resident Indians seemed very
distrustful of my purpose, and suspicious of encroach-
ment on their premises.

•The sawmill claim doea not in any way inter-
fere with the proposed site of the fort.

"I have

The Honourable, (signed)

The Colonial Secretary J. B. Launders.

■I have the honour to state that a Squamish
Indian called Supple Jack, has squatted for the last
three years on the land in question. There are two
male relatives now living near him. Capt. Stamp has
no objection to their remaining where they are. They
can at any time be removed, the ground does not belong
to their tribe.

(sgnd) C, Brew, J, P.
The Honourable June 7th 1865.

The Colonial Seoretary

maj nr MatthewB t "What do you make of them?"

August Jaokt t**"> lB 80n of Khay-tulk, or "Supple-
jack )T^ThaT r iTTind of crooked work. Maybe they don't
want to pay for the land. They forget that Supplejacks
son, that's me, is there. They pay old "AunJ Sally" for
land at Lumberman's Arch, but they do not pay me.

112

Vol. 14, P 5b

Supplejack was living at Chaythoos long before the Hastings
Sawmill come, and Chief Knahtaahlanogh lived there long before
him (Supplejack). Chief Khahtsahlanogh at Chaythoos first;
he come there because there's lots cedar there, and he makes
canoe."

100

Major Mat thews t "What does this letter here, June
7th, 1865, from C. Brew, J. p. to Colonial Secretary, about
Supplejack, mean?"

August Jack t "I don't know. Got himself mixed.
Supplejack was at Chaythoos, not Whoi-Whoi."

Major Matthews : "Well, what about the two relatives
he mentions?'

August Jack t "The two "male relatives" were probably
Khay-tulk's two brothers, Ke-olts, and Kharl-uk- All their
children are dead now, except Ke-olt's son
KHAY-TOLK Alex Peter, and his daughter Lucy Miranda.

KE-OLTS Kharluk'e children died, but his two grand-

KHARL-UK children are living, Marguerite Baker and

Michael Billy."

STANLEY PARK
PORT. PROPOSED
HOMULCHKSOS

Major Matthews ; "What about this proposed
fort in Stanley Park? It looks as though
they proposed to build a fort on the First
Marrows, like the old Bastion in Hanaimo."

Xurtuet «lack > "Veil, it was never built;
the only fort on the Marrows was the Indian fort at Homulcheson
(Capilano River)."

CAPT. VANCOUVER
SPAKISH EXPLORERS
DO) IAN IMPLEMENTS

Major MatthewB t "Wait. I want to read
to you from Tom Maclnnes' radio address
Mo. 21. He quotes from Chapter 7, Span-
ish "Sutll-Maxicana" record what the
Spaniards say about the Indians at Musqueam and Jericho*

"From the south-west side of Point Langara, seven canoes
came out and made their way toward the schooners......

They were clearly provided with many excellent weapons,
such as spears with iron points half a yard long; sheafs
of arrows with points of the same metal*"

August Jack; "Well, there must have been
other schooners in before that. Where did they get those iron
spear 3?$

"I remember my stepfather Chinalaet (Jericho
Charlie) say that when the whitman came to Whalwahl<y ten, that's
Watt3 Point, Howe Sound, that the whitemen gave them some barrel
hoops, and that's how, I think, they make spears out of iron."

113

Vol. *,|>.S» 101

JSS r fLg* 85 Majffr Matth^, -What about your ho** at

flATTLB unaytnooe and cows?"

f££|S§ August Japkt "My father, Supplejack, bought

SJH3. a cow and a horse In Hew Weatminstar, then

♦»,.♦ _ w .. . , a oalf oaBe » and we "ad a bull » and after
tnat we had twelve cows, a bull, twelve pigs, and two horaea,
and one waa a race horse; Supplejack and George Black uaad to
raoe their horses. The horaea always uaed ta have a big time
on Jueen •■Day | race in Victoria, Westminster; Supplejack, my
father, make lots of money winning raoe.

_,. . _ "W»n we live at Chaythoos (end of Pipe Line Road
on First Marrows) before the road around the park came, and
cut the corner off our house, we kept the horses and cows in the
stable at Chaythooa, and when we wanted to ride to town there
was a trail, and we had to rids right around the head of what ia
now Lost Lagoon; around by 3eoond Beach; there waa no bridge;
there waa a trail through the forest from Chaythooa to Gastown.

JSHL "The cows, at night, were put in the stable; in the

.. d * y tn «y r*n loose in the park; or along the beaoh;

«ot wild grass mostly — along the beach— but there was
some Mngliah grass, not much, some, enough to carry us over the
winter, and if there was not enough, lather bought hay from
Blaok'e and Maxie'e. Mother (qhwy-wat) milked the six cows
in the morning — the other six were dry — and put the milk in
big high milk oans — about five gallons— and took it to
Bastings Mill in the oanoe. Agnes milked the cows in the
evening when mother was away, and next day it went with the
morning's milk to Hastings Mill. Mather took the milk every
morning, but I don't know how much she got for it. Louise, my
■later, made the butter." ^

Major Matthew i 'Did you sell any settle to the
butcher?"

August Jaokt "Yea, to the logging oamp; dead,
not alive. Ktaer uaed to shoot the steers, then butcher them,
and send them to the logging camps."

Major Mat thews i "That about pigs?"

August Jaok i "The same; kill them and sell the meat,
or salt them down and make corned pork."

Major Matthewe t "Any sheep or hens?"

August Jaok» "Mo sheep; had enough trouble with cows
and horaea, and we did not have chickens until we moved to Jer-
ioho, and then we had lots. But none at Chaythoos."

114

102

Memo of conversation with Auguat Jack Khahtsahlano , who oalled
at thai Cifjr Archives, 2nd June, 1939. Vol l+ ( b s 2

PBTBR PLANT Ma.lor Mat thews » "Judge

ADA YOUHO" Ho way 'write d in the

Hftsf" fl tBDIHS. MOODYVILLa (reputed) "B. C. Historical Q,uarter-

ggJSg ly". April, 1937, "Early

Settlement of Burrard
Inlet", page 111, that Peter Plant and Ada Young were the first
to he married on Burrard Inlet. What about it, August?"

August > "Peter Plant Harried Addie, a half-breed.
Addie was my cousin; my aunt Khah-my was Addie* s mother, and
Khah-my was cousin to Billy Heutaan'a mother.

"Addie was daughter of my aunt Khay-my, who was my
father's (Khay-tulk, or "Supplejack") sister. Auny Khay-my
married a white man; he was, of course, my uncle by marriage,
but I don't know his name, and havs not found out it anyone knows
it. He, the white man -- my uncle -- was dead before I can
remember, but he lived in Qastown. Their daughter Addie married
Peter Plant. After her white man died, Khay-my married an
Indian, Charlie Tse-nark of Musqueam.

"X asked Billy Heuman (sio) the other day if Peter
Plant had a father when he (Peter) ct»ae here, but Billy say "no".
Billy said Peter Plant was a young man when he cams here, and
Billy la now pretty close to 80. Billy was a longshoreman at
Moodyville. Addie's mother was cousin to Billy's mother; Billy's
mother died long ago; she was full Indian; his father was a
Bull—Ill

"Peter Plant and my cousin had five children; two
sons and three daughters. Frank Plant, Jesse Plant, Lissle,
Delia, and Lena; Lena was the youngest. The oldest son Prank
was grown up but not married, when I was a boy; Delia was about
the same age as myself. The two eldest Plant children, Frank
and Jesse, went to sehool at St. Vary's Mission, Mission City,
and I think these two boys also went to school in the United
States. Two girls went to the Hastings Sawmill School in Gas-
town. (See roll of pupils.)

"My oousin Addie was so much older than I am that
she had four children, Frank, Jesae, Lizzie, and Delia when I
was a boy, and her children were at school. I think Lena is
living yet; wife of a captain of a boat in Hew Westminster*
Jesse was a foreman at a logging camp, and I think is working
for the Hastings Mill people yet.

(Vote. The roll of pupils at Hastings School, Deoember, 1886,
shows "Vary Plant", "Jesse Plant".)

115

103

Vol. H- f> 51

I Major Matthawa ; "Who was Mary Plant?"

August Jack : "Don't know; par nap a aha died."

CHIS? MATHIAS JO E Ma.lor Matthawa : "Li a tan. (reads from

artlolo in "Tha Beaver", a Hudson* a Bay
Company magazine published in Winnipeg. June, 1939.) What do
you think, August, of this description of the carving, and
meaning, of the totem pole, Capilano family?"

August Jack i (throwing himself back in
chair, and laughing boisterously) "You oan't beat that; that's
good!" (sarcasm in his voloa).

lote by J. S» Mat thews t August Khahtsahlano cannot read nor
write, but is today probably the best informed and most reliable
Indian authority on Squamish Indian fact. He regarda Chief
Mathlas Joe, sometimes, with auuaement; sometimes, with disdain
and terms him "good show man"; good for tourists, alright ."

116

104

Memo of oonTeraatlon with August Jack Khahtaahlano at City
Archive a, June 30th, 1939. Vc | ^ h s^-

IgAS JOB Au gust said t "Lahwa died In 1895.

CAPIItAMO JOB. Chief St whlteaiana call "Capilano Joe"

LAiflfA, Chief Joe, tout he's got Indian name too.

SHaP-EUCK he* s Indian name Sahp-luck; that's

what the Indians call him; he was
Chief Mathias* father."

(lots by J. S. M.t Originally, he appears to have been "Hyas
Joe" (hyas, 1. a., important, fine); then pioneers knew him
as "Capilano Joe"; he was giren the title "Capilano" at an
Indian ceremony on Cambie Street grounds before his departure
to see King Bdward VII. After his return from Buckingham
Palace, he was known as "Chief Joe Capilano".)

117

105

AUGUST JA CK KTUHTS AHLANO'S CHILDREN. (AS IN

Mi. 1538 ) '

EMMA, married, now about 30.
CELESTINE, married, nov? about 28.
IRENE, married, now about 27.
WILIBED, married, now about 24.
LOUISE, unmarried, now about 22.

A PORTRAIT IN OILS. KITSILANO HIGH SCHOOL

AUGUST JACK KHAHTSAHLAHO , and MRS. KHAHTSAHLANO , beside an oil
painting of the former, unveiled by Mrs. Khahtsahlano at Kits-
llano High School, 27th October, 1943. An illustration from
this photo appears, with artiele, in "Province", 28th October,
1943.

August, son of Khay-tulk, or 'Supple jeek», grandson
of Chief Khahtsahlano gh (Kltsllano). Mrs. Khahtsahlano, very
shy; only lady now wearing, habitually, a shawl. «e have
tried for years to get her to be photographed. She did not
know this photo was being taken. Her Indian: name is Swanamla.

Oil painting by Charles Scott, of Vancouver art
School (Board of School Trustees), and, by those who know
August best, is considered altogether too huge and bulky a
representation. August is comparatively well proportioned,
with an inclination to be slender. And the face is of acme
Indian, but not August Khahtsahlano.

118

106

Memo of oonversat ion with August ..Jack Khahtaahlanq, at the
City Arohive3, 24th August, 193 9. Vol <+, f> SS

CHLSF CAPILASO J0£ Major Matthews ; "August , why do the

HYA'3 JO-bi Muaqueaiu Indiana object to other Indians

SAHP - LUK using the name "Cafilano"?

ClTCgJ na-AP^A-LA-NO

August ; "It's this way. The priest
told Hyas Joe "you must go to Capilano Creek as post; not Chief
but poet — you know what post is; you put i t in the ground;
to mark a place by; a "post", he go to look after the people,
not to be chief. After a while Sahp-luk — that's what the
Indiana oall him — he want to be chief; he went to see the
(Indian) agent at Hew Westminster. Agent ask him "you got a
flag?" Hyas Joe aays "no". Hyaa Joe he come back and borrow
the Indian flag from my auny Khah-my. (see conversation of
June 2nd, 1939). It was the Khahtaahlano flag; it waa after-
wards burned when Chief Matthias' house burn down, but it waa
Khahtaahlano flag. Hyas Joe aays "when I am through with it,
(the flag) I bring it back"; but he never did;lt was burned
when Chief Matthias Joe's houde burn. The flag I have now is
another one. I tell you all about it before."

DTD IAN FLAG Ma.lor Matthews; "What haa the flag to do with the
name Capilano?"

Auauatt "Hyas Joe borrowed the name Capilano
because he waa living at the creek where "Old Man" Chief Klap-
a-lano used to live; long time ago, but the creek's name not
Capilano; that's Homulcheaon, and Hyaa Joe's real name vaa
Sahp-luk; that's what the Indians oall him. Whitemans call
him Capilano Joe."

CHLBF K I-AP- A-LA-NO Majo r Matthew s; "What sort of a man

YdJhfo' "KI -AP-A-LA- HO waa "Old Man" Chief Ki-ap-a-la-no?"

AYATAK ('FRAHK CHARLES

Au^uatt "I never see hira, but they
tell me great big man, black hair down to his shoulders; straight
hair, no ourlBo" , , r _ ,

Ma.lor Mat thews ; "Who waa Ayatak's (Frank

Charlie) father?"

August ; "Old Man" Chief Ki-ap-a- la-no's
Bon, Young Ki-ap-a-la-no. Young Ki-ap-a-la-no of Musqueam have
four children; Ayatak, or Frank Charlie; Jamea, now dead; Mrs.
Seymour Grant, and Andrew; all ohildren of Young Kl-ap-a-lano;

only James dead."

Ma.lor Matthews; "What does Lumtinat,

and Khaltinat, mean?"

LUMTIBAHT August; "They were sisters, Khaal-tin-

KHAALTINAHT aht , not Khaltinat; it means "white";

~~ Lom-tinaht, not Lumtinat, I don't know

what it means." (Note; Khaaltinaht waa Indian wife of Joeeph
Silvey; Lomtinaht — see photo no. P. Port. 391.)

119

107
Vol. *. f> 56

UTg-AH-KPLIU "Kwe-ah-kultu; that's the way to aay It; ha

THSB- TH f-LflK was at Whoi-whoi. Johnny Whee-why-luk, Chief

SRlk-QUAHT at MUaqueam; don't know who Sumquaht was, hut

say "Sua-kwa-ht." (Sea conversation, lira.
Jane a Talker, July 17th, 1939.)

CARIBOO TRACTOR (After looking at photograph

JgRRY ROGSR'S STEAM TRACTOR received from Provincial Archives,
LACROSSE BALL of photo marked "Steam to Cariboo,

The Britiah Columbia", photographed
frost illustration in "Colonist".

Major Matthews : "That's not like the drawing
you made for me of the tractor Jerry Rogers had in the woods out
Kitsilano and up Little Mountain."

August » (puzzled) "They' a fixed it. They must
taken the front wkeel off, and put two wheels on. But the
rubber here is cleats} it was solid rubber tire all around the
wheels, not oleats, on the one Jerry Rogers had. I think they
must haTe fixed It down Hastings Sawmill, btit don't know. I
took the rubber for the lacrosse ball I give you from old junk
as was lying on the beaoh at foot MaoDonald Street (English Bay.)
They fcu$ the engine on a scow, and took it away; they were
through logging. After that, oxen were used, and mules and the
skid road — it was cheaper. They took the engine to the
Bastings Mill. I don't know what they did with it."

(Mote — by J. 8. M.t If Ayatak is grandson to "Old Man* Chief

Ki-ap-a-la-no, and "Old Man" told Ayatak
he saw first white man come down Praser
River when he was a boy, about four feet
high, how oould he be the chief who wel-
comed Capt. Vancouver, as is frequently
asserted, by Mathlas Joe?)

120

CONVERSATION RE ORIGIN OF FLAG

■ uji^-ttf.t:**- 14* -«* •* csm ^n^ 1

Convereatlon, August Jack Ihahtsehlaoo, at City Archives, 24th October 1940

»«» f>ravreuJ Covrvevsafio-n

INDIAN BIB. August said:- (abbreviated to auit this print) ,

nam i an .^ ^^ belonged to Yho-whahl-tua; he s j,ot
BJMBswawcB81 no Inglish name; he was chief at ; whiteaans call it

Aahlute (sio) ita way back of Squarish; twenty five alias. I dont
know bow hs got the flag; aayba Roman Catholics at Naw Westminster give it to hia;
long tlae ago; long long tlae.

Major aatthewe»-*Well what does it meant

August!- "then they cobs together; the church; the priest ask
who is the chief, and they give each chief (on each reserve) a flag. Tho-whahl-tun
was a miaister( clergyman); every Sundays people cob* to his house for prayer; they
com* from Squamish; and away up the river. He died; we bury him his own place.
Then, whea he was dying, he says to ay step father, Cfeinalset ("Jericho Charlie")
"Tou keep tail flag; for ay country". Then ay step-father die, but before be die
I see it in a trunk, and Chinalset said to me "When I die, you look after this
flag; that's how I haws it now.

"Tho-whahl-tun was the man who told the Squamish Indians that by
and by* a woman will plant some trees; by and bye they will grow red berries; that's
apples; no apples here then. And he told them "woman go outdoor and pick sons
berries"; that's raspberries, but there waa no raspberries that time. Ho know*.
But he newer travelled, but somebody tell him about places long way of, and he
iistea. And then, in his house, he tell peoples what s going to happen.

"Then, about forty years aj>, we bury himnin the ground. He was
in a box, cedar box, and we bury him in the ground. His bones in the box was just
like powder (dust) when we touch them with fingers".

•Ea.vL Va.Tir'^^x*" V/t.ti.Tw

DESCRIPTION OF FLAG. Bed (famed) margin, about seventeen inches
wide on three sides; centre white (discolored with age). "ode of bunting.

Length of flag seventy two inches, width fifty seven inches.

LenAah of central white: fifty five by twenty sight and half.

In centre:- an embroidered cross, reddish yellow.
Above gross, embroidered word "RHJGIOir yJU-ui-^Jt ™<L

Below cross. " " "CIVILIXATIOK*. Yellowish red(faded)

Across cross. " " "TBIPI (cross) RANCXJ in green(faded)

Corner of 1st quarter. Open Holy Bible, embroidered yellowish red.
2nd * Crown(yellowish red) crossed keys (brown)

3rd " Crossed axe and spade, in brown

4th " A contrivance which looks like a steam govsrnor

or valve, safety vale, in brown embroidery.

Photo. No.TVrftJI'.V.'t'/. Considering age, in good repair, but faded with use

** "T> Kkahtsalo.no-. j.SJCatthews

120A

TEMPERANCE FLAG

120B

120C

INDIAN SALMON TEMPLE,
CIRCA 1902

From the album of Rev. Chas. M. Tate, pioneer Methodist Missionary to Indians. May
be west coast of Vancouver Island.

120D

INDIAN STONE BOWL
Fraser River, British Columbia

"A narrow sinuous trail in the forest at Hope, B.C. led to the east bank of the Fraser
River, where Mr. Alex Morrison, of Armstrong & Morrison, pioneer bridge builders,
was constructing a bridge for the new Kettle Valley Railway. I sauntered in that
direction, and met Mr. Morrison carrying, with both hands in front, a wet grey object.
The conversation commenced "See what I've found." "Where did you get it?".
"Digging the pier foundation". "How far down?" "About eight feet of boulders
and gravel, then a bed of sand, where the gravel met the sand, we cut down a fir
tree three feet thick before we started to excavate. I was on top when the men found
it, and reached down for them to hand it up. How do you suppose it got there?"
"What are you going to do with it?" "Take it up to the hotel and wash the sand
off." "Better give it to the City Museum in Vancouver."

J. S. MATTHEWS.
Hope village is on a level flat of glacial deposit through which the mighty river flows
20 or 30 feet below. The precise site is the east end of bridge.
DESCRIPTION BY CITY MUSEUM—

Length 10"; width 4'/2"; height 2"; weight 2V4 lbs. Grey sandstone with iron

stains. Donated by A. Morrison, 1913.

120E

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alala aalto ikHt, ana «*MtM i* to an Uta Manh 1MI. laa nppnr rtrtok aapleto laa
■eaooanr pasting batoaaa Bans ana Faaaaga Inland aaftbaund fmn B«i Sanaa. 9m aaaaai
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nlniawi at aaahar a* f thaVaWlap'tan, a paint Yiaibln tzm Iqaanlaa.B.S. nhara tha
tqaanlah first aaw a aarapaam aUa. Dnjnot aaaeaa, frinnaly, ara aaalraliagtfca aals
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pat* 1M, and BuHaahlaaa nnnrnraatlana. ,,. w ,,„ J.UIattan»»,l*ta aaroa 1939

120G

CITY HALL

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120H

loe

Vol, i+. y Hi GSH3ALOGY 0? CAPILAKO FAMILY

Prelude: Following a conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano
(as recorded) Sept* 14th, 1937, In which he expressed bis opinion
somewhat forcefully on certain statements In the "Province"
attributed to Mathias Joe, chief, under the caption "INDIAN'S
WORK DRAWS PRAISE", In reference to exhibits at Vancouver Exhib-
ition, 1937, I wrote to F. J. C. Ball, Indian Agent, Vancouver,
and this is what he replies:

MRg. MART CAPILAMO

Dear Major:

■In 1937 the official age of Chief Capllano Joe's
widow, as recorded by the Indian Department, Vancouver, is 80.

1. Mathias Joe went to the coronation of King
George V on hia own, and, not being selected officially to rep-
resent the Indians, he had no credentials, and was not received
by the King as his father had bean received by King Edward VII.
Mathias was shown the Royal stables, and similar sights shown
to overseas visitors, but he emphatically never "interviewed
King George on behalf of the Squamiah Indiana"; that, like many
other Mathias* statements, is a pure imagination.

2. I believe the fire at Mathias' house took
place in 1928, but it is not on record. There is a photo of
Mathias Joe in this coat (or one like it) in the defunct
"Morning Star" of Dec. 27th, 1928. He says, in that article,
that his father wore it, but mentions nothing aboit seven gener-
ations then. How can he go back seven generations when his name
of Capllano Joe was only given by courtesy! He is a descendant
through the female line of the old man Dtutichookahnura who

met the first sailing ship at Watt's Point, and his son Keeahp-
lahnoo met Capt. Vancouver in English Bay. Keeahplahnoo's
half brother, Paitsmauk, left a son Kahukhultun, who had three
children, via., Lauwhloat (Mrs. Joe Capllano), Gahlinultooah
(Squamish Jacob), and another son, name unknown. Lauwhloat
married Joe, who apparently adopted the name Keeahplahnoo from
his wife's grandfather's half brother. Note: Kahukhultun's
children may not all have been by the same woman. When Lahwa
died, the surviving sister was agreeable to passing over the
chieftainship to Hyas Joe, who apparently assumed the name of

"Capllano".

"The coat looks like a fairly modern affair, prob-
ably bought by Capllano Joe from some interior Indian, but this
is only my personal opinion.

"Fredk. J. C Ball,

Indian Agent.
P. S. I have Dtutchookahnura* 8 family tree; have you seen it?

F. J • C . B.
(letter undated, but about Sept. 21, 1937)
("Hyas" means "fine", "strong", "big", "Important". J. S. M.)

121

109
Vol. M.,f*3H

SUM2 "The old chief, Lahwa, who was chief before Chief
CHAHTS Capilano Joe, (Mat bias* father) used to tell me
two yarns about Sunz and Siwaah Rock. One yarn
waa that if you started going from one to the other you had
to keep on going, and that you could not otopj and the other
yarn was that Sunz and Siwash Rock and some other rock in
Stanley Park which I hare never yet found, formed a perfect
equilateral triangle; I never found the other rock, so cannot
•ay.

CHIEF LABWA "I have known three Indian chiefs of the

Capilano reserve. Mathias, the present
one; Capilano Joe, hie father, and his predecessor Lahwa;
you see the descent came through Joe's wife (commonly
called Mrs. Mary Capilano). I think Lahwa was murdered; he
had a long cut on the top of his head from forehead to crown.
(Sote: The accepted story is that Lahwa was drowned through
falling out of his canoe when it upset at Brockton Point.
Khahtaahlano gives an account of the finding of Lahwa* s body,
conversation Hov. Z3rd, 1936. August Jack Khahtsahlf.no also
thinks Lahwa was murdered. See conversation of July 29, 1939.)

WATERWORKS PLPB S "Mr. (H. J.) Cambie used to walk around

the park, and one day I showed him the
wear on the pipes, due to the sand on the bottom of the
Harrows scouring back and forth over the top of the nipes
with the tides; the iron had worn as thin as could be.
The pipes were supposed to last twenty-one years, but
actually they lasted seventeen; every now and then we would
get a burst.

"Mr. Cambie said those worn pipes — sections of
them -- were "priceless" to civil engineers as illustrating
the action of the aand, and that they should be kept, or
suitably sized pieces, for samples, to show what the action
of the sand was. But, the city authorities just broke them up.'

122

110

Vol. U, f»22l

In 1884, L. A. Hamilton, C. F. R. civil engineer and
land commissioner, (Hamilton Street), painted a water color
of the Indian trail -- wide enough for one man to traverse--
along the First Barrows shore, and depicted in the treea beaide
it, an Indian above-ground "grave"; short alabB of wood,
leaning against each other to form a small peaked shelter over
the deceased. (See photo Ho. H. St. 15)

August Jack KhahtBataario, son of Khay-tulk, grandson of

Chief Khahtsahianogh, (Kitailar.o) , conversation,
15th March, 1937.

"Bd cemetery; no graveyard; JuBt come in boat with
the deadmana; climb the bank, dig a hole". (He
refers to Brockton Point in later days, but, in
his Indian speech, converts the English plural
deadmen Into deadmana, and tells of how his father
Khaytulk waa buried in a "deedhouse", a small
wooden mausoleum, the body lying in a small canoe
Inside the "deadhouse", at the end of the Pipe-
line Road, first Harrows.)

Prom the whole, I deduce that, conversation between
Indiana and pioneer whites, being carried on largely in
Chinook, would include reference to the island; that the
Squamiah referred to it as "memaloos Siwash illahie", "village
of the dead houses on the island", and that whitemen would,
unconsciously, interpret the expression to mean "Island where
the dead are", i. e., Deadman's Island", or

"DEAD IHIHAS LAMP "

Yanoouver, B. C.
Oct. 31st, 1939.

123

Ill

Conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano , Vol* 5, p. 376,
"Early Vancouver".

NOTE:

Much offence has been taken, especially by In-
dians, to a serial article, appearing daily in the
Vancouver "Sun" under the caption "ROMANCE OF VANCOUVER",
by Alan Morley, which states in its issues of April 10th
and 22nd 1940, that Supplejack, or Khaytulk, father of
August Jack Khahtsahlano, was suspected of killing
thirteen white men in or about Burrard Inlet, and that
he died in Jail whilst waiting trial for the murder of
the fourteenth, and that he was buried "in a tree" at
Chsythooa, or Prospect Point, First Narrows.

29th April. 1940.

KHAT-TOTK Major Matthews: "August. Did your
■SApp-JAlACE* father, Supple- Jack, murder about thirteen
or fourteen men?"

in Jail?"

at Chaythoos."

August: "No."

Major Matthews: "Did your father die

August: "No. He died in his own home

Major Matthews: "How do you know?"

124

112

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 376. Khahtsahlano (cont'd).

August: "How do I know? Why, my
mother told me. My mother told me that he, my father, was
sick one month and a half and he died. He wasn't sick; he
got hit on the head, kicked by a cow. He had twelve cows
and he was milking a cow, and the cow gave him a kick and he
bumped on the wall of the stall. They got stalls where they
keep cows."

Major Matthews: "Did any Indian or
whiteman ever say to you that your father died in Ja.il?"

August: "No."

Major Matthews: "Or that he was waiting
a trial for murder?"

August: "IIo. No. Don't put down
anything like that. That's not true. That's all wrong.
He was working with the red coats (Royal Engineers) in New
Westminster for thirty years. Well, he came home and they
gave him a cow, and that's what gave him a start."

Major Matthews: "But the red coats
were only over there for three years."

August: "Veil, he was working for some-
body with a red coat. He used to take them around in a canoe.
He would take them around the Fraaer. Sometimes they wanted
to go across, and sometimes they wanted to g> down, the river."

Major Matthews: "Do you remember your
father?"

August: "No. My father died the same
day I was born."

(At this point 1 read to August from the "Sun" newspaper,
"Romance of Vanoouver", issues of April 10th and April
22nd, 1940. After I had read about thirteen killings
and being in jail for the fourteenth)

August: (ejaculating) "It's a lie.
who told them that?

Major Matthews: "That's what I am trying
to find out. Would anyone say such things?"

August: "I find out that people were
saying that my dad was a killer, so I go to find out on
Friday, and I go to see my aunt Polly, Mrs. Chief Harry. She
said 'Tour dad died at your home, and he was no such a thing
as killer.' She says 'Tour dad was a good man'. She was
not there when he died, but she says he wasn't buried in a
tree. He was put on a post (in a canoe inside a wooden
mausoleum). She say, my aunt say, »Tour father got nothing
to do with that dying in Jail. One Indian— his name "Tender
Jim", he died in jail waiting his trial, but your father did
not die in Jail. He got nothing to do with it."

125

113

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 377. Khehtsahlano (cont'd).

"Well, there's another old man thers, the
same age as my father, and, to make aure, I go and ask him.
His name la Dick; one arm. I ask him if you could hide it if
my Dad was a bad man. He say that he go to work at the Hast-
ings Sawmill in the same canoe— that's how he lost his arm—
and he says my father was never a bad man. He was working and
doing things right, and sometimes when strange boats coming in,
they take my father for pilot, and the old man he says that's
all he knows."

"TENDER JIM" Major Matthews: "Why did they call him
"Tender Jim".

August: "Too many Jims, so that call him
"Tender". When I hear (note: he cannot read or write) about

that in the paper that my father murdered
ROMANC E Or VA»COU- white man, I was good and mad for a while;

Van but I'm not so mad now. That man write

VAN COUVER SUN , it, (Alan Morley) , he's Just crazy, that's
Anril l0 th~tt~22nd. all; not much use bother about it. I go
1M0 and see him with Mrs. Moore; just listen;

*™"- ahe do the talking. I think the Squamlsh

Indian Council going to ha T e a big meeting aoon, and they
going to talk about it at the meeting. And, I think Mr. Ball,
the Indian Agent, I think he look after it, too."

"SUPPLEJACK, or SKAY-TULK:. WAS A GO OD INDIAN"
"The Vancouver Sun*. Saturday. 4th May. 1940,

55b i9.

As a result of strong representations made by the
Squamish Indians following a meeting held on the ovening of
2nd or 3rd May, 1940, and also a visit by them to the "Sun"
office a four column wide contradiction of the objectional
statements concerning Enay-tulk was made by this newspaper.

It states that Ihay-tulk died peacefully at the end of
a useful life.

126

114

Conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano . "Early
Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 8.

16th July. 1940.

CHIN ATfiET Major Matthews: (reading from a slip of

u J'&RICH0 CHARLIE", paper, photostated with three others, all
BlBTH OF AUGU ST birth certificates) "August, what does
jactt yTUHTSAHLAMO this mean?" (reading) "Auguste, fils

de Shinaotset & de Menatlot, Squamishs,
baptise a l'age d'environ 16 mois le 12 Fevrler, 1879."

"N. Gxegone,

O.M.I."

August: "That's me: when I was a little
boy they call me Menatlot. My mother marry Chinalset
("Jericho Charlie") when I was little. I was born the same
day my father died. But, the priest, he's got it all mixed
up. My father was KLay-tulk, (or Supplejack), and my mother
Qwhy-wat. Menatlot was Chinalaet's first wife, and my
mother was Chinalset* s second wife, and he was her second
husband. The proper way to pronounce it, if it is a girl,
then it is Menatel-lot, and if it is a boy, Menahtia."

KBAY-TULK (If August was 16 months old on or about

SOPPLEJAC~K 12th Feb. 1879, and was bom the day his

father died, then Khaytulk, or "Supple-
jack", must have died about October, 1877.)

CHIEF KHAHTSAH- "My grandfather, Chief Khahtsahlanough ,

LAN0UGS T"~ have sons, Khay-tulk, Khar-luk, Keeolat,

PETER PLANT all brothers, and Khafe-my, their sister,

Khay-tulk, my father; Khah-my, my aunt,
marry white man; her half breed daughter marry Peter Plant.

BROCKTON POINT (Looking at Photo No. P.St. 124, N.St. 25,

being "53 looking north from Brockton Point,

1885", photo by L.A. Hamilton; huge boulder on shore in

foreground) .

"Oooooh, yes. Just west of Brockton

Point; gone now. Don't think it has an Indian legend to it,

but we used to catch lots of devil fish under it, (octopus);

nine legs; lots; pretty nearly every day we go back catch

more."

OCTOP03 Major Matthews: "wnat for"?

fapIiMf FOOD

August Jack: "Cook'um; boll; the part
you eat is the legs. But, you got to wash'um good (well).
Don't know why they wash, but they do it, after he's boiled.
If you don't do it (wash them) theys tickle (tingle) your
mouth like needles; Just like when your foot "goes to sleep";
you get "needles." Don't do you no harm; he's Just "strong",
that's all, but you gets "needles" in your mouth if you don't
wash him after he's boiled.

127

115

"Early Vancouver , Vol. 6, p. 9. Khahtsahlano (cont'd).

CHANTS (Siwash Rock»3 kitchen) "Chanta? It's

fr ttttfg H a kind of flat sandstone on the beach;

5TJ53B~bOCK holes in it; all shape holes. On the

beach its covered with water when the

tides in." (See "Early Vancouver", Vol.2, p. 20).

(Looking at very close-up photo of
Siwash Rock, marked "Siwaah Rock", "Devine", "Vancouver" and
two men concealed on left hand aide of rock; part way up.

LAHWA. CHIEF "That cottage on far shore is (left of
*^Wt~TIcT' r rock) "Navvy Jack's", and this one (right
of rock) is Lahwa's. He lived on the

west bank of Capilano Creek; there is little creek there runs
into big one; and he lived on the point. Then, after bis
father ("Old Chief Ki-ap-a-la-no ) died, he moved over to the
east bank at Homulcheson".

15th Sent. 1940.

PIGE0N3 Major Matthews, City Archivist: "August;

GREAT TIRE Fitzgerald McCleery, the first white man

B ] %flg to 3ettle on the site of Vancouver, down

— -" ~ on the Marine Golf Course, North Arm,

Fraser River, says in his diary, March, 1865, I think, that he
"shot pigeons"; that's all, just "shot pigeons". *nat did

he mean?

August: "I don't know. I don't think
any pigeons here before white man came. I never heard old
people talk about them; lota duck, goose, but no pigeons."

"The first pigeona I can remember waa
after the "Big Fire". (13th June, 1886). There waa a big
flock of them flying about. I don't know; may ba somebody
turn them loose. Then they get more every year. I see
some over Capilano Creek last April; on the Capilano Indian
Reserve; Just wild. Suppose theyse Just somebody's pigeona
got loose some time. No pigeons here before white man come.

"There's lots of pigeons up at Squamish,
Just flying around wild. Got looae I suppose. No pigeons
I ever hear of up there before white man come."

128

116

"laxly Vancouver", Vol, 6, p. 36.

Conversation with August Jack Khahtaahlano , son of Khay-tulk,
(Supplejack); grandson of Chief Khahtsahlanoogh, who called
at the City Archives and shared ay lunch and a cup of tea at
my desk, and came carrying a small parcel. He has been in-
vited to lunch with His Worship the Mayor, Dr. Telford, in
his office, City Hall, on Monday, Oct. E8th, 1940.

24th Oct. 1940.

— .Qg August said: "I bring this flag to show

fl T ElAN CHISJS you. It very old flag; it belonged to

C kltf TO-wTgHL-TgH (Chief) Yho-whahl-tun. He's got no
5B1M aI3ET English name. He was chief at

"JjJIUCUO CHARLIS" whltemana call it Aahlute (ale). It's

^ way up twenty five miles back of Squamish.

Hot on the Pacific Great Kastern Railway; that turns off at
Ten Mile Point. I don't know how he got the flag, but, maybe ,
the Roman Catholics at New Westminster give it to him; long
time sgo, long, long time.

Major Matthews: "Well, what does it

mean August: "Well, you know, when they come

together, the church, the priest ask who is the chief, and
they give eeoh chief on each (Indian) reserve a flag. Yho-
whahl-tun was a minister (clergyman); every Sundays peoples
come his house for preyer; they come from Squamish and away
up the river. He died; bury him up his own place. Tben,
when he was dying, he says to my step-father, Chinalset,
("Jericho Charlie*) "Tou keep this flsg; for my country".

"Then my step- father he die, but before
he die. I see it in a trunk, and Chinalset said to me, 'When
I die, you look after this flagi" That's how I have it."

INDIAN BORIAIS "Yho-wahl-tun was the man who told the

fltoP B SsTlS " Squamiah Indiana that 'bye and bye, a

B>PL& AND RASP- woman will plant aome trees. Bye and

Sm| bye they will grow red berries; that's

■ ■ apples, no apples here then; not that

time. Indians know nothing about apples. And he told
them 'woman will go outdoors and pick aome berries'; tnat s
raapberries but there was no raspberries that time. He
knows! Bat he never travelled, but aomebody tell him about
places long way off, and he listen. And, then in he's house
he tell the peoples what's going to happen."

•Then, about forty years ago, we bury him
in the ground. He waa in a box, cedar box, but we bury him
in the ground. His bones in the box was Just like powder
(dust) when we touch them with fingers."

129

117

"Barly Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 37. Khahtaahlano (cont'd).

PIGBONS _ "I have dinner with my Aunt Polly. She

Uvea back of the church (at North Van-
couver Indian Reaerre). I aak her if
there waa pigeona here when ahe was young.
She say, "Tea, wild". She'a old; ahe 'a
alater to my aether qwhy-what; that* a three alatera.
Qwhy-what, my mother, who waa the oldeat; then Haxten, ahe
died abort time ago; then Polly, ahe'a the youngeat of the
throe. She 1 a got Indian name but we call her "Polly". I
forget Indian na

QA33T JACK'S Win "Madeleine (Gaaay Jack* a wife) ahe go up
Squemiah; not come back yet."

MQXlL lb* fl*g !■ eeTenty two inchea by fifty aeven;
broad red margin on three edges, white oblong centre
with croaa and embroidered worda "Religion", "Civiliz-
ation", and "Temperance", and corner ornamentation of
bible, crown, and keya, apade and aze, and governor.

See photo No. C.V. P. In. 47, N. In. 27.

"laxly Vancouver". Vol. ft. p. 57 .

PB3CBIPTI0N Of TLAG .

Bod (reded) margin, about aeventeen inchea wide on three
•idem; centre white (discolored with age). Made of bunting.

Length of flag eeventy-two inchea, width fifty-aeven
inchea.

Length of central white, fifty-five by twenty-eight and
• half.

In centre, an embroidered croaa, reddlah yellow.

Above croaa, embroidered word "RELIGION", yellowiah red.

Below croaa, " » "CIVILIZATION", yellowiah
red (faded).

Acroaa croaa, " * "TJMPI (oroaa) RANCB", in
green (faded).

Corner of let quarter. Open Holy Bible, embroidered
yellowiah red.

Corner of rmd quarter. Crown (yellowiah red) croaaed
keys (brown) •

Corner of 3rd quarter. Croaaed aze end apade, in brown.

Corner of 4th quarter* A contrivance which looka like a
•team governor or valve, safety valve, In brown embroidery.

Conaiderlng age, In good repair, but faded with uae.

J.S. Matthews

130

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 142.

Conversation with August Jack Kbahtsahlano. 14th Oct. 1941.

"JERICHO ' glBtfJLfl Major Matthews: "Tell me about the
CANOE. canoe, August."

INDIAN CANOES August: "I got a canoe; very old one.
CHINALSET* Its (27) twenty seven feet long and (5)

five feet beam. It was brought down from
the west coast. Get a map, I show you, here, Cape Flattery,
Neah Bay, rough water, in United States."

"Ten women brought that canoe to Victoria.
They were looking for their husbands. Their husbands go out
sealing in a achooner and they did not come back; they were
drowned. The women sell the canoe, and my step-father,
"Jericho Charlie", (i.e. Chinalset,) he bought it, in Victoria,
for one hundred dollars; cheap because it was second hand.
Chinalset was down there for a big potlatch on the Songhees
Reserve; across the harbor from Victoria. He was there s
month; potlatch all the time. I was with him; all one
month potlatch. I was sbout nine year old then. My mother
^rhy-wat, and Willie Jack, (Khay-tulk, the second) my brother,
and old man Tom; white man call him Tommy, but he's Indian
names' Chsrl-tun, and Charltun'ci wife, and there were others.
We all go oyer in "Jericho Charlie's big canoe; the one he
used to take the hay and barley from Hastings Mill Store out
to Jerry Rogers' camp at Point Grey. No kicker (gasoline
engine), paddle all the flay—take us three dsys False Creek
to Victoria— cook our meals on the beach; dig clams. Finally,
when we got there, lots of Indians. Chief Michael was giving
a potlatch. We started from Snauq., False Creek; Chief
George from Seymour Creek, and others from Capilano Creek."

POTT-fTCH "Then, after the potlatch, we come back;

— all the same people, but two canoes Instead

of one. Three peoples get in the smaller canoe my step-
father bought, and the rest in my step- father's bigger canoe
we go over there in; may be six in the bigger canoe. "Big
George", Chief at Seymour Creek, he was at the potlatch too,
but he go in his own canoe. And, Policeman Tom; his Indian
name was Tah-hay; different Tom from Charl-tun. It took
us four dsys to get back with the two canoes. The ten women
not find their huabands; they had been drowned. So the
women went back to their own west coast in a big canoe with
others when the potlatch was over.

INDIAN GRAVE YARDS P. 143 : "We use the canoe Chinalset

SIJTTTO" bought to take some dead to Squamish to

— " be buried; all graveyards got to be moved

from Snauq, long time ago, after Vancouver bum; bury them
again Squamish. Then the biggest csnoe smashed up at Snauq;
big wind, big wave, foot of Cypress Street; exposed place
below Chinalset •• house; same plaoe, but not same canoe as
in your photo. (C.V.P. In. 35, H. In. 17) A photo of the

131

119

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 143. Khahtaahlano (cont'd).

actual canoe Chinalaet bought from the ten women la In Dunn
& Rundle, photo supply store, Granville Street. After
Chinalaet smash his big canoe he never fix It again; all
split up into kindling, no good; but the smaller west coast
one, he use it to gu Squamish, fish, carry freight to
Squamish; twenty five miles up river; pole it up the river."

"Then Jericho Charlie die, and we put the
canoe away; keep it in boat shed up Squamish; keep it dry.
Then fifteen years ago I bought motor boat engine. I have
canoe, so I put engine in canoe. The canoe is now over at
my home in Capllano."

do with it?"

Major Matthews: "What are you going to

August: "I was going to pull it out of
the water and keep it, but the Parks Board want it, and 1 think
I might sell it if they want to put it in the park for peoples
to look at."

Major Matthews: "How Old was it when
your stepfather bought it from the ten Indian women?"

August: "1 don't know; it was seonnd
hand then. Cedar canoe last long time— maybe two hundred
years. If you paint them all the time they keep."

BT'S TATHBB

vrzmr>H3zm

three a trend.

"Jericho Charlie's father was Chinalaet,
too; he shoot the biggest grizzly bear
up at Squamish. The bear must have been
twelve feet long; cut him in half across the middle, and use
the "hide to cover the frame door to the cedar alab house;
long before whltemsns com*.

15th May. 1942.

CEDAR BARK ROPK . P. 160 :

~ leh, NOTE: I explained to August that, due
to the capture of the Phlllipine Islands
by the Japanese, there was s ahortage of
■anlla fibre for making rope, snd that someone had suggested
we make some in British Columbia from cedar bark as the In-
dians did before the whiteman came. That Mr. B. V. Leeson,
formerly of Quatsino, now of Point Grey, had loaned me a
twenty fire foot length, three eighths, three strand, and I
got it from the glass case and handed it to him to inspect.
I told him that me had had it photographed, that the negative
was in the cabinets, and that it had been published as an
illustration in the "B.C. Lumberman" monthly magazine a month

ago.

J. S. M.

132

120

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 166. Khahtsahlano (cont'd).

Major Matthews: "August, who made this
rope?"

August: "Oh, women folks make it; make
it fine; make it small; make it big; all sizes. It's wet
when they are working. Women roll the strand from cedar
strips; roll it on their knee with the palms of their hands;
just same you roll things.

Major Matthews: "Yes, but that's the
strand; there's three of them. How do they put them to-
gether? Doesn't the strand unravel and get all over the
place? Have they got a post or something they tie it to, to
keep it tight so that it does not unravel?

August: "They' a got baskets. The (rolled
up) strand falls into a basket beside them when they sitting
down rolling it. Then they put the baskets over there, and
they's got a knothole high up above them, and they poke three
strands through it, and it comes down onto their knee and
they roll the three strands together just same way as they
roll threads into a strand. They's got no post; just a
knot-hole high up where the strands come through from the
basket other side."

Major Matthews: "Well, don't they keep
the rope tight while they are rolling? Doesn't it all get
messed up and tangled?"

August: "Oh, the childrens keep pulling
it away."

Major Matthews: "Is it any good?
Would it wear out if it was run through a block in a pulley;
a pulley block?"

August: "Indians got no pulley block."

Major Matthews: "How long do the
women make the rope?"

August: "As long as they want it."

Major Matthews: "How long is the
thread; that's the strip of cedar bark. <*hen do they get
the bark? In the fall or spring?"

August: "The cedar strips may be eight-
een inches, may be three feet, may be four feet. They gst
the bark in the spring when the sap is running. Bark no
good In the fall."

133

121

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 167. Khahtaahlano (cont'd).

Major Matthews: "What did they use it
fort To hang people with (joking)? Didn»t it wear out?
It doesn't seem it would wear very well; not like manila.

August: "What doea anyone use rope for?
Indians not use it to hang people with. It's whitemans
what hangs people. Indians don't hang people. Use the
rope for anything you want; tie canoe to beach. It not
wear out if you are careful. Old Indians very careful.
When canoe come near beach, bow man Jump out, pull canoe on
beach very carefully so as not to damage it. Same with rope.
Old Indians awful careful with rope and canoe.

Major Matthews: "The Japs captured the
Philllpine Islands and we cannot get any manila fibre to make
rope for ships. Some whitemans say "make cedar bark rope,
same as Indians"; How about that?"

August: "Where's you going to get your
cedar bark. Whitemans cut down all the cedar trees; all
gone; no cedar trees.

INDIAN LAW AND August: "Are they going to hang four

ORDER young men for killing a Japanese?"

PPNISBMSNTS

HANGING Major Matthews: "I don't know. When

four men go into a store and one has a
revolver, if storekeeper gets killed, that's murder; some-
body going to hang."

August: "Indian not do that. Suppose
two Indian fight; they's quarrel first, then fight. One
gets scratched nose; gets his hair pulled; other man gets
him down; gets on top. Chief comes along and stops it.
The man who wins got to pay. He's got to give man what's
beat a present; may be paint his (the loser's) face for him.
Man what wins got to pay (the loser).

balTlt

Note by JSM: August is a splendid character, and that
la about as fine a thing as I ever heard him say. He
has not full command of English words, and the proper
interpretation of his meaning comes by inference to
those familiar with Indian life.

134

122

ConTeraation with August Jack Khahtaahlano , of Homulchesun
Indian Village, Capllano Creak, First Narrows, VancouTer. Ha
Tery kindly called for a short chat, and says that this last
Christmas was a poor one for them; no money, everything green,
Just like summer. Doesn't look like Christmas at all; looks
more like spring.

30th Dec. 1941.
NARVAEZ. 1791 Major Matthews: "August', tell me— when

you were little boy you go out with Chinal-
set (Jericho Charlie) in hia canoe to Yalmu (Jericho Cove).
All about English Bay all trees, no houses, no smoke, no ships.
Just forest everywhere all along shore. Well, now suppose you
had been down Point Roberts and come up coast in canoe. You've
never bean up English Bay before; don't know anything about it;
don't know there is an English Bay north of Point Grey, but
you can see Point Atkinson beyond Point Grey straight ahead.
Wall, you come up till you're alongside Point Grey, and then
keep on going north. You don't know there 'a any Indian houses
at Jerioho or anywhere else; don't know anything about it.
Well, how far out into the channel towards Point Atkinson
would you have to go before, on looking back, you could see
the Tndian houaea at Eyalmu (Locarno Beach) or E-eyelmu (Jerry's
Cove ) . ■

BYALMO August: "About more than half way from

JERICHO Point Grey to Point Atkinson. About the

same route aa the steamers take, outalde
the bell buoy on Spanish Banks, or about there. You would
have to be within a mile and a half of Point Atkinson."

Major Matthews: "Why would you have to
go ao far out?"

August: "Because the houses at Yalmough
(Locarno) were back from the beach aa far as from here to
across the street and mora— aa far aa from the City Hall to
the Model school from the beach— and there was a big clump
spruce, hemlock and crab apple trees out on the point at the
foot of Imperial Street, and the houses was hid behind the
trees. You would have to go a long way out towards Point
Atkinson before you could get far enough out to see the
Indian houses behind the trees. The houses were east of
Imperial Street and well back from the beach."

HOMULCHSSUN Major Matthews: "Well, how about over

here at Homulchesun; how close would
you have to go to Homulchesun before you could see the
Indian houses?"

August: "About a mile. Almost into
the Narrows."

135.

123

August JacK Khahtsahlano (cont'd).

Major Matthews: "Why so close? Couldn't
you see them if you were In your canoe or ship away out by
Spanish Banks?"

August: "No. You couldn't see anything
from out there. The houses was dark wood, no paint, no
whitewash, Just dark wood; old, been out in weather long time,
and hard to see from a distance. And they wasn't very high;
Just a few feet. Could not see them from four or five miles
away. Rave to come close, and they was hidden in the trees
on east bank of Homulchesun river (Capilano Creek). Lota of
short spruce, and crab apple trees down there. They hide the
houses. Crab apple grow about twenty feet high. To see the
Indian houses at Homulchesun from a canoe right out in English
Bay you would have to come as close as Ambleside. Those
Indian houses at Jericho must have been about nine hundred
feet long; about eighteen feet on the front side and fourteen
feet on the low side. But the Indian houses at Homulchesun
were smaller, sixty or eighty feet long, and not so high, and
the short spruce and crab apple trees were between them and the
river. The spruce and crab apples grow on the edge of the
river, both banks, and nobody could see through them and they
hid the houses on the east bank."

FIRST NARROWS

Major Matthews: "In those days was the
entrance to the First Narrows hard to find?"

August: "Must be, to a stranger."

Major Matthews: "What about False Creek?"

August: "Well, Just the same. Supposing
you was out in English Bay looking in, you'd think False Creek
was Just a little bay going in."

136

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136B

FELLING CEDAR TREE WITH STONE TOOLS

Indian method o f felling cedar tree wifh stone axe and
stone chisels; yew wood ordeev /torn wedg es.

I asked August if Squamish cut cedar slabs from standing tree. He grasped this sheet
of paper on my desk, and with a lead pencil drew a few hasty strokes. After his
departure I traced them over with India ink. He neither reads nor writes, and never
had a drawing lesson.

J. S. MATTHEWS, July, 1943.

136C

SUPPLEJACK'S GRAVE

"Supplejack's Grave" Chaythoos, First Narrows, circa. 1888. An ancient Indian
clearing, Chaythoos, i.e. "high bank" at Prospect Point at end of Pipe Line Road,
Stanley Park. Here stood the lodge of Chief Khat-sah-la-nogh, (Kitsilano), built of
cedar slabs split with stone hammers and horn wedges by the greatest natural carpenters
in North America. From this settlement Indians probably watched Capt. Vancouver
pass, 1792. Its precise location appears on the first map, made by Royal Engineers,
Feb. 1863, of "Government Reserve." Khaytulk or "Supplejack," son of Chief Khatsah-
lanogh demolished the lodge, and replaced it with a cottage, as shown, of sawn boards.
Khaytulk had two horses and twelve cows, and supplied milk, daily by canoe, to Hastings
Sawmill. Some cows wandered into the forest and became wild, and, after the Re-
serve became Stanley Park, frightened people, and were shot. The progenitors of the
herd given to Khaytulk, for services, by the Royal Engineers. Khaytulk died here, and
was buried, with ceremony, in a small canoe within a mausoleum, our first, of wood on
posts. Its glass windows were curtained with red blankets, as shown. Here, beside
the tomb, on 29 Oct. 1889, stood His Excellency Lord Stanley when he christened
Stanley Park, and, throwing his arms to the heavens, dedicated it to the use and enjoy-
ment of peoples of all colours, creeds, and customs for all time. The surveyor and
rodman, as shown, are surveying for Park Road around Stanley Park, and have cut
notch in corner of cottage, which together with barn, were demolished to permit road
to pass. Khaytulk's body remained some years, then removed by canoe to Bracken-
dale and finally to Po-kwi-la-sun, and tomb destroyed. In 1944, at the request of his
friend, Major J. S. Matthews, August Jack Khatsahlano, who cannot read or write, son
of Khaytulk, painted this from memory. He tells that the tomb was about ten feet
long, six feet wide, stood on cedar posts, and had hand split cedar shake roof. See
"Early Vancouver", Vol. Ill, etc.

136D

Chay-thoos. StankyTartt.

S^uaMitn tongu<^. e'ki'gK I>otK*» Pvoafrtct Point.

FtohK Mvrtfs'fcwtt, »*ferj»o*K* ea,v«c«A*v..

W+Ur fifty. . .....

"ftnk roadto lummifc of Citay-tkoos(ft'osp«ctP'^-:

Jlitt/e Yoorui fAfiteT^v s«Tnme*koui«aten«iof^i^</ineroa<i._ __ . _ . — _ _

Concrete (.ovttoT^dtmKmg t>oi«jk^ovkor.s««s -«Y«ct«t kjo . x^Jwv^jooi. cri»tei>^n.ttteoMr«is.

Were TtUL^orOpptnheimer o^cn«£ St«n/«y &,iK,Se^NB86,ane(.iowLS£anJ*y dtditattd. -Oct £B9fl. _ _ _ _ ^wyi.
>*V*r«tK'5 0RAvC(io»p/«jacKJonnou»o/ewniof ^-oott witfc canoe eontftiniflj jKxi^(lL*<<ie

Ckay-t^OQS, an ane/e^lncd'a-K. clearing.

XWian Aeuje j/to*n in survey by fork Timn^ Ttoyal EnginffTS.fit'b->hAV. I?bv
Oil tvn one tit Jri<A<.i a cftai mg, ffoutt 0»g< natty o/ l£ane MJ.t »fa t>&, ixilf fay ^ n '*£x"'*P'
Haatia lak-tiogk, but Ha<j-tulK($uppltj<uK f kit JOn.)wJiifst wot* rug at
^aittno* Sawmill, pdfltd! oM fiouie<{o«*n.,aTiolT<b«(/tit«»tk**rf5x^ J>^ 4 _^ to *-<>«- to '*
Lmixy, Su*veyoT*«fio^^«^ two boa id s tnnoWJttaftrorwj
Batn about; 23f**t/rom»«rbooae.^reeki«.Ti.
On* of thlt* 9£r*ami skown. L-n R.E.sunty itky

lb*/*,

ft*

5o^/ejacX'i(Wa^-tulK) ba-Yno^cetfar/^^SkaWes. 7We hoisnlwtlx* CO»'j^*<A.y&/ja- ^,.^-J

OittkfaiLwWi-t*Stan'eyTaYk^^^^'"9kieneoi J»«o^/e,an<i wrrt<£tj£Toy«4. «->,

<£*;

/fay- Cut ks URave."s U f.[>iejack'.
JiaatscL-Uk-vogiii home.

Stanley "Pa-rk opening, I 8SB,
Stanley Tat /f dedication.; 1 869

Ceremony of opening Stanley fttffc tookblac e.
on sma/l clearing of crass beside Supple jack's "mausoleum!

" f pft jflfl

(TtuyafO^nlni'mrf) Sej>t 1898. Vesication, Ott.i 88a ; loni 5tan/ey.
5ee conversations 'Early Vancouver' th^hi,,,,.

drawing by August Tack Haatsa-la.no \

Tu/y. Z£ I<fi7,

3kave1 La.t(t
ita.nfc\jTa.lK

%>W. \i\

~£ea*£L^ZZ ^ InK tiattii. over pencil 1.1

sKetckty AunuitTaelt Wa»i»ai«n.o,»ono/.Hay- Y\
tul K,gxm*l(o7i of CVef ^/oatialadnogfl^i'NifaJio) I
■Ki/fcl" sitlNno in. my garden tki\ evening, At a.
boy about e i^Ktj K.e was living in lusfai fieri
K«ute(rtau-tu/>t'r) Wien suyv«v°Ti zkopptj.. coH-l
ner o/j^vi^iJitsi/iveynigfoibropoMd "Pa-*k Roa.4. 1

136E

AR-MAT-SE, WEARING HAT AND DRESS OF CEDAR BARK

Quatsino Indian maiden, 1900. Hat and dress entirely of cedar bark; trimmed with
fur. Shell necklace, bracelets and anklet, and wicker "shopping" basket.

136F

FAITHFUL JIM, DROWNED IN FRASER RIVER, 1902

136G

BURRARD'S INLET, 1868,
NOW LOST LAGOON, STANLEY PARK

Georgia st

Robson St &

Coal Harbour, 1868, looking magnetic north from Robson Street produced Squamish
Indian huts, built with cedar slabs, split with stone hammers and stone chisels by the
greatest natural carpenters in North America. Squamish always built roofs with one
slope only. Six canoes, one long fishing spear. Canoes crossed from Second Beach
at high tide and are safe from storms.

136H

124

THE WORD "SHUSH" The epithet "Siwash", i.e., sauvage, the
French for savage, ia highly resented by
most Squamish Indians, and always has been.

AUGUST JACK KHAHTSAHLANO (Eitsilano) says
he feels no resentment.

Sept. 4th. 1942 .

In conversation with Mrs. Ifasie Armitage-Moore, over the phone
today, she told me of a conversation she had just had with that
fine Indian, August Jack Khahtsahlano , in the honor of whose
grandfather Eitsilano is named.

Mrs. Armitage-Mbore: "What do you think
August has just told me. He says that when whitemen
call him Siwash, or he hears other Indians called by
that name, he does not feel hurt."

"He says that when the wind is in the tree
tops that it sighs (i.e. 'Si'), and that when the waves
dash on the shores it washes (i.e., 'wash'); hence,
'Siwash*. Don't you think that a pretty story?"

NOTE: Indians were, contrary to general belief, much
given to washing themselves. One old pioneer told me
they 'always seem to be on the beach bathing*. further,
they are great students of nature—have a high regard for
the forest and its mysteries— and the 'songs' the wind
sings in the tree tops. It seems to me that August's
Interpretation gives a delightful and romantic atmosphere
to "Siwash Rock", about which 'the wind sighs and the
waves wash.'

J.S.Matthews.

137

125

CONCERNING AHRIVAL OF NARV^Ky. , 1791. AT VANCOUVSR.

Conversation with August Jack Khahtaahlano

who came to wish us a Merry Christmas
at City Archives.

19th December 1942 ,
NOTE: Mr. Khahtaahlano la now about sixty-seven years old.
He la a very responsible Indian, a fine character, and la prob-
ably the best Informed Indian now living on early Indian his-
tory of Burrard Inlet. He is a natural born historian, and,
though he cannot read or write, he can draw, and even paint
well in color, and alao understands charts. August spent the
day after the "fire, 1886," looking over the ruins of Van-
couver. His father waa Xhay-tulk, who, about 1876, was hur-
ried with great ceremony in a mausoleum of wood at the end
of the Pipe Line Boad, Stanley Park, Later, hia mother,
Qwhy-what, married Chinalset, or "Jericho Charlie," another
fine Indian, who was employed by Rogers, and afterwards Eras-
er, of Jerry's Cove (Jericho) to freight supplies to the
logging camp from the Hastings Sawmill atore, and August
made countless trips with his step-father in the big five
ton freight canoe. Both Chinalset and Q,why-what told August
much early history, and August, with an excellent memory,
waa deeply interested.

MAJOR MATTHEWS ; (With Narvaez'a chart, photographa of

Jericho, admiralty charts, and modern
maps of Vancouver apread before August) "August, tell me
about Jericho and Capllano in early daya. Suppose you were
on the beach below the cliffa at PolntGrey— looking east-
could you see Indian houses at Capllano and Jericho; at
Homulchesun and EyalmuT"

AUGUST; "No. You can't see through a hill; nor

trees. You'd have to go a mile—more than
a mile— out Spanish Banks before you could anchor. If you stay
on beach you can't see Jericho. You can't see through all them
trees. And, Capllano (Homulchesun), that'a too far away.
Houses too small, wrong color, to see. You could see where
they was, but couldn't see them. That's long time ago."

| mm MTTHEWS : "August, you know Imperial Street. Look

at theae photos." (Leonard Frank, No*
13975 and 13983, Sept. 1930) "This is the golf course look-
west from the Club House, twelve years ago; looking west
from the old cove towards Locarno Park cedar and fir trees.
Tell me, where waa the old potlatch house? The great big long
one the Indians lived in before the white men came— the one
the warship pulled down and took part of it away."

138

ise

AUGUST; "It nas about two hunted feet back from the

beach, on the sand heap. It was orer
there (pointing), somewhere back of where they built the first
air station, back from the beach. They cuts down a lot of
trees though, what used to be there. The warship pulls the
old pot latch house down. But when I was a little boy I used
to "ride" on what they left; roof pieces, long thick slabs
of cedar — forty feet long, six Inches thick and eighteen in-
ches wide— very thick cedar. They was in the water and I got
on top and paddled with my hands* But on this side (east
side) of Imperial Street there wasn't many trees— all muskeg
and swamp and bushes. "

MAJOR MATTHEWS ; "Well supposing you were out in English

Bay, over in the middle, just sailing about.
How far would you have to go east of Jericho before you could
see back at the potlatch house hidden behind the trees at the
foot of imperial Street?"

AUGUST; "You'd have to go right over to Point At-

kinson, and then go east. You 'couldn't
anchor nearer than a mile off Point Grey and then you'd have
to go east to about a mile off Siwash Hock, about opposite
Hollyburn, before you could look back and see the old potlatch
house. Because the trees at Imperial Street would hide them."

HL7 W MftTTHEWS; "Well, this chart, here (Admiralty Chart,

1893) shows Indian houses at Jerry's
Covsj right here on the west bank of the core — across the
core from Angus Eraser's camp, Just a few yards."

AUGUST; (annoyed) "Oh, that's not where the pot-

latch house was* That's my step- father's
house and Burns'. (Indian). My step-father's house, Charlie,
about sixty feet long, and made of sawn boards from the Hast-
ings Sawmill, and white; whitewashed. That's not the old
Indian houses. The old potlatch house was away west of that;
west of the core three or four hundred yards, on the sand
bank, about two hundred feet back from the water. Very old
cedar slab-house. Nobodies lives in it. Long time ago
everybody live in it. First white man that come never see
Indian house st Jerry's Cove. It's not there. It's not
built."

HOMOLC

wmaiim ^

MAJOR MATTHEWS; "Well, we're out on the
beach at Point Grey and we're looking to-
wards First Narrows. Look at this chart*
Look at this photo from Point Grey. See
how Ferguson Point sticks out very prominently and you can't
see Prospect Point at all. Suppose you didn't know there was
an entrsnce there, what would you think if you've never been
there, and never seen before?"

139

127

AUGUST; "Well, If you didn't know about First Nar-

row* you'd think it was a big bay, and

that Siwaah Bock waa a aharp point." (cape)

MAJOR MATTHB»3 ;

"The chart aaya the Indiana' houaea are on
the eaat bank of Capilano Creek."

AUGUST; "That'a where they were. Only Lahwa (Chief

Lahwa), he had hia houae on the weat bank,

but it was white— -whitewashed, aawn boards from Hastings saw-
mill. But if you were at Point Grey you couldn't aee the
Indian houaea at Hoaulchesun. Could see where they were, but
they too far away. Tou could aee where they were better if
you were half way to Point Atkinson."

MAJOR MATTOBKS:

"And they were only one atorey, very low.
What color would they bet"

AUGUST ; "Cedar color, old cedar color, no paint.

Not quite black, kinda reddish. They not

very high, only about twenty feet or bit more. Nobody could
see them from Point Grey. If tiiey was white- you could aee
white spots, but theya almost black. The first white men to
come must have come pretty cloae to old oedar houses at Homul-
chesun. Tou would have to go close. They was hidden by the
crab apple trees. Indiana don't cut crab apple trees on weat
side of Capilano Creek. They keep those trees for shelter
from the wind. What time of year was the first white man
here?"

MA JOR MATTHEWS :
AUGUST;

•July." (1791)

•Oh I

He couldn't aee those houses at

Homulchesun. He must have come pretty

nd the

close. In July the leaves would hide the houses, a
houses was old cedar color. He must have come close . "

MAJOR MATTHEWS:

"But he didn't find the opening to the
Narrows."

AUGUST* "May be. What would he want to go into

"^ Hollyburn wharf for?" He's Just sailing,

around. He sees a big bay with Indian houses in the middle.
He thinks its Just a big bay. He know nothing about First
Narrows, and trees all down Prospect Point. He thinks its
just another point, so be goes away."

"Good. Thanks. Just what I wanted."
(Gives him #1*25 for to buy himself a
tt to his liking.)

TOR
Christmas

'August is a charming man, one of nature's gentlemen. 1

City Arohives, City Hall,
Vancouver, 19th December, 1942.

City Archivist.

140

128

"JERICHO CHARLIE '3" INDIAN CANOE IN STANLEY PARK
End of Pipe Line Road.

Excerpts from letters (as to the date thia canoe waa brought to
Vancouver from the Bonghees Reserre, Victoria.)

May 85th. 1943.

Letter, W.A.. Newcombe to Provincial ArchiTes:
"A. possible date la Sept. 1803, when the belongings of
Chief Scomlak, who died the previous year, were distrib-
uted."

"Chief Michael was chief of the Songish for many years."
"In 1887 the "Active" was lost with 28 Neah Bay Indians."
"in. 1895 another schooner was lost . "

May 29th. 1943.

Letter, Provincial Archives to City Archives:
"An account of the death of Chief Michael Cooper says
that he became chief in 1894."

As August Jack Khahtsahlano was born about the
end of 1877, and aa he says he was a 'boy about nine* when he
rowed up from Victoria to Vancouver in the canoe, the canoe
must hsve come to Vancouver about 1887, which would co-incide
with the loss of the "Active", and the consequent ten widows
who sold the canoe to Jericho Charlie.

Or, they may have kept it until 1893, when
Chief Scomlak, having died, Chief Michael was distributing the
belongings.

In any ease, the Neah Bay, Cape Flattery, canoe
could not have been brought to Vancouver before 1887 .

141

129

"Early Vancouver", vol. 6, p. 179.
Conversation with August Jack Khahtsehlano.
kindly brought me a basket of blackberries.

August very

City Archives,
9th July 1943.

Major Matthews: "How much?"
August: "Four pounds; all you're going
to get this year. No blackberries; all
I go all along .Vest Vancouver; that's all 1 could
No more. a No blackberries this year. And cherries.
No cherries; just few."

BLACKBERRIES. 1943

*E3T VANcawte —

gone
find

MAKING CgTlAR ST.ABS

' J& Cedar caN6e

Major Matthews: "August, did Indian cut
cedar slab without falling tree; cut cedar
slab from live cedar tree?"

August:

"Sure they did.

Major Matthews:

"How?*

August: "Well. Tou see this. (taking
pencil and drawing). They pick a good cedar tree; the one
they want; it leans a bit. A'ell. They put in an under
cut, like this. Cut about half way through to the middle.
Then they drive a small wedge; small wedges; yew wood
wedges, or deer's horn. The tree begins to fall. It splits
right up."

"Tou see, it split open while its standing
up, and then it falls. Drive in the wedges; then the tree
split right up to top, and then it breaks when the split goes
so far. It goes so far till it gets there, and then it
breaks."

"Don't you see? The whole weight of
the tree is on the uncut half; the half they did not cut, and
it breaks away up. Then the piece the Indiana want hits the
ground. About half the tree — other half remain standing up,
like spike. Then they cut the piece what's on the ground
Just the length they want for canoe; for anything; for cedar
slab. For what they want it for, such as shakes, cedar
shakes."

INDIAN CANOES Major Matthews: "First time I ever

heard about this. Do they do that when
they want log for canoe?"

August: "Kh, eh. Yes."

Major Matthews: "Is it big enough?"

142

130

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 180. Khahtaahlano (cont'd).

August: "They's alwaya pick the right
sized tree. The canoe is only half the log, and they's got
the best part of the log on the ground, and they'a cut off the
part they want for the canoe."

Major Matthews: "How long would it take
them to cut it down with a stone hanmer and stone chisel?"

INDIAN MY QT August: "May be one man one month and

LABOR canoe finished— if he works every day from

daylight to sunset. No eight hours in those Indian days. I
remember, not my grandfather — he died before — but another man
old enough to be my grandfather. I see him put a handkerchief

around his head. Then he's got a little
INDIAN TOO IS basket like that, with all his little

wooden wedges in it, and he go off to work."

Major Matthews: "Whst sort of a chisel?"

August: "Well, they's used to use ohale —
like slate, it's hard, but when I»se a boy they»s got iron."

Major Matthews: "//here did they make the
canoes?"

August: "Any place where there»s a good
tree. '.■"hen the canoe made, take it to the beach—not take the
log to the beach. Ho horse, no mule, all hand power."

NOTE BY J>g»M.

Mr. Khahtsahlano (August Jack Khahtaahlano is his
legal name, and as such is registered under the "Change
of Names Act", Vital Statistics Record Office, Parliament
Buildings, Victoria) shows in his drawing that, after a
suitable tree was selected, a cut was put in severing the
trunk to s depth of about half way through or more.
Wedges were then driven in at a point where the cut was
deepest, on both sides of the trunk, with the rssult that,
due to the weight of the leaning trunk on the uncut portion
of the tree, asaisted by the force of the wedges in creat-
ing the commencement of a split, the split ultimately
ran up the trunk, and this caused the half which had beam
cut through to swing out at the bottom, and the top of the
tree to lean still more until, finally, it toppled over.
The uncut portion broke near the top when the pressure and
weight exceeded its strength to resist. At the conclusion
of the operation, the log lay on the ground with most of

143

131

"Barly Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 180.

the branchee of the tree still attached, and the uncut
portion still stood upright as a tapering spike broken
at the top.

City Archives, J.S. Matthews.

City Hall, ath Aiipiat 1945.

Vancouver.

144

132

"Early VancouTer", Vol. 6, p. 225.

Conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano, who came this
morning to the City Archives bringing with him a painting
on a piece of paper depicting "Chaythoos", at the end of the
Pipe Line Road, First Narrows, Stanley Park, the former home
of hia father, Xhay-tulk, or 'Supplejack* and showing the
cottage, barn, and Khay-tulk'a Mausoleum of wood on cedar

posts.

25th March, 1944.

lYTHOOS" Major Matthews: "What's this, August?
PPLSJACK'S Did you draw it for me. Chaythoos?
OT Fine. Very good of you; tell me.

August: "That's my father's grave at
the end of the Pipe Line Road; at Chaythoos. This lean-to
on the left here is the stable where we kept twelve cows,
and two horses; two pigs, no sheep. And in the middle is
the house; our house, made of old fashioned boards, one by
twelve (inches). 1 suppose we got them at the sawmill;
old boards from some sawmill. And this on the right here
la my father's grave."

glAKyg ^* Bir "One morning, when we were having break-
PARK ROAD fast, somebody hit the outside of the

house, and my sister Louise— she la older
than I waa, and 1 ran out and said to a whiteman, 'what are
you doing?' I was quite a big boy then. The whiteman aald
he waa going to build a road. There were two of them. They
were surveying and they had a surveying rod with them. They
cut off the corner of our house; just a little bit, ao that
they could see where to put their survey line. You can see
here, 1 have marked it in the peinting, and here la the man
with the thing he cakes the survey with. They cut a notch
in the corner of the house. You can see it here. And the
man between the house and the grave is holding the survey rod.
The man said that when the road goes by here you are going to
have lots of money. They said 'Pay to go through your
place'. But they have not paid yet."

"The house was covered with cedar shake
shingles, hand split. And the grave where my f ether was
burled, it had a cedar shake roof, too. And it was on cedar
posts. it waa about ten feet long, and about six feet wide,
and lota of room inside for a coffin. And there were glass
windows all around. The coffin was covered with a red
blanket. (It la strange, but, previously, August has always
told me hia father waa burled in a canoe.) I don't remem-
ber them building it becauae I waa born the day my father
died. The road around the park did not touch ny father's
grave, ao they left it there, but when it came we had to move

145

133

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 226. Khahtaahlano (cont'd).

away. We had to move out of the houae and they tore It down,
but they left the grave for a long time; until after Lord
Stanley named the park. Then they took the coffin up to
Squamiah.

RE-BURIAL OF "They took the coffin up to Squamiah, and
'SUPPLEJACK* he waa buried at Brackendale, at flrat,

and then we had to move him again to
Pookalosum (sic) at Squamiah. The reason waa that the water
came in and waahed away part of the cemetery at Brackendale,
and we had to rebury the remains at Pookaloaum (sic); two
miles above Brackendale."

"The red curtains on the windows of the
grave at Chaythoos were blankets. Tou could see through the
glass into the inaide, but you could not see the coffin be-
cause the red blanket was over it."

8th May. 1944.

P. 227.

PLACE OF BIRTH August came carrying with him his framed
CHAYTHOOS. NOT 3NAUQ copy of his declaration of, 1 think 1938,

anyway before the 'Change of Names Act'
came into force, in which he renounces the name of August
Jack, and assumes for himself and his descendants the name of
August Jaok Khahtaahlano, which name was formally sworn to
under oath before a notary public, and lodged with the Vital
Statistics branch, Vicgorla. It atates that he declares
that he was born at Snauq, an Indian Village at the False
Creek Indian Reserve. He now wishes to retract this, as he
says "everybody tells me I was born at Chaythoos", Stanley
Park, (an Indian clearing where his father lived, also known
as "Supplejack'a Grave"; where Lord Stanley dedicated the
park.)

"I explained to August that he had sworn
to a place of birth under oath, and it would take another oath
to alter that, and that copies would have to be lodged at the
record office in Viotorla, and that our frames would have to
be undone and fixed up again, and that I was not pleased with
the prospect of proving that a man who was, in fact if not in
name, Chief Kitallano, was born in Stanley Park; it would be
■ore in keeping if ha was born in Kitallano. Whether August
caught that paint or not I do not know, but finally he said
•too much bother* • He decided not to have any change made.

INDIAN MEDICINES Then I asked him to tell me about Indian

medic inea before the white man came.
So he said:

146

134

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 227. Khehtsahlano (cont'd).

August: "It depends upon the kind of
sickness you have got as to what medicines the Indians took
before the whltemen came."

"If its rheumatism, you use nettles roots;
nice and clean. Get a hammer and smash them up, and boll
them — don't boil them too much— and wash your aching leg with
the water and the roots (he indicated rubbing both hands up
and down his thigh, as though rolling a poultice of hot roots
and water.) ITash the legs with the roots and water before
you go to bed — hot, not cold. Rub them up and down, good
rubbing, and rub, too, all over body, shoulders, sides, all
over. It'a good for rheumatism."

"If you got cold; use vine maple and
soft maple roots. The roots which go east are the biggest;
may be four Inches thick, and use the bark; vine maple and
soft maple bark off the roots, not off the tree. Boll them;
strain them good. Put them in something to hold the liquid,
and drink it. Drink it whenever you want; every four hours;
any time you want a drink, drink it."

"If you got stomach ache, use devil club.
Take the bark and boil him; you got to beat him all the
time; keep the liquid. Throw away the devil club and keep
the water. Then drink it. Lots of people, when they eat,
everything too sweet. Cannot eat. Then they use that too,
devil club." (Note: See Dr. Carter's remarks.)

"If you got headache, and are too hot,
Jump in the cold water in the creek. That'a what the Indiana
do. If you go to a creek and get in, you get cold slow and
easy; not fast like a shower bath. Jump in the creek, get
in and get out again, but your clothes on, and go for a fast
walk."

"Lumbago. I don't know, but theys got
stuff in the mountains, hard to gst, high up, it grows like
corn, the leaves are just like corn leaves, but there's no
corn on the stem. Away up in the mountains."

"Dry it, and use saw to cut it up, and
it comes out sawdust from teeth of saw. One spoonfull of
that stuff. It has big roots, bigger than your thumb, and
they dry it. Don't use the leaves; just the roots. Use a
saw; have paper underneath to catch the sawdust. Save the
sawdust, and then put it in hot water; you don't have to
boll him. It's poison; you cannot drink it; just rub It.

147

135

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 228. Khahtaehlano (cont'd).

I got it at home. My wife uae it all the time for lumbago;
uae it for bruiaea. You remember, long time ago, they play
lacroaae in Stanley Park (Brockton Point Ground*). Well,
you get hit. Rub him on; do good."

fISH OILS Major Matthews: "Did the Indians use

OILS AS MEDICINE fish oila as medicine before the white-
mans come?"

August: "Never use fish oil; never in
my tribe, the Squamiah, never use fish livers. Up north the
Indians use lota oollchan oil, but not down here with the
Squamiah. I cannot think of any part of a fish they uae as
medicine.

(NOTE: At thia point I 'phoned Dr. Neal M. Carter of
the Dominion Fisheries Experimental Station, and reminded
him that some time ago—about a year— he aaked me to find
out something about Indian notions of the efficacy of
fish oila aa food. After some discussion he aaked me to
ask August two queationa. )

1. Did the Indians consider that fish oil had any ef-
ficacy in the prevention of colds; did they take ooll-
chan oil with the idea of preventing colda?

Anawer by Auguat: "No".

2. Did he know what a rat flah was, and could he say
if the Indiana, before the whltemen came, uaed to rub
it on their limba, and so on to relieve stiffness or
bruiaea. (After aome discusaiona aa to whether Dr.
Carter meant catfish, and August demonstrating with
hia hands a fish about 12 inches long, whioh he said
waa 'pearly* outside, and Dr. Carter replying that it
waa 'pearly' and had a little white bulb on its noae,
which Auguat aaid he did not recall on a catfish, and
aome uncertainty as to what Dr. Carter meant by rat-
fish).

Anawer by Auguat "No".

Major Matthewa: "Then what do you put
on when you get hurt, and when you're atiff after long time
paddle in canoe?"

Auguat: "I juat told you; that stuff
we gat up in the mountains— that corn stuff."

NOTE: Tears ago, August told me that, when the first
whltemen came they gave the Indians molasses, and the
Indiana, not knowing that it was good to eat, rubbed it

148

136

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 229. Khahtaahlano (cont'd).

on their legs to relieve the stiffness after long time
paddle in the canoe. iihich provea that August is like
other men, and makes mistakes, forgets, and has all the
weakness of Indians and whites alike and common, re-
gardless of color of skin. The Indians undoubtedly
mistook the molasses for oollchan oil.

At this point Or. Carter asked me to ask him about
devil's club* So, as August had just been speaking of
devil's club, and I had typed what he said as he said it.
I read the forepart of this where devil's club is men-
tioned.

Dr. Carter replied: "Just exactly what I wanted,
and with this advantage, that he has made the statement
before my question waa asked. Tou see, that condition
of sweetness to the taste is a condition of diabetes;
things taste too sweet, and here your Indian friend
confirms something I'll tell you about which may in-
terest you. Do you happen to remember that same years
ago two Prince Rupert doctors claimed that devil's club
was a good treatment for diabetes. That, apparently,
is what the Indiana asserted long ago; anyway, that, in
effect is what your Indian friend says by inference."

P. 230.
GOAT HAJB HLANKET3 At this point Dr. Raley came in, and
STAITWOUK. [blue mud) asked August if he had any goat hair

blankets and how the Indian women
wesved them.

August: "They takes mud, and rubs
it in the goat hair (demonstrates making a 'pie' of goat hair
and mud), and then when it's still wet, they rolls it (into
yarn) on their knee."

Major Matthews: "Tou mean Second
Beach; it's name "Staitwouk", where they used to get the
blue mud and then make it into a big ball of mud, and put in
fire, and after ita burned it turns white, and is like talcum
powder?"

August: "That's the stuff, Staitwouk.
Afterwards, not wash it out of the blankets. It gets dry;
shake the blanket, and its drops out like dust. That's how
the womena makes goat hair blankets; mix the hair with mud.
The mud separates the hairs, and then the women can roll It
(into goat hair yarn).

149

137

ConTersatlon with August Jack Khahtsahlano, son of
Khay-tulk, grandson of Chief Khahtsahlanoough, in whose honor
the suburb of Kitsllano is named.. August came, unheralded, to
the City Archives, carrying a big brown paper bag, which he set
upon the floor.

80th February, 1947.

INDIAN atQBfflHft . Major Matthews, (seated at his desk),

Miggg, INdTanT "Hello, August 1 1 sit down".

MiWUMi. MAJOR J. S.

IT. (August, smiling but silent, seats

ID. GOV-GEN. himself at the other side of his desk.
TSILANO BKACH. ~ ~ He looks tired. His face is palid,

almost white. For some extraordinary
reason, August has been losing his Indian brown complexion.
Tor years it has gradually been getting whiter and whiter, until
he is now whiter than many Europeans. August remains silent,
Just smiling.)

Major Matthews: "What have you been
doing to yourself, August, you look pale. Have you been
using whitaman's soap again and washed all the brown off your
face. That's what you've been doing, August, You've been
washing yourself with soap and you've washed all the color off;
washed your face white. How do you feel?"

August: (Smiling) "Oh, alright some-
times. 1 *

Major Matthews: "What are you up to
n0W',Auguat? 1*11 bet your up to some trick. What's in the
paper bag?"

(August goes over, picks up the bag,
lays it on the table, and, delving into its depths, brings
forth an Indian headdress, new; one he has made himself, a
thunderbird'e beak adorned with colored markings and cedar
bark for hair down the baok.)

Major Matthews: (With much intel-
ligence, he knows by experienoe the proper thing to say),
"How much?"

August: "Twenty dollars."

major Matthews: (Protesting) "Oh!
August, have mercy, only fifteen last time."

Miss Nina King (interjecting) "Will
you have a cup of tea and some cake?"

August: "Please."

150

138

Major Matthews: (Trying on head-
dress) "Miss King, have a cheque for fifteen dollars made
out. August, this is like the one they put on Lord Alexander,
Governor-General, down at Kits llano Beach last sumaer. Miss
King, bring me the photo of the mask they gave Lord Alexander."
(Miss King brings it.) "Look, August, not quite the same
markings} same shape, different markings. I'm glad; I don't
want the same as given Lord Alexander; not right."

August: "I make mask from memory.
If I have that photo I make same as Lord Alexander. I work
from memory; six months."

Major Matthews: (Holding mask on
his head) "When I've got this mask on, August, am I a Chief?"

August: "Skwa-yoos." (All present
laugh). ("Skwa-yoos" is the Indian name for Kitailano Beach
where Major Matthews lives.")

Major Matthews: (Holding mask on
head, rising and walking about). "Alright, August, after
this, when I've got this mask on I'm 'Chief Skwa-yoos."*

151

139

May 1st, 1947.

KHAHT3AHLAN0 . This afternoon I asked my assistant, Miss
AUGUST JACK. Nina o. King, to call on Mrs. Armitage-Moore,
I.e. 'Massie', at the Standard Bank Building,
and pick up some 'NATIVE VOICE*, newspapers; the new publica-
tion of the native Canadians. (Indians.) When she arrived
my old friend, August Jack Khahtsahlano, was sitting there
waiting. Kiss King spoke to him. He was just sitting, in
his calm quiet way, 'wearing* as usual a most benevolent smile.
Kiss King tells me the conversation was interrupted by some one
who asked of lfr. Khahtsahlano, "What are you doing these days?"

August answered, slowly and softly, to this
common-place question, "Sating, sleeping, working". And then
he smiled again.

(The old Indian, a born gentleman, is always
very lucid, wise, precise and concise. He has been busy
lately— 'these days*} "eating, sleeping and working."
Which is precisely what he has been. J

J.S. Matthews

152

INDIAN MISSION, NORTH VANCOUVER, 1889.
SQUAMISH NAME "USTLAWN"

"The Mission" Church and assembly hall. Lamp posts with coal oil lamps,
dugout canoes, many not visible. Lamp posts with coal oil lamps.

Eleven

152A

152B

CHIEF KHAHTSAHLANOGH'S MASK.
(THE GREAT GRANDFATHER)

In 1942 owned by great grandson, August Jack, of Homulchesun. Old man Chief
Khahtsahlanogh's mask. See "Conversations with Khahtsahlano", 12th June, 1942.

152C

CHIEF KHAHTSAHLANO'S MASK
(THE GRANDFATHER)

152D

KHAY-TULK'S MASK

In 1942 owned by his grandson, August Jack, of Homulchesun. See "Conversations with
Khahtsahlano", June 12, 1942.

152E

KHAY-TULK'S MASK

152F

UPPER: POTLATCH AT QUAMICHAN

Waiting for the potlatch to commence, when the Chiefs distribute blankets seen on the
stage.

LOWER: POTLATCH AT QUAMICHAN

Blankets being thrown from the stage.

152G

UPPER: SWY-WHEE

or Death Dance, Quamichan.

LOWER: POTLATCH AT QUAMICHAN

Death dancers, masked.

152H

140

Conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano, my old friend
of years, who lives at the Capilano Indian Reserve, his home
almost directly under the First Narrows Bridge— to the east
of it, where he lives with his demure little lady and wife,
Mary inn, or "Swanamia".

August Khahtsahlano will be 72 next November, (1949).
The longer I know August the more respect and admira-
tion 1 have for him. He is as kindly a gentleman—
and a wise one, too— as ever I knew. He came strol-
ling in this morning to see me; nothing special on his
mind.

KHAHTSAHLANO.

AtTg Q ST JaCkT

MANATIA

MENATALOT

May 16th. 1949 .

Major Matthews: "What does this mean?
It says here on this Baptismal certif-
icate of yours signed by Father Fregonne
in 1879, that you are the son of Shinoat-
set (Chinalaet) and Menatalot. When you
were a small boy didn't they call you
Menatalot, because you were a baby, and had not been named yet?"

Khahtsahlano: "I don't know positively
who Menatalot was. She must have been a godmother. If so,
she must have been a Sechelt woman. When I was a very little
boy I was called Manatia, Man-at-ia. Menatalot might have
been a half-sister."

Major Matthews: "Pretty name."

Khahtsahlano: "Then, when I was about
twelve, they called me Stay-maulk, Stay-maugh, Staymaughlk. "

give up.'

Major Matthews: (Impetuously) "Oh, I
(He had been trying to repeat August's pronunciation.)

Khahtsahlano: "Tou'll have to get your
tongue set right; so that it will click like mine." (Fin-
ally, the best Major Matthews can do is "Stay-maulk. " ) So,
after a time, they may, "Tou getting tired of that name?
Tired of Stay-maulk t We'll give you another name. So,
they had a potlatch at Snauq., False Creak, and called me
Khahtsahlano • *

153

141

Conversation with Mr. August Jack Khahtsahlano, of
Capllano Indian Reserve, where he lives with his wife, Mary
Ann, or Swanamia (her Squamish name) who very kindly called
at my home, 1158 Arbutus Street, Kitsllano, this afternoon,
for a chat. We took easy chairs and sat out on the lawn
under the trees. Mr. Khahtsahlano, grandson of Old Chief
Khahtsahlanogh, In whose honor (♦Kitsllano' , Vancouver, is
named, will be 72 next November (1949). He was born on the
False Creek Indian Reserve, son of Khay-tulk, or •Supplejack',
and his wife Qwhy-wat. He is six feet tall; his hair has
been Jet black. Although he does not read or write, he is
the best informed Indian I know of, and his remarks on Indian
life, customs, and lore are very reliable. J.S.M.

21st May, 1949.

KHAHTSAHLANO, Major Matthews; (Fingering August's hair
AU6tfsT Jac YT - as he sat.) ""What's this, Khahtsahlano?
White hairs?" (Just a few.)

August; (Smiling.) "I must be getting old."

Ma j or Ma 1 1 hew s ; "Good gracious I What's
happened to your hands? They're whiter than mine. What have
you been doing to them?"

(Mr. Khahtsahlano' s hands were formerly as brown as any Indian's
hands, but are now as white as any European's.)

August : "Been using too much whiteman's soap,
I guess, and washed all the color out." (of his skin)

INDI AN BABIES . Major Matthews; "August, you tokd me once

WTO OT.' that from three to five thousand Indians

lived in and about Burrard Inlet and Howe
Sound before the whitemans came. How many Indian babies do
you suppose would be born in twelve months — one year? Do
you think one hundred babies would be born?"

August ; "One hundred! More than that;
more than one hundred. Healthy babies, too."

Major Matthews; "They had no hospitals, no
doctors, no nurse. What did they do when a baby came?
Whitemans got hospitals, doctors, nurses; big fuss when baby
come. Nurses got white clothes, tie something over their
mouth so's baby no breathe nurse's breath; got to look at

154

142

baby through glass window up at Grace Hospital. flhat do you
think about that?"

August; "Indian womans not have baby in
house. When Indian womans going to have baby she go out.
Too much noise in house. Go somewhere where it is quiet; in
house too much noise. No doctor, no nurse, but lots friends.
Another woman's help."

Major Matthews: "Well, where did she go?
Go out in the cold; go out in the rain?"

August; "Klis-kwis. Make klis-kwis. In
some quiet place. Maybe, if Indian woman what's going to
have baby is strong, she make klis-kwis herself. Have baby in
klis-kwis. Quiet."

(A klis-kwis is a sort of tent, made of poles covered
with closely woven mats of cedar bark, etc., commonly
used when Indians travel, especially In summer.)

Major Matthew; "You think many baby die?"

August; "Nooooooo. Baby healthy. Now,
babies got T.B. But those babies healthy. No. T.B. Not
feed baby out of bottle; no bottle. Not get milk out of
can. Theys got no canned milk. Theys give mother stuff to
drink; make it from herbs* They put hot water on her breasts.
Make it (Poultice) with cedar bark; that's to make milk come.
No bottle for Indian baby; theys healthy. Now all the time
T.B."

PIGS0N3. WILD . Major Matthews; "August, I've been reading
a book written long time ago — 1862— nearly
hundred years ago. ( "TRAVELS IN BRITI8H COLOMBIA. " 1862. by
Capt. C.E. Barrett-Lennard . Page 160: "Vast flocks of wild
pigeons are occasionally seen." ) And it says that there
used to be lots of wild pigeons. Tou remember telling me,
long time ago, about wild pigeons? How big were those
pigeons?"

August; "About as big as a tame pigeon.
One time lots of pigeons. They not stay; they just feed and
go on to next place. Where there be lots of berries they
come; lots of pigeons. Then, after they eat berries, they
go. They go some other place where there are more berries.
Pigeons not stop in same place all the time."

155

143

Conversation with August Jack Khahtaahlano, of Lower Capllano
Indian Reserve, who, in response to my invitation to check
the genealogy sheet of the Capllano family which I have pre-
pared, called at the City Archives.

Mr. Khahtaahlano came carrying a long duck spear, a pole
seven feet and three and one-half inches long, of wood
with a finger piece at one end, and a three pronged
fork of three iron spikes, eight and one-half inches each,
and with each spike jagged, at the other end. He laid

it down.

August 15th. 1954 .

SPEAR TOR Major Matthews: "What's this, August?"

ptfcfed

Mr. Khahtsahlano : "Duck spear; for
spearing ducks. It too long, so I cut it short so can bring
it in bus. Willie made it. It been standing outside long
time, standing in the earth, and the ends rotted, so I cut the
rotten end off and put the iron spears back and bind them on.
See how I bind it!" (He used cherry tree bark).

Major Matthews: "How much did you cut
off? How long was it before you cut it? Sorry you cut it."

Mr. Khahtsahlano: "I cut off about fif-
teen feet. It was about twenty-six feet long when Willie
made it."

(Note: Willie was his brother, Indian name Khaytulk, the
same as their father Khay-tulk, or as known to white men,
Supplejack.)

Major Matthews: "Use it in canoe? Sneak
up on duck at night, with little pitch fire on platform with
mud on the bow?"

Mr. Khahtsahlano: -Yes."

Major Matthews: "Give it a twist and
break duck's neck?"

Mr. Khahtsahlano: "No. Just spear him."

Major Matthews: "How much I owe you?"

Mr. Khahtsahlano: "Nothing. I owe you."

156

144

CAPILANO FAMILY GENEALOGY.

August 13. 1954 .

pMULCHETON Major Matthews: "August, Andy Paull

CAiULANO CREEK writs a lot of silly stuff about the Capil-

ano family. About how "Old Man" Ki-ap-a-
la-no met Captain Cook in 1782; three years after Captain was
murdered. They put up a big gravestone at the North Vancouver
Indian Cemetery to Mrs. Chief Tom, that is, Tutamaht, with a
lot of historical rubbish on it. What do you know about all
this?" (explains it to him as August cannot read.)

^SI m ^ Ur ' Khahtaahlano: "I don't know who was

mm. uhiE ? TOM the Indian chief who met Captain Vancouver.

No one does; too far baok. I do not re-
member "Old Man" Ki-ap-a-lano; never see him. ix>n»t know
anything about Paytsmauq, brother to the old chief, or half
brother. I remember Chief Lahwa. He drown— somebody's push
him overboard. Mary Jane's father, and Edith's, her sister,
was a white man. They not full Indian. Chief Mathias's son
Buffalo, has no Indian name. Mathlas say he has. I say he
has not. He never given an Indian nam."

H gHE'?gJgl JJ ]f WMM BA11 nonsense about Capilano Creek not
HOMOXCEEaON CRggg having an Indian name. The Indian village
was Homulchesun, and the creek was Homulch-
esun Creek. Squamish not separate them and give one name to
the creek and another to their houses. That would be silly.
The village and the creek Just one place—Homulchesun."

IgSSipiLmE "Nobodies much live at "The Mission",

N0 R ™ VANC OUVER North Vancouver, until the train came.

gANCH-EglB (Canadian Pacific Hallway.) All the

HASTIN03 SAWMILL peoples who work in the Hastings Sawmill

live in their cabins on the beach east of
the sawmill, (about the foot of Campbell Avenue, and known as
the "Hancherie.") They have their houses down there, and
have Indian dances in them. Then, when the train come, they
told they got to go away. The railway go right through
their houses. The rallwaymen pull their houses down. Thev's
no place to go."

OOgFGgORGE "So they ask Chief George of Seymour Creek

ajsxi&HJK CREEK if they can go there and he say, 'No. You

not belong here.' So they goes to "The
Mission," North Vancouver."

CAPILANO GEN- Major Matthews: "Well, what about the

KALOGT family history of Capilano I have pre-

pared? What shall I do with it? I give

157

145

a copy to Tim Moody. He promised to examine it and let me
know if it ia correct. I write him, phone him; he do noth-
ing and won*t send it back."

Mr. Khahtsahlano : "You give me. I take
it home and find out."

Note: August's children are scholars. One can use a
typewriter. He will probably show it to them and I shall
hear from him. He cannot read nor write himself. Very
splendid man, reliable, and never makes up "fancy" Indian
stories, good only for tourists.

J, S. Matthews.

158

146

THE NAME "KITSILANO" and"KHAHT3-SAH-LAH-NO "

I have always claimed" that the true meaning la
"Man of the Lake", i.e., as we use titles Prince of Wales,
Duke of Connaught, Earl of Derby, etc., etc The following
more or leas confirms It. Irom "TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE IK
ALASKA" 1866 . by Whymper. Co py in City Archives, blue bind-
ing, gold letters, page 47 . "The Indian name for C owl cEan
Lake la "Kaatza." .

The Cowlchan Indians and tha Indians at the mouth
of the Eraser River were closely allied. If then "lanough"
or "lano" means "man", then Kaatzalanough, and Khahtsahlah-
noough are so similar as to be indistinguishable whan convert-
ed into letters of the English language alphabet. Besides,
no two Indians pronounce their own words exactly alike.

THE WORD "SIWASH"

From "AMONG THE AN-K0-MB-NUM3" by the Rev. T homas
Croaby. 1907 . Copy in City Archivea. Page 10:

"The Coast Indians are spoken of, generally, as
Si washes, a term which the more intelligent resent, and which
Is taken from the word "Indian" in the Chinook or trade jargon."

"There is some doubt, however, as to the origin of the
word "Siwash". By some it ia thought to be a corruption of
the Branch word "Sauvage" (barbarian) as applied to tha Indians
by tha Northwesters generally. But, in all probability, it is
a corruption of the generic term "Salish", which is given by
ethnologists to the whole family".

(With which reasoning I am in entire disagree-
ment. It's Just "savage" changed to suit.)

J.S. Matthawa

159

147

MEN-AH-TIA
HONORARY CHIEF CHARLES WARREN CATES.
Of
NORTH VANCOUVER.

At an Indian ceremonial festival held near the
Keith Road Bridge, North Vancouver, on the evening of July
1st, 1950, Captain Charles Warren Cates, pioneer, of C. H.
Cates Sc Sons, Ltd., was created Chief Menahtia by the North
Vancouver Squamish Indians. Simon Baker, Indian, was
Master of Ceremonies. Captain Cates was presented with a
talking stick by his sponsor, the very estimable Indian
gentleman, August Jack Khahtsahlano. Mr. Khahtaahlano, in
his youth, was known as Menahtia, which is the masculine of
Menatlot, or Men-atel-lot, the name of his stepmother.
"Squamish Indian Names", p. 2, Matthews.

See

According to Captain Cates, he was told by Mr.
Khahtaahlano, that, in the beginning, the world was
without life and empty. Then a tree grew out of the
ground - a single tree. It had a stem, and two large
leaves, one on either side of a flower. Ultimately the
flower turned into a man's face; the two leaves changed
their form into arms, the trunk of the tree split in
two to form two legs, and thus waa c reated the first
who was Menahtia.

As told to me by Captain Cates this afternoon,

J. S. Matthews,
31st July. 1950

160

148

THE THREE SQ.UAMISH INDIAN MASKS
1CHAHTSi.HLAN0 FAMILY

These three masks are the only three Indian masks,
still extant, known to have been used by the Squamish people.
The Roman Catholic priests instructed Indians to destroy their
■asks as they were paganish. There is no actual record of
any destruction of masks. The three Khahtsahlano masks were
hidden in the attic rafters of August Jack Khahtsahlano's
house at Capilano Creek for half a centnry, until in 1942
Major Matthews persuaded August Jack Khahtsahlano to alios
them to be photographed by a professional photographer in
Vancouver.

Subsequently Major Matthews purchased two of them;
one for fifty dollars, a second for twenty dollars, and they
are now (1954) in a large glass show case in the City Archives.
Mr. Khahtsahlano would not part with the third, giving as a
reason that it "belonged to the peoples".

KITSILANO, a suburb of Vancouver, derives its name
from Chief Khahtsahlano, who died early in the nineteenth
century. A broad interpretation of the name is khahtsah,
a lake, and lanough, a man, -hence "Man of the Lakes", a
form of nomenclature somewhat similar to the British
peerage titles, as in Prince of Wales, and Lord of the
Isles*

In June, 1942, these masks were the property of
August Jack Khahtsahlano, Indian, of Capilano Indian Reserve,
Lower Capilano Post Office. Mr. Khahtsahlano was born at
Snauq, False Creek, Burrard Inlet, about 1878, and is the son
of Khay-tulk, or "Supplejack", whose wife was Qwywhat (buried
at Snauq about 1906), and her father was Quat-say-lem. Khay-
tulk lived at Chay-thoos, or 'high bank', Prospect Point, First
Narrows, Stanley Park, in a very old Indian lodge built with
stone hammers and stone chisels of cedar slabs, and at his
death the day August, his son, was born, was entombed in a
canoe, placed in a mausoleum of wood on four short posts — and

161

149

The Three Khahtsahlano family Squamlah Indian Masks (cont'd).

windows — his body being wrapped in blankets. The mausoleum
of wood and its remains were in position at Chaythoos on the
day in October, 1889, when Lord Stanley of Preston, His Excel-
lency the Governor-General then, dedicated Stanley Park to the
use of all people of all colors, creeds and customs, for all
time, and His Kxcelleney stood beside the tomb; the first
tomb in Vancouver. August Jack Khahtsahlano is six feet tall,
and although he cannot read nor write, is the greatest and
most accurate historical authority of his tribe today, and is a
splendid specimen of a man. Khay-tulk, his father, was six
feet two and wore his long black hair down over his shoulders.

At Khay-tulk»s death, his widow, Qwywhat remarried,
her second husband being Chinalset, or "Jericho Charlie", a
well-known and esteemed Indian of consequence, reliable and
God-fearing, end he was a step-father beloved by his step-son
August. Before Chinalset 's death he charged his step-son to
always treasure the three masks. Chinalset died over a half
century ago, so that the masks have been in Mr. Khahtsahlano* s
possession that length of time. He says that for many years
they were hidden in the rafters of his habitation owing to the
Roman Catholic priests having suggested that they should be
burned. He also says that his step-father and his own mother
told him that the oldest of the masks belonged to "Old Man
Chief Khahtsahlanogh", father of Chief Khahtsahlano, who was
father of Khay-tulk, who was August's father. August was
also named Khahtsahlano, by Indian rite, at the vanished vil-
lage of Snauq, False Creek, when he was a youth, and at a
special potlatch called for the oeremony. Let it be repeated
to clarify. The oldest mask belonged to the great-grandfather,
the next to the grandfather, the third to the father. As for
the son, August, he remarked "I have no mask", and added "I've
already got three."

"Old Man Chief Khahtsahlanogh" lived at Took-tpaak-mik
(sic) an Indian village some distance up the Squamish River,
and, early in the 19th century, two of his sons migrated to
Burrard Inlet. Chip-kay-m, or good Chief George, established
himself at Snauq, False Creek, and remained there until approx-
imately sixty years ago. Chief Khahtsahlano, his brother, took
up his abode at Chaythoos, an Indian ancient clearing at the end
of the Pipe Line Road, First Narrows, Stanley Park (where Lord
Stanley dedicated the park), and was succeeded by his son who
was not a chief. Khay-tulk died there as the result of a
kick of a cow in his barn. The progenitors of his cattle which
roamed in the park, and ultimately became wild and were killed
by order of the Park Commissioners as they were dangerous, had
been given by the Royal Engineers for services rendered them

162

150

The Three Khahtsahlano Family Squamiah Indian Maaks (cont'd).

by the Indiana, a cow and a bull calf. The offapring in-
creaaed to a herd. The milk was taken by Canoe, daily, to
the Haatings Sawmill store and settlement.

It ia not known exactly how old the oldest mask ia.
It ia aaid to be 'very old', and differs from the other two
of cedar wood as it is of British Columbia vine maple and
very strong. This mask has never, previous to 5th June, 1942,
been on the site of the city of Vancouver. It has been hid-
den away and never used nor displayed; nor have any of the
three masks, previous to 5th June, 1842 , been photographed.
On this date, in the presence of Major J.S. Matthews, City
Archivist, and August Jack Khahtsahlano, the three masks were
photographed by W.J. Moore Photo Co., 420 '.Test Hastings Street,
in six positions, and in two of them Mr. Khahtsahlano is wear-
ing Khay-tulk's mask. The negatives are in the City Archives,
City Hall, Vancouver, and are copyright by Major J.S. Matthews.

1. PHOTOGRAPH NO. 1.

*0Tb MAN CHIEF KHAHTSAHLANO 'S" MASK, the great grandfather .

The two upright feathers, top half black, lower half
white, are from the tail of an eagle of a species found high
up in the Rockies, but rarely seen on the B.C. coast. On each
side they are flanked by the heads and beaks of two eagles.
The whole mask is of British Columbia vine maple wood. More
recent masks are usually cedar wood. This mask is said to be
•very old', but Mr. Khahtsahlano cannot guess how old. Below
and between the two carved eagle's beaks is a whirl of white.
This represents the revolving world. The checkered black and
white markings on the masks represent daylight and darkness.
The wooden eyes protrude about three inches. The apron, with
its lace, are modern, but is of the original shape; but the
original apron decayed, and it is not known what it was made
of. But in some cases the apron was made of cedar bark cloth
overlayed with feathers neatly laid, and in others was covered
with the fur and skin of the chipmunk squirrel. Where
feathers were used, they were laid up and down; not across.
Mr. Khahtsahlano states that the lower portion — beneath the
nose, and horizontal checkered black and white bar — divided
into three panels has, so far as he knows, no especial signifi-
cance. He says, "Just made that way, that's all."

163

151

The Three Khahtsahlano Family Squamish Indian Masks (cont'd).

2. PHOTOGRAPH NO. 2 .

cTffETraAHTSABLAhO'S MASK, the grandfather .

In the place of two upright feathers this mask has
two plumes or 'brushes* made of a great number of smaller
feathers fastened to two long wooden pegs, inserted, and remov-
able, in top of mask. The feathers are multi-color, and pre-
sent a gorgeous appearance, being of brilliant yellow, blue,
white, black and red, each feather wholly one color. There is
no green. Originally the plumes were of feathers solely blood
red in color, and the fragments which have been preserved have
so faded that they are now cerise (cherry color). The multi-
colored feathers described were purchased in Victoria about
1913, and are presumed to have been colored by modern dyes.
Mr. Ehahtaahlano aays that he does not know what the plumes
are emblematic of — he forgets — it is so long since he was told.
He adds that so far as he knows there is no especial reason for
two plumes.

On either side are two eagle's heads amd beaks. In
the centre is a design similar to a short piece of sharpened
pencil. Mr. Khahtsahlano does not know what it means, but on
either side is a design similar to a laurel leaf. Both of
these mean death. The two angular designs on the outside of
the leaf designs mean marriage. The eyes protrude about three
inches, and the beak, lower down, even farther, and is in front
of a carved out recess. Beneath the eyes is a horizontal band
of dark color, interrupted by the recess. Mr. Khahtsahlano
says this means birth; and below it, the final ornamentation
of checkered black and white means daylight and darkness.
There is no especial meaning to the lower portion of panelling.

The apron is modern Scotch tartan cloth, and is
used due to the decay of the original apron made, as described
in No. 1, of cedar bark or squirrel fur.

3. PHOTOGRAPH NO. 3 .

m^mE'S MASK, the father .

This mask was photographed in four positions —
frontal, side view, and worn sitting, and also standing, by
Mr. Khahtsahlano. The side view was taken to demonstrate
how the eyes and beaks protrude in all three masks. The
fluffy white feathers on the ends of thirteen flexible slender
rods, which quiver easily, are from beneath the tall of the
wild goose. The sharpened ends of the thirteen flexible rods

164

152

The Three Khahtaahlano Family Squamish Indian Masks (cont»d).

are inserted— by pushing— into a circular, elongated bolster
shaped bundle of dried folded reeds, tightly bound together,
and the bundle tied to top of mask. The plumes are, as des-
cribed in No. 2, of brilliant yellow, blue, white, black and
red, but no green. Below and between the plumea ia a leaf
design, meaning death, as in No. 2. Mr. Khahtaahlano could
not explain the two 'question marks', one reversed, on each
side of the leaf, but the four white markings, or 'eye-brows'
mean the earth; and black and white checkering means day-
light and darkness. The panelled lower portion of the mask,
and the apron (which is modern) are as in No. 1 and 2.

Mr. Khahtaahlano aays "NONE of the masks have

MOUTHS."

4. PHOTOGRAPH NO. 4 .

This is merely a aide view of No. 3.

5. PHOTOGRAPHS NO. 5 and 6 .
KHAY-WLk's MASK.

Mr. Khahtsahlano ia seated in one photograph, and
standing in the other. The shawl and tunic are modern. Mr.
Khahtsahlano says that originally the Indians used a blanket
as a robe, and it was made from a fibre, the name of which he
did not recall, but obtainable even today in the forest. It
comes in long strings or fibres, and after drying becomes
fluffy. Even today the Indians sometimes collect it, twist it
into yarn and make blankets to go over the ahouldsrs.

The girdle of white feathers are wild geese feathers,
and the hose, or leggings are of same cloth material, patterned
by some method which I failed to observe. Asked as to the
reason for the girdle of white feathers, Mr. Khahtsahlano
smiled and answered "That's the way they have them; why, I
don't know", and added "the robe over the ahoulders. though
hung like festoons." *

Asked aa to why he carried a rattle of shells he
said: "The shells come from the west coast, near Alberni,
and cost me fifty cents each. They are rare. There are

about a dozen of them and the Indian always carries his rattle

to make a noise."

"Whitemans don't wear masks, but he does the same

165

153

The Three Khahtaahlano Family Squamish Indian Masks (cont'd).

things. He wears robes all covered with gold embroidery. He
uses canopies and carries staffs, and has a mace at the City
Hall; it's all the same thing, all form and ceremony."

"These masks are not made in this country. When
Indian mans come down from the skies, nobodies know where he
comes from, but he's got the masks on; these masks. And he's
got the shells for a rattle, too. He's got the whole thing,
everything on him. He land at Scjunk, that's the Indian
Reserve at Gibson's Landing.

"The eagles mean like when you blong to lodge. You,
a freemason — you belong to lodge. That's the same; Indian
lodge. That's what the eagles mean."

"And about the daylight and dark, and the birth,
marriage and death marks, and the world and the earth, the
land about us. Masks were always used at first break of the
morning and the setting of sun; sunset. And they use the
masks at births, and at marriages, and at deaths.

Major Matthews: "August, none of these three masks
have holes for the eyes to see. How do you know where you are
going when one is walking with the mask on?"

August: "No holes for the eyes; Just hole for the
mouth, here, under the beak, for you to breath through. And
when you want to know where you are going you glance your eyes
down through that hole. That's the only hole in the mask.
I never use the two older masks but I often use my father's.
I haven't got a mask of my own. I Just use my father's, and I
have the other two at home. This is the first time I have
shown the two older ones."

Mr. Khahtaahlano is an exceptionally fine charac-
ter. His wife, Swanamia (Indian name) is a very demure
lady; the only one who retains the old custom of wearing a
shawl. They have several children.

J. s. Matthews,
City Archives, City Archivist.

City Hall,
Vancouver, B.C.
12th June, 1942.

166

154

CHEAKMUS.

(STATION. LAKE. aiYER, MOUNTAIN. GLACIER)

Conversation with August Jack Khahtsahlano , Capilano Indian
Reserve, at reception to Superintendent Larsen, R.C.M.P.
at H.M.C.S. "Discovery".

Major Matthews:
August:

Major Matthews:

August:

Major Matthews:

August:

Major Matthews:

August:

Major Matthews:

August:

"August I

Wed. October 13. 1954.
Whet does Cheakamus mean?

"Basket; basket catch fish. Put basket
in ripple in river; fish go inside;
cannot get out.

"How long? Long as this motor car?"

"Oh no; not that long. About ten feet.'

"How wide?"

"'Bout so high (holding hand level with
middle of thigh). 'Bout three feet."

"Draw me sketch."

"Alright. I draw it."

"It could be called 'Fish Trap River 1 ?"

"Why call it that when Cheakamus is
better name. It's "Cheakamus", that's
•basket catch fish.'"

167

155

"Karly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 65.

ATTTSRATION OF PRONUNCIATION BY SUCCEEDING GENERATIONS OF

INDIANS

Rev. CM. Tate, Methodist Indian Missionary, Aug.
25th, 1932.

"I have known of cases where there was a grand-
father, a father, and a grandchild; the father would have
to interpret the grandchild's speech to the grandchild's
own grandfather. Professor Hill-Tout is right."

Professor Hill-Tout explains that the interpre-
tation of sounds as herein given by him are from notes
made by him over forty years ago, a somewhat difficult
taak, and further, surviving Indians of the generation
amongst which he labored inform him that the present gen-
erations of Indians do not invariably pronounce words as
did their forefathers, and suggests that perhaps these two
facts account for the alight differentiation between auth-
orities.

Tim Moody (Yahmas), a North Vancouver Indian,
whose forehead is flattened in his babyhood according to
former Indian custom, probably 60 or 70 years old — anyway
old enough to recall the Hudson's Bay steamer "Beaver"
lying on the rocks at Prospect Point in 1886-1892, that is
over forty years ago. I had come to ask him to pronounce
the Indian names because, I said to him, "Young Indian aay
differently old Indian".

In reply he looked up, his eyes glistened, and
he gesticulated concurrence, and said "Eh, Eh". (Yes, yes)

Remark by Prof. Hill-Tout: "The epithet "Siwash"
is a corruption of the French word "Sauvage", i.e., "wild,
savage". (See Uhillahminst, Jim Franks).

168

156

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 130.

Conversation with Rev. Charles Montgomery Tate, Dominion Day,
1932, and subsequent days during July and August, 1932. The
following statement, after successive typings, is as finally
approved by The Rev. CM. Tate.

Other comment : Prof. Chas . Hill-Tout : "I am returning
the M.S. Taking Mr. Tate's statement as a whole I think
you are doing good work in making a record. I shall be
glad to look over your final proofs."

Rev. W. Lashley Hall. Whiterock. B.C. :
July 7th, 1932. "I am glad to discover a man who be-
lleves in accuracy. Therefore, let me offer my congratu-
lations on the story you have compiled. The best compli-
ment I can give is that it brings Rev. Mr. Tate before me,
and? accords with all I know of him. 1 know Mr. Tate
very well, and I am sure I could rely implicitly on any
statement he makes of things happening within his own ken.
Whatever he presents would, ipso facto, command great
respect."

rot t nwABT.re i m. TATS: July 1. 1932.

INDIAN CHURCH AT "The first church in Granville stood on
GRANVILLE the boulder and seaweed strewn shore of

Burrard Inlet; on a blunt point of land
jutting out into the water at the foot of what is now Abbott
Street. Together with the Rev. Thomas Derrick, I dedicated
it in 1876," remarked the reverend Charles Montgomery Tate,
Wesleyan Methodist Indian Missionary, once a butcher boy, now
a venerable cleric of pioneer days, resident with his nephew
and niece, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Watson, Lilfred Apartments,
Cornwall Street, and today, despite his eighty years, a pic-
ture of physical and mental activity, and will be, this after-
noon, a guest of the city of Vancouver at the opening of the
Burrard Bridge which passes over the Indian village, or rather
its site, where once he preached In its potlatch house.

FIRST CHURCH IN "The tiny house of God," he continued,
VANCOUVER - "was a little box of a place, perhaps

thirty feet long by twenty wide, built
on the edge of the low bank, perhaps three or four feet high,
of the shore, surrounded by a bit of clearing in the forest,
say half an acre, more or less, at a point where the shore
line bulged outwards. It was so close to the shore that
the Indians used to tie their canoes to the front steps.
This position gave it a certain prominence as a landmark in
a marine and forest scene which, in all directions save per-
haps the First and Second Narrows, was s verdant forest
covering, as a green blanket, everything from mountain top

169

157

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 130. Rev. C. M. Tate (cont'd).

to water's edge. In the immediate foreground, the shallow
shore lay littered with large and small boulders, kelp, sea-
weed; in the background a narrow fringe of bushes, stumps,
etc., and behind that, within a very few yards, were the tall
timbers of the woods, wrapping the little grey edifice and
its parsonage in a frame of green. The coloring was en-
hanced by a number of maples, trees vrfith a light green foliage,
which, in the sunlight, gleamed against the darker green of
fir and cedar. It was a pretty scene in summer."

"To the west, the branches of the firs and
cedars overhung the shore, and at high tide, the waters of the
inlet almost touches the lower branches. To the east were
the few houses, curved along the beach, forming the townsite
of Granville, in all nine or ten small buildings scarcely
visible from the parsonage because of the intervening small
trees and bushes. Granville was reached by a single plank
laid on the earth from the parsonage."

THE INDIAN P. 131; "The outward appearance of the
CHURCH Indian church was Just boards and a hand

shaved shake roof. Above wqs a small
bell tower, a sort of cupola with a bell, and I can still
hear its solitary toll tinkling out over the silent waters
of Burrard Inlet calling the worshippers, principally Indians,
to Sabbath morning devotions. There were a lot of northern
Indians working at the Hastings Mill, and they, as also those
from Stanley Park, Cepilano, and Seymour Creek, came in their
canoes. The location was most convenient for the Indians
coming by canoe and was the reason for its belne built in
th9t location on the shore. It tss equally convenient for
the preacher, who did most of his work by boat as the only
means of getting about; all landed almost on the steps of
the church or parsonage."

PASTORAL TRAVKT3 p. 132; "People would not believe it
AH6M6 tBE INDIANS now, but the fact is that the district
under my care was from my headquarters,
which were supposed to be in Nanaimo, down the east coast of »
Vancouver's Island as far as Victoria, then all Victoria,
then over to the Musqueam Indians at the mouth of the Eraser
River, and thence up the Eraser River as far as Tale, and an
occasional side trip to J^ooksahk in the territory of rfash-
lngton."

"I first saw Granville in 1872. The
Rev. MT. Turner lived at New Westminster, at the parsonage
there, and used to come out from New *estminster and return

170

158

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 132. Rev. C.i.:. Ta~te (cont'd),

the same night. I came with him sometimes. My duties de-
manded periodical trips from .estniinster to Hastings. Some-
times I walked, sometimes staged; to tell the truth I pre-
ferred walking to riding in the bumping stage, and then took
ferry to I.foodyville where I preached to the Indians working
in the sawmill there. Then I would cross to Gastown by
canoe and sometimes traverse the woods to the False oreek
reservation, or, as we know it now, the Kitsilano Indian
Reserve. Bear in mind, I was itinerant preacher to the
Indian tribes. Mr. Turner was itinerant preacher to the
English speaking people. I had plenty of opportunity to be-
come familiar with the Indians, their trials, triumphs and
customs."

THE FALSE GREEK "I often visited the Kitsilano band in
VILLAGE. the '70s. They were a hospitable lot,

and I was entertained by Chief George
and his band in their community house. Old Chief George's
community house (potlatch house) was right under the present
Burrard Bridge, which we have opened this afternoon. I be-
lieve a stone dropped from the bridge would strike in the
centre of the site on which the village stood."

KITSILANO INDIAN P. 134; "At the end of the meeting I
RESERVE would call out asking if anyone hadany-

thing to say, or sometimes old Chief
CHIEF QgQHOE , George would do it himself. In any
Indian name case he would usually get up and make
Chlp-Kaay-am . some remarks, giving the young men some

good advice as to how to deport them-
selves and the proper things to do."

NOTE: In reviewing the M.S. Prof. Hill-Tout margins
"I spell the name •KhStsalanoogh*". (see below)

"What do I mean by 'entertain'? Oh,
well, something to eat, and the privilege of gathering the
people together for services; probably some bread baked in
the ashes, and a cup of questionable tea. The teapot was
not always cleaned out when tea was scarce. In fact, when
tea was very scarce the Indians used the leaves of some
swamp shrub which grew with a kind of thick leaf, "Hudson's
Bay" tea, we used to call it. The tea was commonly made in
a tin "billy", a small tin pall with wire handle for carry-
ing it by, and a lid with a wire finger ring in the centre
of top. Chief George, of the False Creek Reserve, Snauq
was the Indian name for it, was an Indian of the best sort,
and his band were a most hospitable lot. His wife was a
Nanaimo woman. There was quite a settlement at Chief

171

159

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 134. Rev. CM. Tate (cont'd).

George* a False Creek Reserve, probably a dozen houses , built of
split cedar, sawboards and slabs, and the big community house;
a total population, perhaps, of fifty persons all told. It
was a settlement of consequence. There were no Indians liv-
ing further up the creek."

HAAT-3A- T - AB -N0UGH "Kitsilano", as pronounced by the Indiana

of that reserve, was Haat-sa-lah-nough,
the last syllable being given a shorter and more gutteral
sound than "nough" in "enough"; more like Scotch "lough"
(loch), but actually there is no sound in the English tongue
akin to it. "Haatsa" means swamp or lake."

"I have heard that Professor Ghas. Hill-
Tout, well versed in Indian custom and lore, explains that
'Kitsilano" was the hereditary name or title of the chief of
the tribe, or some such thing, and perhaps this is true, but
the first syllable is geographical in its meaning. The
place always has precedence over the man. The chief's name
is usually taken from the place. A similarity is the
British baronial system of nomenclature for titles of
nobility."

CHIEF KHAT-SAL-ANOOGH

Hajor Matthews: "What did August Jack
mean, Aug. 24th, 1932, when he said that his father, Khay-tulk,
son of Chief Haataa-lah-nough, was buried in a little glass
house and red blankets at Chay-thoos?" (Prospect Point in
Stanley Park)

"Oh, that was a deadhouse. The Indians
had them all along the coast, used them for putting the dead
in. Some of the deadhouses were quite pretentious, even
fixed up with doors and windows, and, in some cases, even
had easy chairs, sofas and such, and such (significant pause
and resigned nod) "for the repose of the soul" of the dead.
On the west coast of Vancouver Island they put the dead in
the trees; rolled the body up in a blanket or mat, tied it
up with a rope, and as soon as the person was dead, and
(significantly) very often before they were dead, hang the
body up in a tree. An Indian, Joe Smith of Claoquaht
(Clayoquot) told me with his own word of mouth that he had
been wrapped up in a blanket and put in a cave. After he
had lain there a day or two he became conscious, and managed
to untie the ropes and walked out. When he walked across a
bare piece of land he met another Indian who accosted him
with ".Vhat are you doing here, you're dead?" "You go away,
or we shall have no food for winter, no salmon", Joe pro-

172

160

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, P. 135. Rev. C.?.:. Tate (cont'd).

tested that he was not dead, but the other Indian ran off
and got a rifle, and returning, raised it. Joe protested,
•Don't shoot, don't shoot, I'm not dead'. Joe told me
that himself; at Claoquaht."

"If August Jack is the grandson of Chief
Haatsa-lah-nough, he is moat certainly entitled to be known
as August Kltsilano in English."

TISITS TO unsqrnoAM "From the False creek Reservation I

walked by Indian trail through the
forest to Musqueam where Thit-see-mah-lah-nough was chief.
The names of many of the chiefs ended in 'nough'. I cannot
say exactly how I got from Granville to False Creek, but my
impression is that it was by a trail which ran from some-
where about Abbott Street through the forest cross country
to the foot of Granville -Street. There I crossed False
Creek by canoe, and struck out for the north arm of the
Fraser River by logging trail. There was one good logging
trail which led to Rowlings Landing, (Mr. Tate omitted to
state from where), another to Eburne, that is, to the McCleery
farm near Eburne, and from there down to the Musqueams there
was a pretty well-beaten track. It is doubtless difficult
for people of Vancouver to picture the dry well-drained site
on which they live as, in parts, a wet, soggy swamp. Be-
hind the Kltsilano Beach was a muskeg of twenty, or more,
acres alive with muskrats; much of the high land in the '.Test
End was very swampy. The Royal Engineers noted that on
their first maps. Another very large peaty area was what
I think we call Dunbar Heights now, and, of course, behind
Jericho there was an enormous area of swamp. And there
were others."

"After preaching to the Indians in Chief
Thit-see-mah-lah-nough *s house at Musqueam, I returned to
New Westminster either by canoe, or to Granville, via Main
Street (North Arm Road) as we call it now, then across the
False Creek Bridge to Hastings Mill, and on by Steven's
ferry to the 'end of the road' at Moodyville Crossing
(Hastings) where I took Lewis's stage, or walked — which
actually I preferred to staging over corduroy roads in a
vehicle swung on leather straps instead of springs — to New
Westminster."

INDIANS AT "As a side trip I frequently took a
STANLEY PARK .aND rowboat or canoe to the First Narrows
CAPILANO" to visit a small band living in Stanley

Park where the Lumbermans Arch (Whoi-
tfhoi) now stands. Chief Thomas, of the Squamish tribe,

173

161

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 135. dev . J.I.:. Tate (cont'd).

lived there. There was a community house at Stanley Park,
and I should not be surprised If the posts are not there yet,
beneath the surface. They were probably chopped off level
with the surface '..hen the buildings were demolished. The
biggest community house there was probably one hundred feet
long by forty feet wide. The Indians did not live in sep-
arate homes, but in one long community house." (See
Indian Villages and Landmarks, and Mr. Tate's remarks there.)

INDIA:! BUILDINGS IN "The Indian building in Stanley Park by
STANLEY PARK , the Luinbermans «rch, indeed most Indian
("<noi-..aolT " buildings, were constructed by first

placing four tall posts in the ground,
two at each end, and connecting each set of two end posts
together with a stringer twenty or more feet from the
ground. A long beam vras then laid at right-angles from
stringer to stringer, and served as a sort of ridge pole and
carried the roof; but the buildings were not peak-roofed,
they were lean-to's. The roof had just one slope. The
floor, of course, was just bare earth. The walls were gen-
erally made by driving a couple of small poles or stakes,
close together in the ground along the line of the wall, and
slipping or dropping boards, usually split cedar boards,
very thick, between the two stakes, and then tying the two
stakes, lashing them, together with some sort of cedar rope.
The roof was also made of split cedar shakes, split with a
wooden maul and deer's horn wedges."

"There were no real doors. Usually a
mat was hung over the opening which served as an entrance.
,Vhen they wanted light they poked a stick up, and slid aside
one of the roof boards and let the light in that way, and
the same thing when there was too much smoke. The smoke
went out through the roof. These buildings have all been
cleared away now."

Note by Prof. Hill-Tout on :.'.S.: See example of one
in Hill-Tout's "The Far ..est", p. 50.

CHISF LAH-.VA "Then there was Chief Lah-wa of the Cap-

ilano band, and several of his members
who were our earliest converts. Chief Lah-wa, poor fellow
was drowned while crossing the xlrst Narrows in a canoe. It
is ^resumed tr*at someone had given him some liquor, with
tragic result. He had been baptised and married in the
little Indian church at Gestown. Another small band lived
in a community house at Seynour Creek, near Moodyville Saw-
mill."

174

162

"Sarly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 136. Rev. 0.;:. 1'ate (cont'd).

ORIGIN OF ".."here the Squarish Indians came from is

5 QUaUSH Tl-.I BE a question of conjecture. On one of my
visits to the Indians at Nooksahk, ..ash-
lngton, I asked if they could give me any reason for their
.Language beinr similar to that of the Squamish Indians. They
said to me 'They are our people*, and told me the following
legend."

"*. long time ago hen the salmon ..ere
very nlentiful about Point Roberts and Seniahmo Bay, a nurber
of our neoole went flshinc with sunken nets, called sv.ahlah,
when a heaw south-east storm came up and carried them a-ay
north. The storm keot up dav after dav which made it im-
possible lor them to return to the mouth of the Nooksahk
river, so, finding it o>>ite c^l"i under ! .he shelter of Point
Grey en-, in j2n~listl Bay, they ent on shore and made them-
selves comfortable in a temporary camp. Finding plenty of
food, and abundance of cedar timber for building purposes and
to make their canoes, they decided to remain permanently. "

"Cedar was very useful to the Indians,
and cedar always grows more prolificly in swamps than else-
where. I think it must have been, in part at least, the
cedar which attracted and kept the Indians in the neighbor-
hood of Burrard Inlet and iinglish Bay. The reason why they
are scattered about in small bands is the common reason with

all Indians — petty jealousies, family
REASON FOR SMALL quarrels, disagreements between would-be
BANDS chiefs, and many other causes. Hence

the little band at Seymour Creek, another
at the head of Howe Sound, in Stanley Park, Qapilano, False
Creek, and other places. The Indians at Worth Vancouver are
accounted for from the fact that the ^oman Catholic Mission
was established there in early days, and the Indians have been
encouraged to build their homes in the neighborhood of the
church. The two key words in the Nooksahk tongue which par-
ticularly attracted my attention were the words "haatl" and
"sneetcham" , meaning "good", and "language or talk". After
long experience with Indians and their languages in various
parts of this country, the Nooksahk explanation seems reason-
able enough to me."

INDIAN CONVERTS "Among our converts at the little Indian

church at Granville was a husky fellow
from Bella-Bella named Jim Starr. I think he must have been
named after old Captain Starr. Jim probably worked for
Capt. Starr on his boat, and after a time became known as Jim
Starr. It was in some such manner that most of the Indians
got the names by which they are known today."

175

163

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 136. Rev. C.I,'.. Tate (cont'd)

(NOTE: Johnny Scow of Alert Bay was named by Mr . Munn.
cannery man of .7estmlnster, after Johnny had saved the
lives of Indian woman and children adrift on a scow in
a storm at Steveston. There are now many Scows at
Alert Bay). J.S.M.

"Shortly after his conversion Jim Starr
went to Victoria Indian Mission, and married a Klt-a-maat
woman named Esther, also of the Victoria Indian Mission.
They were about the happiest couple I ever met. Very soon
after their marriage they went north together and sought to
lead their tribes people in a Christian way. Jim and
Esther both died several years ago, but their names are still
fragrant at Bella-Bella, and the Indian Church at old Gastown
must be long credited as the spiritual birthplace of one of
the most saintly men British Columbia has ever known."

(A continuation of this narrative of Rev. C.I.:. Tate*s
experiences with Indians in other parts of the province,
etc., etc., will be found elsewhere.) J.S.M.

^{KV C.l'. TATE , "Gold brought me to British Columbia. I
Meth odist Indian was born in 1852, and my first work was
Miss ionary ! as a butcher boy. I recall very vividly

~ the long miles I used to walk to get

cattle, sheep, and pigs for my employer. They were terribly
long walks, but I suppose they fitted me physically for the
work I was destined to do in British Columbia. I was 18
when I came out, via the Panama to British Columbia to go to
the Cariboo goldfields. There is a long account of it en-
titled "Fifty Years .Vith the Methodist Church in British
Columbia" which I have written, and Ahich is published in
book form "Review of the United Churches in British Columbia,"
1925. But on arrival in Victoria it was clear that there
was no sense in eolng to the Cariboo; all the miners were
returning, some of them starving. I got a job in Hanaimo
looking after a bit of a donkey engine which, when sailing
ships were not in for coal, hauled the coal cars up a slope
from v-hich the coal was dumped into the coal bins. Thus it
was ^hat when I first came to British Columbia in 1870, I be-
came associated with the .Vesleyan Methodist church at Nanalmo,
and through them with the uninstructed Indians. The Indians
interested me. I was little more than a lad, just 18, got
talking to them, spent my evenings with them, started to learn
their language, and ultimately suggested that they start a
night school amongst themselves. "But", their reply was,
"how can we get someone to teach us." The problem of a

176

164

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 137. Rev. CM. Tate (cont'd).

teacher was seemingly, to them, an insurmountable difficulty,
and no doubt they were a little astonished when I said "I
will". So in the evenings I used to go down to the village
and teach them, and, of course, when the strike came, it was
a long strike of seven months, I was able to do it in the
daytime. All voluntary, of course, no salary."

"The strike ended, and I applied for my
old Job back again, but Mr. Mark Bate — you have heard of him,
he was manager of the coal mines — told me there were a lot of
older men who wanted the job; men who were "up against it",
and that I was a young fellow and could look after myself, so
I was not taken on. I was "flat broke", had not a cent in
the world, but kept on going for a week or two. Just then
the superintendent of missions from Toronto came along and he
said to the Aev. Mr. Crosby, who was in charge of Nanaimo,
"Ally not start a school? Do you think you could find a
teacher?" Mr. Crosby replied, "Yes, one right here, one who
has been teaching them voluntarily", I got the appointment,
at $300 a year and pay my own expenses."

"My directions I got from the Mission
Board at Toronto. My salary gradually rose until it reached
$500, always without travelling allowance, and out of which I
had to find my own horse, or canoe, or steamboat fare and ex-
penses. Pretty hard going at times, with sugar at 25/ a
pound and other things in proportion."

"How did I obtain my ordination? Well,
I can best explain that, perhaps, by relating the story of a
question which was once asked me when travelling in eastern
Canada. A gentleman enquired of me what college 1 had been
in. 1 replied that 1 had been in most of the colleges of
Canada and the United States, but that my collegiate training
I got mostly in a canoe or on horseback. That was where I
did most of my studying."

"When it came to the actual ordination
which was in Victoria at the time of the Methodist Conference
of 1879, I had already passed ray examinations; but as a final
teat, was required to preach a sermon before three examiners.
My examiners and I repaired to the Indian church on Herald
Street and with the three examiners and Indians as my congre-
gation, I preached a sermon in the Ankameenum Indian language,
that ia, the language of the Indians on the east coast of
Vancouver's Island, not one word of which my examiners
understood."

"Next morning, to my astonishment, I

177

165

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 138. Rev. C.;.l. Tate (cont'd),

listened to a moat glorious report upon my preaching given
by my examiners to the conference, and — here Rev. Mr. Tate
smiled — 1 was ordained."

Dick Isaacs, (Indian name Qye-yah-chulk) , North Vancouver
Indian Reserve.

October 14th. 1932 .

P.139:
THE IMP I AN CHURCH "I remember old Indian Church over Gas-
AT GASTQ.vN . town quite well. Little bit of place

on shore. Not sideways to shore; one
end nearest mater. No tower like over here North Vancouver,
but just little bit tower and bell. Inside not fixed up
like Catholic fix up church, Just plain, *bout thirty feet
long, wide enough for three benches for us to sit on; all in
a row across church.

"Lots Indians go there from Whoi-'ffhoi
(Lumbermans Arch, Stanley Park). Big settlement Indians
Whoi-Whoi. Mr. Daylick (Derrick) was first minister I re-
member, then Mr. Bryant. Mr. Tate come sometimes, too."

"I remember old chief Capllano. I
don't know how old I am, may be 60, may be 70. .Then old
Capllano die his son Lah-wa be chief. Lah-wa get married

in little Indian Church at Gastown to
CHIEF CAPILANO Eraser River Indian woman. Lah-wa
LAH-'.YA get drowned, then Joe Capllano chief-, he

some relation old Capilano's wife
(Incorrect). Chief Joe wa3 good Catholic, that's why they
make him chief."

PORTUGESE JOE "Portugese Joe waa the first whlteman to
keep store at Gastown. He had store by
Indian church. .;Tien Portugese Joe go there first Just one
white man, Just Portugese Joe. He build store by Indian
church before Indian church come. Ben -ilson, he build
•tore Just behind Portugese Joe place."

"My sister Aunt Sally, Stanley Park (a
famous character). Puchahla name place where C.P.R.Dock
now. Lota big trees, lots buahes, lots shade, not much
sun at Puchahla."

AUGUST JACK HAATSALANO: February, 1935.

"The little church was, I should say.
32 feet by 18 feet." J.S.M. (see above)

178

166

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 43. November 26th, 1932.
Conversation with Rev. CM. Tate as he lay In his bed in-
disposed after a too festive celebration two- weeks ago of
his 80th birthday. Mr. Tate Is probably the foremost
Indian linguist of today, and was an Indian missionary who
knew all the coast, and up as far as Yale, In the seventies,
eighties and nineties. He listened as I read the foregoing
page. Then I remarked "Do you believe in 'Jack and the
Beanstalk'"?

Mr. Tate's reply was a smile, a nod of
the head, and the laconic "Suppose we'll have to". Then I
added quizingly "And the biblical story of the five loaves
and the little fishes with which Christ fed the multitude?"
Again he nodddd. "Then how can we point the finger of scorn
and ridicule at the Indians?"

Mr. Tate replied: "Well, cannot you see
the stone at chulks; doesn't that prove it? You know that
Mount Baker, in the State of Washington, is the 'Mother of
All Indians', don't you? Well, Lot's wife was turned into a
pillar of salt; what's unreasonable about the Mother of All
Indians being turned into a mountain of snow, or Slwaah Rock
being made from an Indian fisherman?"

"Why, I remember," he continued, "one
story they told me up at Bella Bella years ago. They told
me all about the flood, the great flood which enveloped the
earth; that the water was coming up and up, and the people
went up the mountain to escape it, but the water kept on coming
and coming until they were in fear that it would soon cover
the top. So they cried out, and the people who had gone to a
higher mountain heard their cries, broke off the top of the
higher mountain and threw it across to them and saved their
lives. Of course the top broken off landed on top of the
smaller mountain just exactly where it was wanted to fall,
and that was twelve miles away. They told me that in all
seriousness. The mountain is there yet, top of It and all,
just as it was thrown across".

And then the Rev. Mr. Tate smiled again.

179

16?

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 148. Capt. James Cook's
arrival at Nootka, Rev. CM. Tate.

THE MOONMEN AT NOOTKA
and
CAPTAIN JAMES COOK'S ARRIVAL
by Rev. CM. Tate

Conversation, J.S. Matthews, Dec. 19th. 1932.

Rev. CM. Tate, Methodist Indian Missionary, just
celebrated 80th birthday, and suffering in bed in con-
sequence of too many visitors, helped to consecrate the
first (Indian) church at Granville (Vancouver) soon
after his arrival in British Columbia in 1870, and
afterwards served at itinerant missionary to Indians
at various places. For instance, Fort Simpson, Bella
Bella, Ocean Falls, Rivers Inlet, Yale, Mooksahk, Chil-
liwack, Musqueam, Snauq, Nanalmo, Nootka, and Victoria,
etc., etc.

"Oh, I must tell you what they told me on the West
Coast (of Vancouver Island). When I was over there, the
West Coast Indians told me — that's quite a long time ago, too,
in the 1870s or 1880s— that when their ancestors sew the first
ships coming to Nootka, Capt. Cook's ships, they sent for the
conjurers. Vflse men you can call them if you like."

"I suppose the Indians first saw the ships far off
on the horizon, anyway their sails were seen some distance out
to sea, and with the hull half or completely out of sight
owing to distance, would look rather mysterious to people who
had never seen such things. The white sails were heaving and
rising with the waves. The sails probably were not very
white — anyway, they were very visible as the ships were tack-
ing up and down in order to make the land. The conjurers
said that the Moon men had come down and were using big snakes
for a canoe, tacking backwards and forwards."

"Alien the ships finally got to Nootka they dropped
anchor, and, of course, as the anchor chains dropped through
the hawse pipe, they made a great noise. The conjurerB
said that was the moon men speaking, and the Indians fled to
the woods."

180

168

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 148. Capt. Jamea Cook's
arrival at Nootka, Hev. CM. Tate.

"After a while", ao I waa told, "the voting men —
the young braves — said 'You only die once, let's go out and
see what It's all about; suppose we take a canoe and go out.'
So they did. They wore sea otter garments; very valuable
furs now, very valuable furs now, very valuable indeed, but
quite common with the Indians at that time. Vhen they got
out to the ships and saw the white faces of the men, why,
that confirmed what the conjurers said about the moon men.
It looked as though the conjurers were right. Finally they
approached closer when some of the moon men came to tine
edge of the ship and let down some eolored beads on a string.
Some of the braver Indians went closer, and then beads were
dropped into the canoe. Ultimately one or two of the moon
men came down the ladder a little way and dropped some beads
into the canoes, and finally three or four of the Indians
were persuaded to leave their canoes and climb up the ladder
to the ship's deck."

"Everything pointed to confirm the conjurer's
statements that these were the moon men. The moon men wore
yellow. They had a brass band around their caps, they had
brass epaulets and brass buttons. Then the captain of the
ship came, and blew on the fur of their sea otter garments,
and his features showed surprise at the fine furs."

"One of the young Indians said to the other, *I
think he wants our 'coats', and the companion replied, 'if
you will give him yours I will give him mine too', so both
did, and then the captain of the moon men said, 'you have
given me your coats, now I will give you mine'. Then some
undervests and underdrawers were brought and the Indians
were shown how to put them on. They were well pleased."

"Next, the two young men were invited down into
the ship and the captain called to the steward, or someone,
to bring some biscuits, and ship's biscuits, or something of
the sort were brought on a pan and the captain pointed to
his mouth. The two Indians looked at each other and said,
in their own language of course, 'we never eat bones.*
Then another pan was brought, this time with some red stuff
on it, Jam, and the same performance of pointing to the
mouth repeated. The two young Indians decided that these
moon men eat blood and bones. One of the moon men took
one of the 'bones' and broke it and placed a piece of blood
(Jam), I think they told me 'dipped it in the blood', and
ate it. The two Indians decided that they did not care for
that sort of food and abstained."

"The captain then sent for some new tin plates

181

160

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 149. Capt. James Cook»8
arrival at Nootka. Rev. CM. Tate.

from below. Theae were brought and held up to the light
of the porthole, and, of course, reflected their facea, the
celling and everything else. The two Indians now conclud-
ed that the moon men had brought the atara with them. Fin-
ally the tin plates were presented to the Indians."

"Ahen the two young fellowa went on shore, highly
delighted, they told the conjurers that they had seen the
moon men alright; the conjurers were right, they were the
moon men and they had brought the atars with them."

"The whole incident", concluded Mr. Tate, "I was
told, put the Nootka Indiana forever on a higher plane
than any other tribe, and made them the most important tribe
on the coast, for it was they who had brought the moon men
and the atars to the Indians."

"About their houses. I never saw a pallisaded
Indian fort. Their houses were their forts. <.nen they
were attacked they ran, I suppose, to their houses. They
cut little holes in the thick sides of their houses and shot
at their enemies with bow and arrow through those little
holes. Then again, in many of the houses, the eat hern
floor was two, perhaps three, feet below the bottom of the
outside wooden walls and the ground level outside the house,
so that when the Indians were squatted on the floor inside
their heads were below the ground level outside, and that
afforded still more protection from arrows, etc."

"The tops of the four corner posts of their houses
were grooved to receive and hold the cross logs or plates.
Then right down the centre, longways down the middle, was a
great beam to carry the roof. Inside, the four corner posts
were usually ornamented with carvings. The sides of the
building was of thick cedar slabs, split with deer*s horn
wedges, and laid horizontally not perpendicularly one above
the other to form the wall. (see Capt. Cook's Voyages,
drawing of Nootka) between two upright stakes of moderate
dimensions, and these stakes were lashed together with green
cedar bark, or some such strapping, which held the stakes
together, and thus kept the slabs of the wall in positlta.
There were no windows; just an entrance without door, and
usually there were no curtains or such protection from the
weather across the entrance. The beams above the walls
were very light. They carried little weight, only the roof,
or such of the weight of the roof as was not taken by the big

182

170

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 149. Bev. CM. Tate (cont'd).

beam down the centre. The walls supported themselves only.
They had no part of the weight of the roof to carry. The
light stakes holding up the walls were at Intervals, the hori-
zontal wall boards or slabs slipped In between them, and then
the stakes strapped together."

POTLATCHES p.l50:"For use at the potlatch there was a sort
of platform whfcTTTKey used to build in front of their houses.
It was supported on four stout posts with the usual grooves
at the top to receive the cross log or plate. The platform
was high in the air — oh, perhaps ten or fifteen feet — and was
perhaps five feet wide by fifteen or twenty feet long, just a
very high platform from which they threw the blankets or
other gifts at the potlatch. The name of the man for whom
the gift was intended would be called out, and a blanket
from the pile on top of the platform would be thrown, and
come flying through the air to the crowd below. If the
proper man caught it, well and good, but • it was quite a part
of the proceeding for others to try and get it. There would
be a sort of scramble. Some would have long spears and
would spear the blanket as it came flying down. Then four
or five would grab at it and aut off with a knife as much as
he could of what he had grabbed. Thus, the blanket would be
cut into four or, perhaps, five or more pieces and each man
would retain whatever portion he had cut off. Afterwards
the piece would be unravelled and the wool woven into a
blanket more to their liking."

GARMENTS . "The first Indians I saw were at Neah

Bay, not far from Cape Flattery, in 1870.
The garments they were wearing then were~a sort of sack ar-
rangement with holes for them to poke their heads and arms
through. Today you see local Indians wearing headdresses
of Indian feathers, etc. I never saw those headdresses in
the early days, and it is my opinion that they are innova-
tions which the coast Indians have copied from the pictures
they have seen of prairie Indians."

(NOTE: Paull says they wore eagle's feathers in their
hair; see photograph of 'Faithful Jim' drowned in
Fraaer River, 1902).

CANOES "You can always tell a canoe belonging

to a Squamish Indian. No other canoes
I know of have the straight stem with the projecting counter
above it."

(NOTE: Paull looked at a photograph of Vancouver
"Before the Fire", panorama view of waterfront and
Hastings Mill, and on which two Indian canoes appear,
and said "Those are the canoes of our former enemies,

183

171

"Early Vancouver," Vol. 2, p. 150. CM. Tate (cont'd).

the northern Indiana". Both ends of the canoe sweep upwards.)

A cup of tea, afternoon tea, waa brought
in to Rev. CM. Tate as he lay in bed, and he continued:

"Tea, the Indiana have certainly been
valuable friends to the whiteman. They are a alncere, honeat,
God-fearing race. To my own knowledge, up around Yale anyway,
they succoured many a poor starving miner, and asked no re-
turn, nor told what they did. (See Mr. Tate's remarks else-
where). And as for honesty, why, I remember Mr. Aells, the
celebrated dairy farmer up at Sardis and whilllwack telling
me with much amusement how some man had come from eastern
Canada to him for advice where to take up land, and he had
shown him a piece near at hand, remarking that an Indian res-
erve adjoined it. The man had replied "Oh, that's too bad,
steal everything you've got." "Well", Mr. *ells told me he
had replied, "you see that shed, it full of bacon and ham,
and there is another one full of vegetables; never have I
missed a thing, and as for locking the doors of our house,
why, we simply never do it."

"Then again, when I was preaching at
Snauq, old Chief George's, (Chlp-kaay-am) community or pot-
latch house under the present Burrard Bridge, I would call
out at the end of the meeting asking if anyone had anything
to say; or sometimes old Chief George would do it himself.
In any case, he would usually get up and make some remarks
of some sort; give the young men some good advice as to how
to deport themselves, and the proper things to do. Old
ChlaJT George was, as Jim Franks (Chillahminat) says, a very
goott kind man, a fine Indian."

"Then, when I was up at Bella Bella the
Bella Bella Indiana contributed their mite to the help of
the poor in London, England. I had told them of how people
in the poorer districts of London, England, were starving,
so they themselves took up a collection. My story had ap-
pealed to them. They said to me "'Shy don't they come out
here? Plenty of food out here if they would come."

I suggested to the Hev. Mr. Tate that
the stories associated around the various legendary
rocks around English Bay, etc., had been wrongly
stressed by writers as tales of romance rather than,
as they should be, allegorical truths illuminating

morality, and that my interpretation of the legends

184

172

"Early Vancouver", Vol. £, p. 151. Z.::.. Tate (cont'd).

of Chitchulayuk (fcoint Grey) and Slahkayulsh (Sl»ash
Rock)— Indian men, in both instances, turned into atone
for punishment — was that they were intended to be an
exemplification of the truths of morality, and was, in
the case of Chitchulayuk, for the purpose of illustrat-
ing the folly of jealousy, and in the case of Slahkayulsh,
the folly of greed. J.S.M.

"Quite true", replied Mr. Tate, "You
know, of course, that Mount Baker is the "Mother of All In-
dians." The Indians said to me once "You say in your Bible
that Lot's wife was turned into a pillar of salt. It's just
as reasonable for the mother of Indians to hate been turned
into a mountain of snow". It is a pity that the whitemen
have not treated the Indians as well as the Indians have
treated the whites."

"The Indians are a splendid people if
treated right. The New iiealanders fought for their rights.
It might have been better if the Indians had done a little
fighting. But old Sir Jamea Douglas was at the bottom of
it. If he had not treated them squarely at the first we
probably should have had a fight on our hands. He did buy
a good deal of their land, but when he applied to the British
Government for funds to buy land from the Indians for the
settlers, the British Government said they had no funds for
that purpose and that the proper thing to do was to sell what
land he had to the whites, and with that money buy more land
from the Indians. As an instance of what went on. .<hen
the Indians were approached to sell the Songhees Reserve, I
told them that if they sold any land they would sell it for-
ever. I got a stinging letter from Helmcken threatening to
put me in jail for resisting the government. I told him to
go to it. I asked a man in Victoria how much the Songhees
Reserve was worth, and he said three millions, but all the
Indians got for it was ^400,000."

".Vhich reminds me that the Indians got
their flour from dried fern root. Saak is the word for
fern. Sooke at Victoria is named after it. After it is
dried fern root breaks up into a white powder. The Indian
name is Swymuth for New iestminster. "Swy" means "to buy".
The Indians gave it that name after they started to go down
there to buy things from the traders. Ksquimalt is much
the same interpretation. Both have the same meaning. The
Indian name for the death dance was swywhee, quite different.
Kokohpai on Marine Drive, now part of Locarno Beach, must
have had a lot of crab apple trees there at one time. The
Indian name for crab apple la kokwap. Just another illus-
tration of how dialects differ. I am not sure about the

185

173

"Early Vancouver," Vol. 2, p. 151. G.H.Tate (cont'd).

meaning of "Stuckale" (Great Northern Cannery, .Vest Vancou-
ver). It seems to me there must be a head or something
there — a mountain. I once composed a hymn, and wanted a
title for it, so I chose "Stuckale to Jesus", which inter-
prets "head of all, chief of chiefs", or "Jesus, head of all,"
but I believe the local Squamish Indians have another meaning
for it."

FORT SIMPSON AND P. 152: "In 1874 I was appointed to
NORTHERN INDIANS" Fort Simpson, now Port Simpson, for the
purpose of opening up a mission in that
district. I remained at Fort Simpson but a few months. I
was exchanged with the Rev. Thomas Crosby, who was located at
Chilliwack, and made my home at Chilliwack."

THE "BITING MAN" "In 1880 we opened a school for Indian
AND BET.T.4, BELLA youth — both sexes — at Bella Bella, and I

was sent north again. It was at Bella
Bella that my wife first remarked upon the sores upon the arms
of the Indian girls and urged enquiry as to how they were
caused. We had been giving the girls medical treatment for
sores on their arms, lacerations of different shapes but
mostly crescent-shaped, such as would be caused by teeth if
the girls had been bitten, and some so septic as to be running
sores. We discovered that certain of the male Indians be-
longed to a sort of secret order whoee strange prerogative
was that of biting people. This privilege was largely prac-
tised on girls; rarely on men. The bites were on the thick
of the arm, usually between the elbow and shoulder. The teeth
made marks like brands, and, of course, bites from teeth which
knew no dentifrice from birth to death might be expected to,
and did, cause a good deal of blood poisoning. *e were fre-
quently obliged to cauterize wounds; to poultice them. Let
me illustrate the situation by an experience I had. It must
have been in 1882."

"I was going on a pastoral visit- to one
of the villages near Ocean Falls — a place called "Kokite" —
in a canoe with several Indians from Bella Bella together
with their wives. .hen we sere about a mile distant from
Kokite, '.ve caught the first sounds of the beating of Indian
drums, gongs, singing, and the general noise of celebration.
My Indian companions, both men and women, became alarmed;
said it would be impossible to go on and proposed to turn
back. I protested with vigor and said "No, we must keep
on." 1 said, "the Great Father would protect all." With
much trepidation they finally resumed paddling, and as we
approached nearer we could see on the shore one of the

186

174

"Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 152. C.lt. Tate (cont'd).

dancers with a rope around his body making his way down
the beach to the water's edge, and apparently dragging after
him half a dozen men who were making pretence of holding him
back. I learned afterwards that he wad the 'biting man'".

"We landed and I accosted the 'biting
man*, who immediately withdrew to one of the houses with
those men who had been pretending to hold him back. They
barred the door after entering. My own Indian crew promptly
took to the woods. They feared something or other, prob-
ably that the 'biting man' or his followers would attack me
or us, or that there was going to be trouble. I protested
to the 'biting man* and his companions against the manner
of my reception. I told them I had come on a friendly
visit and what did it mean that they received us in this in-
sulting maimer."

"The 'biting man* and his companions re-
mained closeted within the house all day. On attempting to
approach the building I was told that the 'biting man' was
within, that I could not enter; no one was allowed to enter".

CBREMDNY OF INI- "As explained to me, initiation into the
TIATION secret order of the 'biting man' was a

barbarous diabolical ceremony. I was
Informed that the proposed Initiates first went into the
mountains, washed themselves with mountain stream water,
brushed themselves with spruce boughs, etc., etc., all to
cleanse themselves. And then came back, and— almost too
horrible to contemplate — went to a graveyard, or somehow
procured a piece of putrlfylng human flesh, and knawed at
that, after which they were admitted a member of the 'biting
man* order. One chief told me that, if they could, they
would get instead the rib of a piece of deer with flesh on
it, or something of the sort, and tear away with their teeth
at that; deception of course, he told me, but evidently
they were not above avoiding the ordeal if they could."

NOTS: Prof. Boas has written at length on this "order?.

"My wife and I were teaching the girls
at our school at Bella Bella, and, of course, ministering
to their sores. When other tribes found that we were suc-
cessful in our healing we were rather overrun with appeals
to establish schools."

BBMB BM AI "* nad another interesting experience at
BELLA. COOll. Bella Coola. He were endeavoring to

get the Indians to accept the Christian
teaching. Tou see, my tenure of office was at • period of

187

175

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 153. CM. Tate (cont'd).

time when the Indiana were becoming fairly familiar with the
white man and hla habita. Prior to my period the Indiana
had been left very largely to themaelvea; retained much of
their old mode of living, kept very largely to old practices.
But in my day they had had, from their childhood, some sort
of more or less remote association with the whiteman; spoke
broken English, had a general conception of whiteman's
methods. On the other hand, the whiteman had left the In-
dians pretty much to themselves."

"But the natives had by no means loat
their fear of their oldenemles. Times were not so remote
that they could not recall soma of the terrors of the past,
nor had they abandoned their precautiona to protect them-
selves from the attacks of their native foea."

"In responae to my pleadings I was told
that it all sounded very good, but they enquired what, if
they did as I asked, was to protect them from the attacks of
their enemies. Their enemies would raid their vlllagea,
carry off such as they could catch of their women and chil-
dren. The wolf dance was a protection against these depre-
dations. It would make their enemiea fear them. They
agreed that they would be quite willing to accept our Chris-
tian teachings if we would first aasure them of immunity from
attack by killing off their enemies for them. Otherwise,
what protection would they have?"

THE WOLF DANCE "The wolf dance was a representation of
the wolf. The Indians had a couple of
shutters or clappers, which they clapped together, and at
the aame time they howled 'whoaf, 'whoaf, in imitation of
the wolf. The wolf dance had nothing to do with the 'biting
i*. That was a secret order, entirely separate."

"In this connection I might tell you that,
whilst travelling with the Indiana — it was in the seventies,
on trails about Nanaimo— I asked the reason for the mounda
of sheila frequently to be seen deep in the forest. The
reply was made to me, 'that is where our people have been
eating*. What had happened was thia. When the enemy ap-
peared the warriors sent the weaker to the wooda and aubse-
ouently carried food, clama, fiah, etc., to them. After the
foe had departed the weaker would return again from the wooda.
The Tuclataws were the most dreaded tribe on the coast. They
were not satisfied with killing their enemies, but, so the
Indians informed me, cut off the heada of the vanquiahed,
stuck taa head on a pole, faatened the pole upright in the
canoe, and proceeded home in triumph."

188

176

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 153. CM. Tate (cont'd).

OOLICHAN GREASE "A* you know, the Indians are very fond
of oollcban grease, a rather disgusting
edible for Europeans to whom it has a most repulsive odor.
But Indians will smother it over all kinds of food and smack
their lips. I recall one instance when I arrived very late
one night at an Indian fishing village. I was Immediately
ushered into the chief's house, and his wife began to prepare
food for me. A fresh lot of halibut had Just come in and she
began to cook. Out came her oollchan box and the big horn
spoon, a sort of great ladle made, I think, from the horn of
the big horn sheep. Of course, the more grease— they valued
it— the greater the honor to the guest. I protested that I
was unworthy of so much grease, but without avail. To my
chagrin she was lavish, and simply showered her esteem on me
by smothering the halibut with the grease. I never acquired
a taste for it. I am hopeless— wJhout hope— that I ever
shall."

"I recall, most vividly, the first time
I consented to eat with an Indian family. It was in 1871 in
the community house at Nanaimo. I happened to arrive just
as the family gathered around a large wooden platter of boiled
cod. I aaked the privilege of dipping In with them, when,
to their astonishment, they discovered that I was willing to
eat with then. They seemed overjoyed."

INDIAN FOOD- "The Indians had no gardens such as we
GARDENS know. They got their livelihood from

water and beach. Then, too, they used a
lot of berries, shalal and other berries, which for winter's
use they dried and made up in big flat compressed cakes on
the same principle as our raisins. When wanted they would
break off a pieoe, soak it in water, and cook. The Taimp-
seans, in the north, preserved theirs in grease."

INDIAN FISHING "Originally, before they got our nets,

the Indians fished with frames of slats
placed close together to keep the fiah from getting through—
not small fish, but such as salmon. The frame was made of
small round horizontal poles to which were affixed perpendic-
ular slats of split cedar, fastened by rope or bark entwined
so as to hold them to the poles and form a frame. The
frames were sunk into the waiter, and put down in the gravel
with stakes with sharpened points.

(NOTE: See August Eitsllano's narrative explaining
how the sandbar, where Granville Island now stands, was
used to catch or trap fish by the Indians of Snauq,
Burrard Bridge.)

189

177

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 154. C.M.Tate (cont'd).

"The alata kept the fish from getting through. The Indiana
put the framea right acroas the river, leaving out a slat or
two in the middle where the water was swift. Above this
opening they usually had an overhead walk, upon which they
would stand and apear— or Jag with a hook — the fish, usually
aalmon, aa they came through the opening. Sometimes they
would have a canoe lying elongalde the frame to throw the
fish into. At Bella Coola I have aeen a canoe almost sunk
with the load of fish — generally salmon."

"In later days the poor Indians felt the
affects of the white mans fishing laws. They fined the poor
Indian ten or fifteen dollara if he went out and caught a
salmon in a stream from which, from time Immemorial, his an-
cestors had caught their fish. Which reminds me that they
took hia land aa well."

■nraTiu T.AND QPBS- "I remember once an aasemblage of about
TT6H one hundred Indians, mostly chiefs, — I

~ ~" acted as interpreter for them — aaaembled

at Victoria, and affcer discusalng their land complaints with
Sir Richard McBride for about three hours, he replied saying,
'Tou have no caae*. A big raw-boned Indian, a monster of a
fellow from Douglas Lake, got up and said 'Tou say we have
no caae?"

"Then he made movements as though roll-
ing up his sleeves and said, "McBride," — he did not even say
Mr. McBride — "When men dlaagree they usually fight. • Sir
Hlchard looked alarmed. •Now I want to fight you. I will
fight you, not with our Indian law, but with your whitmans
law. Ibr money you give title to lands. where did you get
your title from? When people give title they must first
have acquired it themaelvea. Where did you get your title
from?" That waa pretty good reaaoning, eh?"

"Another chief from up the coast said,
»Tou aay you got your title from the Queen. What is the
Queen's (Queen Victoria) title to us? Where did she get
her title from that she can give it to you?'"

SIB JAMBS DOUGLAS "The Indians thought a great deal of

Sir James Douglas. That land which he

got from them around Victoria he bought from them. True,
he gave them only a few blankets, some biscuits and molasses,
but he bought it. He once wrote to the British Government
that British Columbia was filling up and that he wanted money
to buy land from the Indians so that he would sell it to the
settlers, otherwise there might be trouble. But the British
Government's reply was that they had no money for the purchaae

190

178

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 155. CM. Tate (cont»d).

of lands; that he had better sell a little and use the pro-
ceeds to buy more. My opinion is that if the whole case had
Jone to the Privy Council the Indians would have won out."
See below.)

TWTjTAp rt bpect FOR "The Iraser River Indians had a great
BRITISH LAW respect for Judge Begbie. When the

toughs from California bound for the Gari-
JPDGB BBGBIB boo shot the Indians for sport, Judge Beg-
bie came along with his blue- jackets, held
court in the open along the Cariboo road, and the offending
white man would be strung up without much formality soon after-
wards. I remember, soon after the occurence, being told by
white men how, at one of these open air courts, Judge Begbie
had concluded his remarks to the offender whom he had sen-
tenced to be hanged for shooting Indians (above Tale) in cold
blood, by saying, "I wish you to understand that, under the
British flag, an Indian's life is Just as valuable as any other
life.'"

KINDLY DISPOSITION (See above) "I quite agree with you that
OF INDIANS" the Indian people are a splendid people if

treated right. It's a pity the whiteman
has not treated them as well as they have treated the whiteman.
The New Zealand Maoris fought for their rights. It might
have been better if our Indians had fought for theirs, but old
Sir James Douglas was at the bottom of it. If he had not
treated them squarely at the first we probably should have had
a fight on our hands. He did buy a good deal of their land,
but when he applied to the British Government for funds to buy
land for the settlers from the Indians the British government
said they had no funds for that purpose, and that the proper
thing to do was to sell land to the white, and with that money
buy more land from the Indiana."

"As I found them, all Indians were a
kindly, hospitable, joyful and entertaining people. Once
you got on the right side of them there was little too good
for their friends to whom they gave the best they had. Many
of the miners returned down the iraser from the Cariboo "dead
broke", and without food, and were helped back to civilization
largely through the kindness of the Indians who frequently
gave them supper, bed and breakfast— such as it was— asking
no return, and in that way the miners got one day further on
their journey to the coast."

CHRISTIANITY'S Major Matthews: "Looking back over the

MTSt£rI6US POffSR years, Mr. Tate, and with the mellowed

judgment which long experience and white

191

179

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. J56. CM. Tate (cont'd).

hairs give, do you consider your life's effort wasted?"

"I should say not", vigorously ejaculated
Mr. Tate in his indignant retort. There was no mistaking
the meaning of the answer to the impertinent question. Then
he continued:

"Critics have often told us of the futility
of trying to civilize Indians by simply preaching to them with-
out first educating them, but experience has taught that It
is much easier to educate the head after the heart is made
right. Lawless barbarians have never become law-abiding cit-
izens by book learning, but by Christianity we have seen the
cannibal savage become a docile member of the community, and
literally ask for the education that would enable him to com-
pete with the educated people who had invaded his territory,
and not be forever playing a losing game."

"A lone result of missionary labor, - the
smoke begrimed community house where a dozen families herded
together under anything but moral and sanitary conditions has
given place to the individual family cottage, the war paint
has been washed from their faces, the feathers combed out of
their hair, and modern clothing has supplanted the blanket
pinned around the body with a wooden skewer. The canoe has
given place to the gasboat built by themselves, and, so far
as the Indiana are concerned, life and property is perfectly
safe for the white man in any part of the country, largely due
to the work of the missionaries, at least so said a government
official to me a short time ago."

MISSIONARIES MORS "Let me relate some of my experiences to
VALUABLE - f HiK prove that contention. Some time in the
iXftsaPS 1840s or 1850s the Bella Bellas made a raid

on the Rivera Inlet Indians, carried off
their women and children to be slaves, a most intolerable af-
front and degradation. A couple of decades later It fell to
me to persuade some Bella Bellas to accompany me down to
Rivers Inlet on missionary work. After our arrival at Rivers
Inlet, one of my Indian companions brought the alarming report
to me that he had overheard a conversation— the two tribes
speak the same language— to the effect that under cover of
the night, the Rivera Inlets proposed paying the Bella Bellas
back. During the conversation overheard, the question had
coma up as to what was to be done with the white man, that
was myself. The decision was that he would have to suffer
the same fate as the rest of them to cover up the deed. When
they first brought the report to me I said 'We are in God's
hands; he will take care of us.*"

192

180

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 156. CM. Tate (cont'd).

"After dark I got oat my magic lantern
and elides, and we all went into the community houae , and
there, whilst the Indians of both tribes were all seated
together, I diaplayed the lantern slidea portraying the life
of our Saviour and gave the necessary explanations. After
the entertainment was over I saw the Rivers Inlet Indians
wrap their blankets around them in that particular crouching
attitude common to Indians, and one by one slide off out into
the darkness, went to their own shacks, lay down and went to
sleep. The Bella Bellas with myself stayed in the big com-
munity house and did likewise. In the morning I said to my
Indian companions, 'So you see how the Great father protects
His children?"

M0RDKB3 "Take the case of the schooner at Rivera

Inlet whose crew was never again heard
of. It is a legendary story and it was in speaking to the
Indians about the past that they told me of it. I don't
remember the name of the vessel. I don't know that the
Indians knew it themselves. From what I could learn the
schooner went into Rivers inlet to buy furs and an easy way
to secure furs is to exchange liquor for them. The white-
men offered liquor and the Indians scraped toghether all the
furs that they could and got liquor in exchange. In due
time the Indians said 'Give us more liquor*. The whltemen
replied 'More furs, more liquor; no more furs, no more
liquor;' The Indiana had no more furs, so they found a way
to get the liquor. They murdered the crew to get it; but
those whltemen, indirectly, murdered themselves."

"Then again, down at Victoria, I have
seen the Tuclataws, and their old enemies from Cape Mudge
and Campbell River sitting on the same bench singing hymns
and praying— and the "XUclataws were d esperados. "

BaTTBt THAN WAR- "No warships, nor half a dozen of them,
TIS~ could have brought about changes like

these. 'In the earlier days', an old
friend said to me onoe,*a man's life was not safe beyond a
few miles outside Victoria'; and then my friend added, per-
haps a little cynically, but not much, 'now you are safer
among the Indians than among whites."

The Rev. Mr. Tate was a guest of the
City of Vancouver on July 1st, 1932, at the opening

193

181

"Early Vancouver", Vol, 3, p. 157.

of the splendid Burrard Bridge which passes directly
over Snauq, the Indian village where formerly he
preached in the Indian potlatch house. He was a
somewhat prolific writer. His works include "Our
Indian Missions in British Columbia," published by
the Methodist Church in Toronto; translated the Gospel
of St. Mark into an Indian language, published a book
of Hymns in Indian tongue, and a Dictionary of Chinook
Jargon. Now over 80, he is a tall venerable gentleman
of clear complexion, white hair, stately carriage, and
kindly bearing. J.S.M.

'Our dear old Dr. Tate*, writes Dr. F.C.
Stephenson of Toronto, 'his life has counted for much.
Any honor we can show him is small reward.'

Also see " INDIAN V TT.T. a rues 4ND T. AMnMARTren
Burrard Inlet and English Bay
Before the Whlteman Came

February 28th. 1933.
REV. CM. TATE died at 9:00 a.m. today (whilst this is
being typewritten) at the home of his nephew and niece,
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Watson, 1749 Nelson street, Van-
couver; an illuminating instance of the wisdom of
getting historical material while it is procurable.

J. 3. Matthews.

194

182

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 461,. See pp. 36-39.

Copy of letter from Qpltchetahl, (Andrew Paull),

"North Vancouver,
26th June. 1933.
"Dear Major (Matth ew")
K-[TST^ t 4 NO r The KHAYTULK

district of. "The above ia right" (apelllng of

Indian name for Supplejack, aon of Chief
KHAYTULK. son of Haataa-lah-nough) .

Chief Haataa-laE- "Re the elk— they used to hang

nough . around the flata at the head of False

Creek. The Indians killed a lot, and
sold the meat by the canoe load to the whites in early days.
See my narrative of Kits llano moving from Point Roberts to
Snauq (False Creek) in your story in the "Province", (Mar.
12, 1933). There was a great demand, which depleted them,
and I suppose perhaps, too, they migrated to less molested
pastures."

Tours

(Joitchetahl"

From the narratives of Plttendrigh,
Rowling, and Hunt, (see pages numbered as above) all of
whom speak of finding elk remains, but who never saw a
live elk near the Burrard Peninsula— -the two former com-
ing here about 1870— it would seem that elk were form-
erly fairly numerous about the lower Fraaer River, prob-
ably formed a staple article of Indian diet, and that the
cause of their disappearance so many years ago was prob-
ably due to the fact that the whitemen who first ar-
rived craved meat, and, being without beef, mutton, etc.,
encouraged the Indians to bring in elk meat to such an
extent that the muskegs and natural grass prairies were
soon depleted of them. J. S. M. 1935 «

KHAYTULK Khaytulk, whose English name was Supple-

iack, and whose grave was at Chaythoos

(Prospect Point) Stanley Park, and well remembered by
the earliest settlers on Burrard Inlet as a big "long"
Indian, was the son of Chief Haataa-lah-nough, after
whom Kitsilano is named, and father of August Jack
Haatsa-lano, now a resident at Capilano River with his
wife Swanamla, son and daughter. J. S. M. 1953.

195

183

"Karly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 53.

Conversation with Andrew Paull, secretary, Squamlsh Indian
Council, since 1911, (and still acting — 1933), North Van-
couver.

December 15th. 1932 .
^OITOHETaHL

TH& AriHlTSI OF "It was the duty of the more responsible
CAPT. VANCOUVER Indians," said Mr. ^oitchetahl, "to see

that the history and traditions of our
race were properly handed down to posterity. A knowledge
of our history and legends was of similar importance as an
education is regarded today among whitemen. Those who pos-
sessed it were regarded as aristocrats. Those who were in-
different, whether adults or children, were rascals. Being
without means of transmitting it into writing, much time was
spent by the aristocrats in imparting this knowledge to the
youth. It was the responsible duty of responsible elders."

"V,"hen I was a youth my father took me
fishing Jlth him. 1 was young and strong, and pulled the
canoe whilst he fished, and as we passed along the shore--
you know progress when one is rowing is very slow— it gave
him ample tine, as we passed a given point; for him to explain
to me all about the various matters of Interest of that lo-
cation, which it was his delight to do. It was in this man-
ner that the history of our people was preserved in the past.
It was a duty for elders to attend to, equally as important
as the schooling of our children is today. Then again, in
1920, all was arranged for me to go to Ottawa to impart some
historical information to some historical department there —
I never went — but In preparation for it I went especially to
Squamish to see the daughter of the "real? Old Chief Capilano,
a sister to Frank Charlie, or Ayatak Capilano (Ayatak) of
Musqueam."

Note: Some mistake here; must mean granddaughter,
Frank Charlie is grandson.

"It seems that it wa.s a tradition among
the Indians of early days that a calamity of some sort would
befall them every seven years. Once it was a flood. On
another occasion disease wiped out '.Vhoi-.hoi. Again, it was
a snow storm which lasted for three months. The wise men
had long prophesied a visitation from a great people, from a
very powerful body of men. Capt. Vancouver came in 1792, a
year which coincided with the seventh year, the year in which
some calamity was expected, regarding the form of which there
was much trepidation, so that when strange men of strange
appearance, -shite, with their odd boats, etc., etc., arrived
on the scene, the wise men said 'this may be the fateful
visitation, what may it bring us*, and took steps to propit-
iate the all powerful visitors."

196

184

".iarly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 53. Andrew Paull (cont'd).

"It was the custom among Indians to
decorate or ornament the interior of festival or potlatch
houses with v.hite feathers on festive occasions and cere-
monials. The softer outside feathers from Beneath the
coarser outside covering of wateffowl were saved, and these
white eiderdown feathers were thrown and scattered about,
ostensibly to placate the spirits, in a manner not very dis-
similar to the decoration of a Jhristmas tree with white
artificial snow at Christmas time."

"Capt. Vancouver reports that he was re-
ceived v.ith 'decorum*, 'civility', 'cordiality', and 'respect',
and that presentations were made to him. I will explain to
you the true meaning of this; always bearing in mind that I
have come to know, it has come to me as knowledge, through my
father's uevotion to the duty of elders to pass on by word of
mouth the great traditions and history of our race."

"As your great explorer Vancouver pro-
cessed through the First Narrows, our people threw in greet-
ing before him clouds of snow white feathers which rose,
'.vafted in the air aimlessly about, then fell like flurries
of snow to the water's surface and rested there like white
rose petals scattered before a bride. It must have been a
pretty welcome. Then there were presents of fish; all to
invoke the all powerful arrivals to have pity on them — it was
the seventh year. You see there was motive behind it. They
were expecting a calamity and were anxious to do anything to
avoid it. Read what Vancouver has to say about the conferences
which took place, the meaning of which he did not understand,
but which he reports as 'they did not seem to be hostile'".

"I am informed that the ceremony of cast-
ing the white eiderdown before him took place as Capt. Van-
couver's ship passed through the First Narrows and was pass-
ing '.Yhoi -<hol, the big Indian village in Stanley Park where
the Luirber.Tians Arch is now. Whoi Vihoi must have been a very
large village, for it spread from Brockton Point to Prospect
Point. It must also have been a very ancient village, none
know its age, but there :iust have been hundreds, perhaps
thousand, living there at one time. Tradition says that
Capt. Vancouver went on up the iijlet, spent the night on the
shore but saw few Indians because none were living up there,
so I am told."

"I can quite understand that Capt. Van-
couver reports Stanley Park as an island blocking the chan-
nel, for in earlier days even I can r ecall that the waters
of English Bay almost overflowed into Coal Harbor at Second
Beach."

197

185

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 54. Andrew paull (cont'd).

"Tim Moody — Timothy is a flathead, that
Is, his forehead was flattened according to Indian custom
when he was a child, and that is long ago. The sculptor
Marega has made a bust model of his head and shoulders— Tim
Moody tells you that all Stanley Park is called Paa-pee-ak.
That is not correct. At the time of the court proceedings
respsctin^ the ejection of squatters from Stanley Park I was
called upon to replace Tim Moody as interpreter. Tim was
expressing his own opinions instead of interpreting the wit-
ness's remarks. During the proceedings I had to interpret
for a very old Indian, Abraham. He continually and consist-
ently referred to Stanley Park as Whol-'.vhoi. No; Paa-pee-ak
is nothing more than an Indian way of saying park."

"It may be interesting to record how my
ancestors cut down a tree. In bygone days my ancestors cut
down many cedar trees in Stanley Park for making canoes and
other purposes. You can see the evidences of their attempts
to cut down trees even yet. There are many trees in Stanley
Park v. ith little holes in them, holes some feet up from the
ground. Last year the Parks Board gave us permission to cut
down a tree in Stanley Park to make a canoe, a racing canoe.
There is one such tree, with a little hole in it, near the
tree we cut down for the racing canoe, and there are many
such throughout the park— right at the head of Beqver Lake
trail. You see the Indian fellers had nothing but stone
chisels and a big round stone for a hammer. Cedar trees
expand in girth near the ground. Frequently they are hol-
low or rotten in the centre. There would be disadvantage
in cutting off at the -.idest diameter, for not only would
the bulge have to be cut off again in making the canoe before
the canoe could be shaped, and, too, cut off with a stone
chisel, but the lower end might have a rotten centre. Too
much extra labor. So they eliminated all this extra work by
going a few feet up the tree trunk and, cutting in an explora-
tory hole, ascertained if the tree was sound. If a rotten
centre was struck the tree was abandoned. That is the mean-
ing of those little holes in the cedar trees — they are aban-
doned trees. Ask the park forester to show them to you."

"Siwash Hock! Well, Chants is not only
a big rock on the beach, that is symbolically Siwash dock's
fishing line rolled up in a ball, but it also includes a big
hole in the cliff nearby where Slahkayulsh kept his fishing
tackle. You can see the hole as you come in on the Victoria
boat. Stuk-tuks is too abrupt a pronunciation of the name
for the little bay known as Fishermans ^ove. Abruptness
destroys the sense of the root from ..hich the word is der-
ived. The longer"Stoak-tux" is better. It means "all cut
up". The rocks there are all fluted and cut up."

198

186

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 55. Andrew Paull (cont'd).

"Dick Isaacs' Indian name is Que-yah-
chulk, Tim Moody's ia Yahmas. Frank Charlie (Ayatak) of
Muaqueam is quite entitled to use the surname Capilano. The
Capilanos of Gapllano reiver and Frank Charlie of I.usqueam
both acknowledge descent from the same blood."

QOITCHETAHL, THE "My ancestor Qpltchetahl, the celebrated
SERPENT SLAYER serpent slayer of Squamlsh was born at

Stawmass, near Squamlsh. The aged Hasten
tella me that he v,as the great grandfather of my grandmother.
I was i;iven the name of Qpltchetahl at a meeting held in my
grandmother's house on the North Vancouver Indian Reserve in
1910 or 1911. All, every one, of the old chiefs of the
Squamlsh tribe were present. My grandmother, being a direct
descendant of the original Qpltchetahl, herself chose me as
the member of the family to bear the name tyoitchetahl. "

NOTE: The aged and wrinkled Haxten, seated nearby dur-
ing the talk, is said to be 112 years old. It is
fairly conclusive she is over 100. Her rapid and re-
peated utterance of the word Qpltchetahl sounded, in
English, much like ".Vhichtull", or "A'udge-tal".

Haxten, or Mrs. Harriet George, North Vancouver, died
February 8, 1940, see "Provinoe", February 9, 1940.

A full report, somewhat different in detail to that re-
lated by August Kitsilano, of the legend of Qpltchetahl
is printed in Professor Chas. Hill-Tout's report on the
Ethnological Survey of Canada, British Association for
the Advancement of Science, Bradford Meeting, 1900, p.
530. August Kitsilano 's account is given elsewhere
In this record.

Conversation .vith Andrew Paull. January 10th, 1933.

"The story of Kokohaluk, and the burning
of Homulchesun, is not legend but actual history," continued
Mr. Paull (Qoitchetahl) "and ia in part verified by Haxten,
(Mrs. Harriet George) my wife's grandmother, who actually saw
the bodies of the slain. She ia now over 100 years old.
It ia claimed that she is 112 years old, ao that it is prob-
able that the incident occured about, say, ninety years ago.
I will call her, and interpret for you."

Major Matthews: "Ask her why they
calleo. it Homulchesun."

(Mr. Paull asks.)

199

187

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 55. Andrew Paull (cont'd).

Haxten: "Ann, ahh, ahh." (Mr. Paull
interpreting) "Vi'here they split the cedar trees and made
them into a fence (fort or stockade), because of the enemy
that used to come. In the stockade they had a northern
Indian woman imprisoned, Kokohaluk. They had stollen her
from the enemy and were teeping her In the fort. She had
become the wife of a Squamish Indian and was an expectant
mother."

"Well, about eighteen warriors from the
north came in a big canoe, and, at a moment when it was unde-
fended, attacked the fort at Homulchesun, rescued Kokohaluk,
burned the stockade, and made off with her."

"'/hilst all this was going on three
Squamish men, all brothers, were coming down in two canoes--
one large and one small — from Squamish to Coquitlam. They
were proceeding via the North Arm of the FTaser. The canoe
had just been completed by the three brothers, and they were
taking it as a present to their sister who had married a man
at Coquitlam. The smaller canoe was to take the three
brothers back to Squamish after the presentation. The big
canoe was very valuable." ("As valuable as a large ocean
liner is to us today", added Mr. Paull.)

"As th« raiders from the north, returning
from the burned fort, were proceeding home again they and
the three Squamish men met. Just where they sighted each
other I do not know, but I think somewhere off Skaywltsut
(Point Atkinson). The weaker force retired when they were
attacked by the eighteen warriors. The fight took place
somewhere about Kee-khaal-sum (Eagle Harbor). Two brothers
were in the great canoe — hastened to the shore to defend it.
The other brother took the smaller canoe, and took up a
position behind the big boulder on the rocky shore. This
brother's name was Skwa-lock-tun, He prepared for battle.
He had his bow and arrow in a satchel slung to his side.
One by one the attackers were either killed or wounded,
largely by Skwa-lock-tun from behind the big boulder, until
finally only two of the raiders and the woman Kokohaluk re-
mained in the raider's canoe."

"Then Kokohaluk said to her captors,
•You had better stop fighting. That is a bad Squamish man
you have met.' So the fighting ceased and the dead and
wounded were dragged back to the canoe, which drew off in
the direction of the north and disappeared."

"After their departure, Skwelocktun, the

200

188

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 56. Andrew paull (cont'd).

Squamish man, emerged from his retreat, and went to look for
his brothers. He found both their bodies. Their heads
were gone. Both large and small canoe were smashed to
pieces. Skwalocktun alone survived; so he resolved to pro-
ceed to Homulcheson and seek assistance."

"From Keekhaalsum to Homulchesun he
walked, and then related the story of the fight."

"Payt-sa-mauq, half brother to "Old Chief"
Capilano, said 'This fighting must stop.' Kokohaluk'a hus-
band said 'I love Kokohaluk. I am going to Nanaimo, where
there is a Nanaimo man married to a woman from the north. I
will ask him to go with me and we will go as ambassadors of
peace from the people of the south to the people of the north.
I will ask them to let me have Kokohaluk. ~ In due time the
mission proceeded north; their requests were granted, peace
was declared, and" laughed ioltchetahl as he interpreted and
then added "they lived happy ever afterwards".

THE 3LAIN LI 2 III "A short time afterwards — how long she
BUSHES AT GIBSONS does not know — Haxten was Journeying by

canoe with her husband along the shore
near Gibson's Landing when her husband saw some wild goose-
berries, and drew them to her notice. Haxten disembarked
from the canoe and proceeded up the shore to gather some, and
whilst wandering midst the wild gooseberry bushes gathering
the fruit, she 'stumbled upon' the bodies of the slain. They
were covered with mats and badly decomposed."

"After peace v.as declared, the ^quemish
houses v.ere built on the short, and not concealed in the
forest as they had been previously, and as Capt. Vancouver
reports they were when he visited here in 1792. There was
no longer fear from attack."

NOTE: Assuming Haxten 's age to be 100, this, incident
probably happened, approximately, about 1850. The
dead would be heavy, and would be carried by a short
distance, i.e., just beyond the actual beach. The
Indians fought v. ith bow and arrow. Matthias Capilano
says that "Old Chief Capilano had fought battles with
bow and arrow, and lived to fight them with guns. The
white mans rule probably accounts for the change in
sites of houses.

Paull continues the conversation; Haxten
retires:

201

189

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 57. Andrew Paull (cont'd).

"Some time ago I sat at a table opposite
a Yucletaw Indian. He appeared uneasy, conscious of some
emotion, and presently he remarked to me that my ancestors
and his had been foes, and commented upon the oddity of two
descendants of hereditary foes conversing, in amity side by
side. And then he told me of the great holes which his
ancestors had dug in the ground to protect themselves from
the assaults of my ancestors, and mused on the labor he had
been given, and smiled and nodded Ills head at the thought of
it, of filling them up again. 'Some work' he remarked with
irony, 'I had to draw about twenty wa»-on loads of earth to
fill each hole up again'".

INDIAN NOIpHJLA - "In studying the names on your map I think
TURS ABOUT we should change some of them. Khachu

ENGLISH BAY means 'a lake'; Akhachu means 'a little

lake', and Beaver Lake iv Stanley Park is
a little lake. Then Siwash .-iock is best spelt 'Slah-kay-ulah'
to get the proper meaning 'he is standing up'. Be careful to
spell Chah-kai v.ith the second *h' so as to distinguish it
from Che-kai, i.e., Ht. Daribaldi. The mouth of the creek
just west of ..allace's shipyard, 100 yards or so east of Lons-
dale Avenue, should be spelt *Es-tahl-tohk* . It means 'a
fine, large, pretty house built there*. The name 'Stait-wouk' ,
Indian for Second Beach in Stanley Park, is the Indian name
for a clay material or muddy substance formerly obtained rlf-iit
in the bed of a small creek right at Second Beach, which, when
rolled into loaves, as the Indians did it, and heated or
roasted before a fire, turned white like chalk. As you know,
the Indian blankets were made from the woven mountain goat's
fur, and staitwouk, after being whitened, was used to dust or
powder them with to whiten them. I am told that Staitwouk
was the only place known to the Indians where this material
was procurable."

NOTE: Rev. C.M. Tate says that Indians would come long
distances to procure this white pipe clay. They came
as far as from Vancouver's Island.

"Sahix does not mean the site of the old
Uoodyville Sawmill, which was east of Sahix. Sahix means
•a polht' or 'cape*, and ie that prominent headland east of
the North Vancouver ferry landing. If you will observe,
you .-.ill see that the whole of t -e north shore from W«st
Vancouver to Roche Point is low and flat save for the one
point, Sahix, which rises to eminence, and appears as a bold
bluff. It must have been still more prominent when the
forest grew upon it. At Estahltohk, just east of Lons-
dale avenue, there was a graveyard as well as a 'fine large

202

190

*Early Vancouver", Vol. 8, p. 57. Andrew Paull (cont'd).

house*. Lucklucky means a 'grove of beautiful trees'; and
•Kumkumlye*. it is better spelt 'lye' then 'lai', means
that there is a lot of 'maple trees* there (Hasting* Sawmill).
In some of the photographs of early Vancouver you will see
Indian canoes about the Hastings Sawmill waters — canoes with
upturned prow and stern. These are the canoes of northern
Indians. Probably they worked at the mill. The Squamish
canoes is peculiar to itself. The stern is not turned high
in the air, and the prow has a straight stem part way and
then a projection, like a blunt bill, and almost horizontal,
stioks out. 3mamchuze, on False Creek, brings to mind the
system of Indian burials."

INDIAN BURIALS "Our system of burial has progressively

changed. One hundred years ago, per-
haps, it was exclusively tree burial; and, when they could
get it, on an island. Then changes gradually crept in.
After the arrival of the whiteman they were told that it was
not proper, not decent, to have bones lying on the surface of
the earth, but as late as 1907, or 1908, I was on those two
little islands Just west of Point Atkinson, south of 3agle
Harbor, and found the remains of several bodies on the summit
of one of them — Just laid on the bare rock) there is no
earth on those storm-swept islets; and covered with split
cedar slabs, about say 3" thick, 18" wide, and about five
or six feet long, held down by their own weight — no stones
on them. This will illustrate that, prior to the advent
of the whiteman, Indians did not usually bury in the ground.
I would not say that they never did. Defence Island, near
Squamish in Howe Sound, is an old Indian burial ground,
merely half an acre in extent. It was surveyed and given
to the Indians in 1876, and again surveyed in 1881, but
recently has been sold to private parties by the Provincial
Government, and a deed for it actually issued. The new
•owners' want #1200 for it, but it belongs to the Indians,
and was an old burial ground."

proiAN UNDBR- "Do not forget that, in addition to being
GAHMBTTS useful for canoes, buildings, etc., cedar

was used to make undergarments."

(NOTB: Hill-Tout speaks of it being used for the fluffy
lining of infant's cradles.)

"Kee-khaal-sum (Eagle Harbor) which Prof.
Hill-Tout refers to as having reference to 'nipping
grass', and that the deer went there in spring to eat
the tender young grass, really refers to the knawing of
animals; you know, they have a habit of gnawing buds,
and tender shoots in spring. It really means 'gnawing'".

203

191

EICERPTS FROM CAPT. GEORGE VANCOUVER'S JOURNAL
To fef read In conjunction with
Andrew Paull'a (Qpltchetahl) Remark*

1798

"At five In the morning of June 13th we again dir-
ected our course to the eastern shore."

"Which in compliment to my friend Capt. Grey of the
nary was called Point Grey."

branch."

"Prom Point Grey we proceeded first up the eastern

"We passed to the northward of an island (Stanley
Park) which nearly terminated ita extent, forming a passage
from ten to seven fathoms deep (First Narrows) not more than
a cable's length in width. This island lying exactly across
the channel appeared to form a similar passage to the south
of it (Coal Harbor) with a smaller island (Deadmans Island)
lying before it. The channel (Burrard Inlet) in width about
half a mile continued Its direction about east. Here we
were met by about fifty Indians in canoes, WHO CONDUCTS!)
THEMSELVES 7TITH GREAT DECORUM AND CIVILITY , PRESENTING US
WITH SEVERAL FISH fiOOKED AND TJNDRESSeD 0¥""a SORT RESEMBLING
SMELT. THE3K GOOD PEOPLE , finding we were Inclined to make
some return for their flflffPTTp.TTY SHOWED MUCH UNDERSTANDING
In preferring iron to copper."

"For the sake of the COMPANY OF OUR NEW FRIENDS we
stood under easy sail, which encouraged them to attend us
some little distance up the arm. The major part of the
eanoes twice paddled forward, assembled before us . and each
time • conference was held. The subject matter, which re-
mained a profound secret to us, did not appear to be of an
unfriendly nature, as they soon returned, and, IF POSSIBLE,
EXPRESSED ADDITIONAL CORDIALITY AND RESPECT." (See Andrew
Paull'a explanation of this Incident). "Our numerous at-
tendants, who gradually dispersed as we advanced from the
station where we had first met them, and three or four
canoes only accompanied us up a navigation which in some

? laces did not exceed one hundred and fifty yards in width
probably Second Harrows).

"We landed for the night about half a league from

204

192

"«arly Vancouver", Vol. 8, p. 59. SXcerpte from Cap*.
George Vancouver's Journal (cont'd).

the head of the inlet (about Barnot) and about three league*
from the entrano* (Proapeet Point). Our Indian vlaitora
remained with ua until, by algna, we gave then to underatand
*• **'a going to reat, and, after receiving aome aeeeptable
artiolea, they retired, and, by mean* of the aame language,
promiaed AN ABUNDANT SUPPLY OP PISH THB NUT DAT, our aeine
baring bean tried in their preaence with very little auceeaa.
▲ great deaire waa manifested by these people to Imitate our
action*, especially the firing of a musket, which one of thea
performed, though with much fear and trembling. They min-
utely attended to all our tranaactiona, and examined the
color of our aklna with greet curiosity; they poaseaaed no
Airopean commodities or trinket a, excepting aome rude orna-
ments apparently made from sheet copper; thia circumstance
and the general tenor of their behaviour gave ua reason to
oonolude that we were the flrat white people from a civil-
ised country that they had yet aeen."

"Perfectly satisfied with our reaearchea in thia
branch of the sound (fijgllsh Bay) at four in the morning of
Thursday, 14th, we retraced our paaaage in; leaving on the
northern shore a small opening (north arm of Burrard Inlet)
with two little *aleta before it of little importance."

"Aa w* paaaed the situation from whence the
Indiana had visited us the previous day (probably Whol-lhoi
or Homulchesun) with a small border of law marahy land on
the northern ahorea intersected by sevet*-creeka of fresh
water (Mosquito, Ifackey, Mission, Lynn, Seymour creeks and
Capilano River) we were in expectation of their company, tout
were disappointed owing to travelling so soon in the morning.
Moat of their canoea were hattt.i^ up IN CBBEKS and two or
three only of the natives could be seen straggling about on
the beach. None of their habitations could be discovered
whence wa concluded that their villages were within the
foreat (see Paull). Two canoea came off aa we paaaed tha
i aland (Stanley Park— canoea probably from Whol-lhoi) tout
our boats being under aail I was not inclined to halt, and
they almost immediately returned."

"By seven in the morning we had reached the north
waat point of the channel. Thia also, after another par-
ticular friend, I named Point Atkinson."

205

:TWTIV\j

193

Conversation with Qpitchetahl (Andrew Paul), Horth Vancouver,
"Early Vancouver", Vol. 3, p. 4.

12th February . 1984 .

>ROT PAUL . Major Matthew ; "Can you tell ae what
Saaaamat means? I understand Galiano
and Valdea aay that they called Burrard
Inlet Jloridablanca, and that the natives

called it Saaaamat— at leaat that portion up about Indian

River.

Andrew Paul ; "I never heard it called
"Saaaamat", but l»ll find out from Haxten. It aounda to me
like Taaa-tamat. Tou know Tea-atalum, the cool place out at
Point Grey; well, both names are from the eame derivation,
and I presume that the North Arm of the Burrard Inlet might be
considered a »oool place,' especially around Indian Elver."

proijJB "Tou know the story of the Qpitchetahl

ARRI VAL OF FIRST (Serpent). Well, I have always been told

C.P.R. VkjJfT that when the train first came down from

Port Moody to Vancourer, the Indians along

the south shore of the Inlet took fright and ran. A. great
long black snaks of a tiling with a big black head came twirl-
ing around the curves, blowing long blests, Hoooooo, Hoooooo,
Hoooooo, and the Indians thought it was a Qpitchetahl coming
back."

206

194

•Barly Vancourer", Yol. 3, p. 18.

BbgBArD_EEII)GS .

In confer eat ion with Andy EauD, on the
subject of the arbitration proceedings
in connection with the Kitailano Indian
Reserve and approximately eight acres of
land expropriated for the footings of th*
Burrard Bridge, he remarked upon the ex-
treme length of the arbitration sessions of the three eom-
ffllasioners, who sat for approximately twenty-eight days arr ly-
ing at a deciaion aa to the ralue of the land; a matter whioh
had already been considered by expert valuers on several prer-
ious occasions. Qoitchetahl (Andrew Paull) ooncluded his
remarks by saying, "The white man is too cheap to conduct a
decent deal with an Indian." The figures as supplied by Mr.
Paull are:

City eosts, legal, etc, T 15,148.65"> „ „,

Indian costs, Lawyers, etc., *«■■»»»•**

(All charged to Indians) 13,T08.85j

Balance in caah to Indians 16.154.06

Total 144,968.68

J.S.M.

207

195

"Surly Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 278.

Conversation with Chief Stogan, of Muaqueam Indian Beaerve,
■ho called at tho City Archives, City Ball, about lat November ,
1938. In company with some one. Be stayed Just a moment;
looked out of the windows, and promised to call again.

I ahowed him the black atone round ball in
the glaaa ease, mentioned and deaoribed in conversation with
August Jack Xhahtsahlano, 11th July 1936. (Die. 4 lnchea;
weight 3 lbs. 6f ounoea), and pointed to it aa it lay in the
glaaa oase. He remarked:

CC3T0MS | Major Matthews: (to Stogan) "Sea that

black atone ball?"
BOOST Chief Stogan: "Bi? Tea. Indian rugby."

Major Matthewa: "Tou are Thltaimalanough?"

Chief Stogan: "nh? Oh."

Chief Stogan is a short, stalwart man of,
possibly sixty} perhaps more, hardly leaa; and bright of eye,
quick of movement , light copper complexion, and a nan of pera-
onality and authority. I waa Impressed by hla appearance and
the indication of intellectual oapaeity hia features and move-
ment gaTs— e large, wrinkled faoa, lipa not so thick as most
Squamish, square Jaw, Grecian rather than Bo— noae, broad, high
forehead, and kindly smile.

Her. C.M. Tate, "Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p.33:
Th1t mam man lah nmigh waa chief at Muaqueam".

(Also aee, p. 14, aa to different meanings given to "lanough"
by Tate and Hill-Tout. The former says it mesna "the
place of", or "the property of", and the latter aaya it
means "man". Actually both agree aa to ita meaning, but
put it in different words. A wide interpretation would
be the "The Man of Thitseemaeh" , or, the "Prince of Thit-

J. S. M.)

iilOflJMJfl
j&fi'i/Yajn

"Marly Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 291.

Conversation with Mra. James Walker, eldeat daughter of

Joaeph 311 vey, pioneer, 1866, or earlier, of Gas town.

SILVKT 0* 27th October. 1938.

Mrs. Walker: "Joaeph Silvey, of "Qaatown-,
JOg HO. I . waa my father. Hia real name waa Joaeph

Silvey Simmons. I cannot aay exactly

whether the name la spelt Silvey or
Silvia, or how; nor can I aay where he was born, excepting
that it waa in Xorope somewhere."

"He came out to British Columbia with a
lot of men for the Hudson* s Bay Co., Victoria^ and then they
went prospecting for gold up the Eraser Biver, up at Tale or
somewhere up the Cariboo anyway. That waa when he waa a
young man and before he waa married*

208

196

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 291, Mre. Walker:

"They had a lot of trouble with the In-
diana. The Indian* were killing the whitamen of*. Then,
one night, alx whlteaen ran away from the mine* at Tale, or
wherever it waa, and eaoaped down to New Westminster In a
oanoe. They could not atop where they were any longer aa the
Indiana were killing whitamen off."

"Trom Weatminater a report waa aent to
Victoria— by telegraph I think, or somehow— if there waa a
telegraph, aaking Victoria to aend a man-o-war, and a gun
boat cane and went up the rlrer after the Indiana, and that
tamed the Indiana down.*

M03QDKAM INDIANS "Than ay father, together with the four or

flTe whlteaen who had come down the river
with hia, went on down the North Arm of the Fraser in the dug-
out canoe, and, when they approached the Point Grey Indian
Beaerre on the North Arm, they aaw a crowd of Indiana in front.
They were frightened and claaped their handa together before
their facea, aa in prayer, becauae they thought they would all
be killed, and that the Muaqueam Indiana were like the Tale
Indiana." _ _ .

"But the Musqueama treated them with kind-
neaa, and they aure were good (with emphaaia) to my father and
hia companiona."

P 292*
CHIEF KiAPTT.Awn, "The big chief, Kiapllano, from Capllano,
the old chief. happened to be at Muaqueam, and he atood
56W aKS ARROWS, in the middle of the crowd of Indiana.

All the Musqueama had their arrows ready,

but Kiapllano, the ohlef, stopped them. He put up hia two
arms oyer hia head, and that motion held the crowd in check.
He waa ay great grandfather on my mother* a aide."

"The old chief lived at Capllano Creek
(the village of Homulcheaon ) , but he also had a home et
Muaqueam,, His mother was a Muaqueam. I remember they used
to take me to see the old chief Kiapllano— a great big man,
fine tall man, grey hair* He was kind, and nice. I was a
little girl.

(NOTE: All accounts apeak highly of the old Chief
Kiapllano. J « s - M »)

"Ihther atayed a night with the Muaqueam
Indians, and was treated so well there, and the next morning
father and hia companions went to Victoria in the canoe. He
waa in Victoria for a while, and then he came back. He was
at Point Roberts with a man named Mr. Dublin, or some name

like that. That waa before father waa
JOSE PH SILVEY AT marrie*. My father had a little store
POKff R06ERT3 there. That was how he came to propoae
' to my mother down at Muaqueam.

209

197

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 292, lira. Walker:

JOSEPH SILVEY "Mother and father were out In a canoe.
MAKh ng7 Afterwards father aald, by eigne to the

IND IAN MARRI AGE old chief (Chief Kiapilano) that he wanted
MARY ANN SILVEY ny mother for hie wife, and could he have

her — all by aigna. Then the old chief
said, by signs, that he could; waved his hand arm with a
motion signifying to "take her*. He motioned with his right
arm; waved, quickly, upward and outward."

"She waa a pretty girl with dark eyes, and
hair down to her middle; large, deep, eoft eyes. Her name
waa Mary Ann, x in English. I don't know what it was in Indian.
But my aunt's name waa Lumtina^t. My grandfather (mother's
father) waa Muaqueam. He waa a son of old Chief Kiapilano and
I suppose his name waa Kiapilano too, but don't actually know.
My mother's mother was Squamish."

z Khaal-tln-aht

DID LAN MARR IAG E Major Matthews: "When your father married
OF J03SPH SILVEY your mother waa the ceremony in a church?"

Mr a. Walker: "Oh, no. In thoae days
they married under Indian law. Well, you know, my father told
me how the Indiana married. You aee, father and mother got
married at Muaqueam, Point Grey. The old chief, Chief Kiapil-
ano, took my father and the chief of the Muaqueams took my
mother, and the two chiefs put them together."

P. 293: Major Matthews : "Wa8 anyone
looking?

Mrs. Walker : "Oh, yes, (with emphasis) I
should say there wae. They had canoea and canoea and canoes
all drawn up on the beach, and a great crowd of Indians, and
they had a great time. They had a lot of stuff for the feativ-
itiea, Indian blankets and all sorts of things, and threw
(gave) it all away. They had a great big potlatch."

"And, then, they put my mother and father
in a great big canoe with a lot of blankets; made them sit on
top of the blankets,, and then brou«ji»t theia over to home at
Point Roberts."

JOSEPH SILVEY COMES "My father, Joseph Silvey, left Point
TO GASTOWN ~ Roberts after a short period and came to

Gaetown and put up a saloon. That's what
they called it — not a hotel but a saloon. He built it quite
close to the beach down on Water Street somewhere. It had a
square top, but I don't see it here in this photo of "Gaatown,
1864". I remember all the bottles on the shelf, and there
waa a counter, (bar) It was on the Gaatown beach and the
street was just planked over. Then my mother died. She
caught cold in her back, I gathered from remarks my father
dropped, when my little sister waa born. My little slater
was less than a year old when mother died. My only sister —

210

196

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 393, Mrs. Walker:

I had no brother* — Josephine, was afterwards Mrs. Anderson
Father was left with two young children, one unable to wal.

I had no brothers — Josephine, was afterwards mi
Father was left with two young children, one ur
Then he sold the saloon to some hand loggers."

INDIAN LEGEND OF "My mother has told me that great grand-
C<Mn*G IHrfBfaM father, Chief Klapllano, had twin boys.

When the boys were growing up— about six
years old — they wanted to go down to the beach and their
mother would not let them go. But they argued that there
was water down there and they wanted to go down and see it.
So old Chief Kiapilano told them that they could go down, but
that some day the whltemans would come and they were to treat
the whitemen nicely; that they would probably come on an
island (ship) and that they were Just like us only lighter
color skins. He told them that they were alright and that
they would not stop long, that they were Just travelling
through, and to be nice to them. That's what old Chief Kiap-
ilano told the twins — that they were always to be kind to the
whtemans. There was never any crime committed by the Indians
towards the whitemen about here. No, I should aay not, old
&iapilano wasefine man— would not allow it."

CHIEF KIAPILANO "Chief Kiapilano had lots of wives. The

chiefs used to have a "princess" from each
of the different tribes as a wife. Chiefs used to marry a
daughter from each tribe. Only the chiefs had a lot of
wives — not the common people — but they used to say Kiapilano
had the moat; used to visit them every month."

"I don't suppose you believe in fortune
telling but the Indians used to foretell things. I don»t
know what you call it in English but they used to tell what
would come some day. And about how the white faces would
come and they would be different; have white faces; things
would change and not be the same any more. I don't know Just
exactly what that had to do with it, but they tell me that
when the whitemen did come Chief Kiapilano wanted to give them
land. I think he did give them, some land somewhere."

"Kiapilano was a very nice man. He was
very nice and kind."

DEATH OF MRS. JOSEPH P. 294: "Mother died when my little
glLVff? . " sister was not, as yet, actually walking,

CfflE? KIAPILANO less than a year. She wanted to be

buried at Musqueam so she was burled
there. I don't know her father's name, but her grandfather
(that's my great grandfather) was the original old Chief
Kiapilano. Great grandfather Chief Kiapilano used to come
and camp at Brockton Point in a tent in front of our house.
I used to see him resting on his bed xt the tent.

Note: This is the Indian chief Invited on board H.M.S,
"Plumper" in August 1859. J. S. M.

211

199

(cont'd) "Early Vsnnuver", Vol. 5, p. 294, Mrs. Jalker:

"Everybody la surprised that I know theaa
things, I was 80 young. But I have a good memory and I re-
member my mother dying In Gaatown, and how her people at
Muaqueam came for her body and took it Id a canoe for burial
at Muaqueam."

"Father haa often told me that aha waa a
wonderful wife and woman."

3 IAH WIVES 0? P. 297 ; "Domingo, father's eldeat son,

tTEMTH got everything when father diad. There

waa no will. (He) thought he had some
coal rights on Held Island and he said to Mr. Plants (Senator
Planta) that the two girls (my aister and myself) could not
claim anything because my father waa not married to my mother.
But Mr. Planta aaid to him, "Don't tyou think anything like
that. Their father and mother were married according to
Indian law."

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 299.

Conversation with Mrs. James ttalker, eldest daughter of

Joseph Silvia, "Portugeae Joe, No. 1" of "Gaatown".

HOroi-TOOI 28th November. 1956 .

rOEESSHUTs ARCH P. 300: "They gave a great big potlatch

POTLlTCE in Stanley Park, right where the Lumber-

"TAYHAY" mans Arch is. I was little but I can

remember it clearly. My mother took me
to it on her back— ahe "packed" me to it. When we got near
there were "thousands" of Indians. "Thousands" of them,
from everywhere, Nanaimo, Cowichan, everywhere, and I was
frightened. I don't know who gave the potlatch but 1 think
my grandmother's brother, and I think Supple Jack; yea,
that'aKhaytulk, that's hia Indian name. I think he was in
it too."

"They held the potlatch In a great big
shed, a huge place. The Indiana built it themselves long
ago."

a city block?"

Mrs. .Talker: "Oh, yes. More than that
I should think. It was all divided up into sections inside.'

Major Matthews: "How big inside?"

Mr a. Walker: "Oh huge. You could put
this house inalde it. There was no floor, just earth, and
the fires were all burning. A great big high ahed."

Major Matthews: "How many? How about
smoke."

Mrs. ialker: "About three fires, but

Major Matthews: "How long would It be,

212

200

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 300, Mrs. Walker:

the flames were leaping up high, as high aa your chin, and
part of the top of the potlatch house was open to let the
smoke out."

"The platforms were high up, inside, of
course, and the chiefs were away up on the platform throwing
blanketa and money down and those below scrambled for it."

"Mother took me, on her back, but when
they began to dance and throw money about I got frightened and
ran. I darted through under their legs, in and out in the
orowd, and dashed out of the building. 1 didn't wait for
anyone, not even mother. She came after me and had to take
me home. She could not atop at the potlatch because I was so
frightened — I waa properly frightened."

INDIAN BLANKETS "before the potlatch started they had a
INDIAN MUSKS great pile of blanketa, and they got a

•High" (i.e., girl of high social station)
girl to alt on it. That waa part of the ceremony. To ahow
that they had the blankets, I suppose. She, the princess, was
my aunt (Lomtinaht) , my mother's sister, daughter of old Chief
Kiapilano."

"It would be Improper to have common girl
ait on the blankets — they had a great pile of them — and a
princess sitting on top. They could not put any common girl
on the blankets. Tou have to chooae some high aociety girl."

INDIAN CANOES "They gave away a big canoe; great big

canoe. All the men Indians would gather
around the canoe and catch hold of it with two hands. Every-
one who could get hold of the canoe (gunwale) had a hold on it.
If no one bid for it (like an auction) they would go wild and
even break it up. But as aoon as some one bid for it all
would let go, suddenly, Just like that (demonstrating releasing
hold as altogether). Of courae, if the canoe was not too big,
they would have the ceremony of the canoe inaide the potlatch
house. If it waa too big, then they would have it outside."
"The blankets were all In a pile, and the
aeat on top of them was the seat of honor; to show all the
people preaent; to ahow all the blankets to the people. The
princess on top waa "aomebody", a good looking girl. They
then threw all the blankets away from the platform above; threw
them down for the people to seize."

INDIAN GRAVES "There were a let of Indian graves all

along the Flrat Narrows. They did npt
bury their dead. They put them on the ground, with the
blankets, and put a shelter over them; Just slabs of wood, no
floor. Two slaba leaning one againat the other to cover the
body. There were quite e lot of them along where the
"Empress of Jepan" figurehead is erected now on the First
Narrows shore. There were Indian gravea all along there.

213

201

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 301, Mrs. Walker (cont'd).

And aome of the little houaea *ad windows of glass in them,
but that was only the chiefs, or some "high" Indian; but the
others they just laid them on the ground with their blankets
and things, and put the shelter over then.

(NOTE: An illustration of auch a grave is to be seen in
L.A. Hamilton's water color of Stanley Park, 1884.)

[NDIAN WIVES OF

mrmm :

PETER SETlTH

mcjji

HARRY TRIM

INDIAN WIVES OF "Tompkins Brew had an Indian wife; big,

fine, beautiful woman and he was fond of
her. But she got sick and I can see him
yet, with his arm around her neck as she
was lying there in her bed; but she did
not get better and she died. She had a
son, Arthur Brew."

"Peter Smith had an Indian wife, too. And
Kincald had an xndlan wife. He had a aloop^too. Harry Trim
had an Indian wife. She belonged to the false Creek Indian
Reserve and they had two daughters; one was Maria."

UOWITCH MAN "Joseph Mannion had an Indian wife. They

"MOfflTCHTlM" called her father the "Mowitchman". Every-

body was afraid of him. They said he was
an Indian doctor. The way he got his name was that when they
(whiteman) wanted a deer, they would tell him to get them a deer
and he would say, "Alright, I get you two", and go off. He
would come back with a deer; perhaps two. Where he got them
I don't know, but "lfowitch" is the Indian word for deer, and
that waa how they called him "Mowitch". "HoweSound Jim" and
"Mowitch Jim" were two different Indians."

HOWE SOUND P. 302 ; "Indian name? They used to call

SCJUNK Howe Sound, Scjunk. Staw-ki-yah?

STAW-KI-YAH "Stawkiyah, that's wolf — Indian name for

wolf."
(REFER: Indian place names, "Early Vancouver," Vol. 3. P.
16N for Scjunk and Stawkiyah, given by Khahtsahlano as the
Indian names for Gibson's Landing, and Roberts Creek).

August JackKhahts?
Conversation with Clnqrxflzttdfcvq

in the City Archives, Nov. 28th. 1935.

cixMuxfnJmm±*.x

Vol. 5, p. 324.

THE LAST FLAT FORTPTKATl
HTblAW. BBfifiARb IttLET.
fa Mo6bIE. OF NORTH

vAMCoffTffl fansm —
reserve.

Ma jor Matthews: "Has Tim Moodie got
any children?"

August Jack : "Tim Moodie, that's
Yanmas, has a son, Napoleon Moodie;
hi b son, Yahmas's grandson, is Tim
Moodie, he's secretary of the Squamlsh

Indian Council*"

NOTE: Yahmaa (see "Early Vancouver", Vol. 2) is the last

214

202

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 324, (cont'd).

surviving Indian with a flat forehead; made flat by the
old Indian custom of flattening the forehead in child-
hood. A model of him was made by the well-known Van-
couver sculptor, Charles Marega. He died about 22nd
December, 1936. J. 3. H.

Conversation with Otway Wilkle, 629 Eighth St. New Westminster,
in the City Archives, November 28th. 1935 . and Ehahtsahlano.

^ 324:
. Wilkle: (formerly provincial const-
able) "I remember once an Indian woman
swimming ashore from a capsized canoe with one of her children
under each arm, and the third in her mouth. 3he was awarded
the Royal Humane Society medal I think. She saved the two
under her arms, but the baby in her mouth was drowned".

August Jack Ehahtsahlano: "Tea, that's
right; up the North Arm, Burrard Inlet".

Major Matthews: "How did it happen?"
August Jack: "She was the wife of Aneas
(sic). I forget her name but I think it was Molly. She was
coming down from up Indian River way with her two children and
her baby; three of them in her canoe. It capsized. She
was south of Racoon Island and she took one child under each
arm, and the other, the baby, in her teeth, and swam a mile
and a half to a logging camp in that deep bay Just east of
Racoon Island. It was about 36 y%ars ago— 4aboutl898) . Yes;
she "got the medal". She saved two, but the baby was dead
when she reached shore."

Otway Wilkle: "I know ahe was recommend-
ed for it, uut I never heard before if she got it."

211

203

Converaation with lira. James talker, eldest daughter of Joseph
Sllvey, or "Portugese Joe", No. 1", "amrly Vancouyer", Vol.5,
P. 344: July 17th. 1939 .

Mra. Walker said: "When 1 was shout three
-NO years old — it was before ay sister Joseph-
[LANO job ine was born — »y mother took me oyer to the

Indian houses st Capilano Creek, and there
I saw old Chief Ki-ap-i-la-no; a great big old man with big
legs, and loud voice— anyway it seemed ao to me. That's how I
recall him. Of course I waa little and perhaps he looked big-
ger to me than he actually was — long white hair hanging down
oyer his shoulders, down to his shoulder blades, and the ends
used to curl upwards. He was ahort-aighted. He had a son
called Lahwa, who, I think, had a Nanaimo Indian woman for a
wife. Lahwa was chief afterwards."

"Old Ki-ap-i-lano used to come over to

Brockton Point, and camp in a tent — I've told you about it—

and he had a hunoh-back slave wife to look after him. I used
to visit him constantly in that old tent."

MARY CAPILANO "The well known Mary, widow of Chief

Capilano Joe, was not old Ki-ap-i-la-no *s
daughter; her mother waa a Comoz woman. Then she married
Capilano Joe; Joe»a father was a Chilliwack Indian. Mary
Capilano is not near blood to the Squamiah Capllanos."

LOMTINAHT "Lomtinaht, waa my mother's sister. This

STOESEST" is her photograph. Her name in Englieh

was Louise. My mother's English name was
Mary Ann. Lomtinaht was a very good looking woman; the dead
image of my mother who was very good looking too. Lomtinaht
married Joe Thomas who ia stlllhving at North Vancouver. She
was killed in a buggy accident. There was a ceremony of
consecrating the Indian Roman Catholic Church, and the horse
ran away coming home. They turned oyer and she was injured.
She lived to be brought to St. Paul's hospital and died there
next morning." (See A.J. Khahtaahlano conversation, Jufcy or
August, 1939.)

POTLATCHES "Lomtinaht was the "princess" or "queen"

that they had at the potlatches; all over.
Sometimes at Musqueam, sometimes at Whoi-Whoi, (Lumbermana
Arch). She was good looking, and it didn't matter where it
was they always had her to be "princess". She had a lovely
complexion and was the image of her sister, my mother,
Khaaltinaht, (Joseph Silvey's first wife)."

(See Photo No. C.V. P. Port. 392, N. Port. 174.)

"She was the princess at the potlatch at
Lumbermana Arch I told you about, the time I got frightens*
and ran away."

216

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216A

2I6B

INDIAN BURIAL IN TREE. ALERT BAY, 1912

Formerly commonly used to protect remains of important persons from disturbances by
wild animals. Usually remains were in square split cedar boxes and corpse in a sitting
position. Deadmans Island, Coal Harbour now H.M.C.S. "Discovery" was frequently
used.

216C

CELEBRATION OF CORPUS CHRISTI,
"THE MISSION," SUMMER 1888

■. . .,,

4 7: fl^^H

i JI^^Ka

^"'Jf ■ ^PaSl^ """'"■ ■■?■ - Jh. ■

kill

This was a very important Roman Catholic celebration, attended by Indians from afar.
It is the left section to a large photo, page 280A which see for long explanation.

216D

204

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 345. Mrs. Walker (cont'd).

STURGEON "Lomtinaht told me she had to give pot-

latches for the sturgeon rod; that her
father used to fish for sturgeon with. The old rod is out
at sjusqueam yet. I must try and get it if it is not broken.
She said she had to give one about every year. I asked her,
"What did they do that for?" and she said "It's the memories;
to bring back the memories of the highest people."

"She told me the Indians used to go out in
the water in a canoe, away out from the North Arm (Eraser
River), and put a long pole out with a sort of hook on it.
(See Khahtsahlano conversations) and they would leave it down
in the water for a little while and then they would come back
with the great big sturgeon. I think they used to dry those
sturgeon. Celestine (she's very old) at Muaqueam told me all
about it, too."

CELESTINE "Celestine is living at Musqueam now. She

CHIEF ,.. J0H Hy must be about one hundred. She is sister-

WHES-WHY-LUK in-law to the old Chief Johnny Whee-why-luk.

He's been dead now twenty or twenty- five
years. He was my mother's first cousin. She was married to
Chief tfhee-why-luk's younger brother."

P. 346: 17th August . 1939.

LOMTDJAHT Mrs. Walker said: "Lomtinaht, or Louise,

SSpTmHT married Joe Thomas, full blood Indian, now

£fi „..„?„ living on Indian Reserve, North Vancouver,

"Navvi J auk." and my mother, Khaaltinaht, or Mary Ann,

who was Mrs. Joseph Silvey, were full sisters.

"Mrs. "Navry Jack" was a half sister to
both Lomtinaht and Khaaltinaht, but her own full sister mar-
ried an Indian at Chilliwack. All were grandchildren of "Old
Man" Chief Kl-ap-i-la-no (of 1859). But, Christine Jack of
North Vancouver, will know. Ask her."

(NOTE: A.J. Khahtsahlano said, July 29th, 1939: "Lomtinaht
was some distant relation to my father, Supplejack.
Christine jack, wife of Henry Jack, of North Vancouver,
is a daughter of "Navvy Jack", and his wife, who was
Lomtinaht 's half half sister, but the similar surname
"Jack" does not mean that Henry or Christine are members
of my family. They are not.)

SUMKWAHT P. 347: "Sum-kwafct was my grandmother,

KWEE-AKULT. SAM that is, my mother's (Khaaltinaht) mother.

WHES-jHY-LUK. Johnny I don't know what my Indian grandfather '3
JOHHMT . name was, but he was "Old Man" Kl-ap-1-la-

AYATAK. Baat no's son. Sum-Kwaht had a brother who

CHABLIEj, FRflW.K t was chief at •<hoi-rthoi in Stanley Park.

His name was Sam Kwee-ah-kult. I remem-

s&iBLaM (sic)

217

205

"Karly Vancouver", Vol* 5, p. 347. Mrs. Walker (cont'd).

bar him. Ha waa ay grandmother* a brother. He waa the laat.
All the othera were dead. Ayatak, or Prank Charlie, was the
aon of Charlie Khar-nuk. Johnny Whee-Why-Luk, the chief at
Muaqueaa, waa with Capilano JoeVwhen he went to aea King Ed-
ward. Johnny Whee-why-luk waa full couain to ay mother
Khaaltinaht."

"Ayatak ia the neareat living relative
to "Old Man* Chief Ki-ap-i-la-no. The "Old Man's" (Kapil-
ano) mother waa Muaqueaa; his father Squamiah. He had sev-
eral wlvea. Among thea were two Squamiah alatera. Ayatak
waa not a aon of "Old Man* Kl-ap-i-la-no, but I think he waa
the aon of Charlie Khar-nuk. Ayatak ia the neareat liring
blood relation of the "Old Man"*

igy

JOB. "Capilano Joe's name waa not Capilano at

TOs . all. Chief Joe Capilano borrowed that

name when he went to aee King Sdward,
and he aald he would not uae it when he caae back, but he did.
The Mttsqueaaa protest the Squaalah hare no right to that naae
Ki-ap-i-la-no, or Capilano."

(NOTX: August J. Ehahtaahlano says, 30th June, 1939:
"Capilano Joe'a real naae la Sahp-luk".) {F.J. C.Bali,
Indian agent, Vancouver, aays: "he was called "Hyas
Joe" before whiteman'a custom gave hia the appellation
"Capilano Joe".)

Note by City Archivist: This ia the old plaint of
the Muaqueama; i.e., that the Squamiah are intruder*
on Burrard Inlet. The two tribes at Musqueam and
Squamiah were moat friendly; inter-married, and so on,
but the Muaqueama lament that through circumatances
over which neither had control, the Squaalah gradually
appropriated their names and lands, and were very nice
about it at the aaae time. J. S. M.

THE NAME CAPILAN0 P. 348 ; "The Musqueaaa protest against

the use of the naae Ki-ap-i-la-no by
others than themselves . They say no one has the right to
use the naae Eiapilano save the Muaqueama, and 1*11 tell you
how I know."

"I heard there waa going to be a pot-
latch down at Musqueam, but I did not
know anyone ao I took a chance and went
anyhow. There was a great crowd of Indians and no one knew
who I was. I went into the pot latch houae and sat down.
Bye and bye they caae around handing out the oranges and

218

206

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 348. UTs. Walker (cont'd):

things, and John Gerrln (aic) — hia father Ned Gerrin was a
hand logger on the weat side of Howe Sound. Ned's wifs
was full Uusqueam, and was my mother's full cousin, that is,
Ura. Gerrin. Her Indian name was ELe-o-saht. She had two
sons, John and Bill. John lives at Uusqueam with hia wife,
and Bill lives with his Indian wife at Knpper Ialand."

"Well, when John came with the oranges, I
took one, and said to hia "Tou don't know who I am," and hs
said "ire you Josephine?", and I said, "No, I'm Josephine's
oister". And, then, he aaid, "Now, you see that table" —
they had a table all laid for a "baifuet" ; white table
cloths, and the Indian ladles were fixing things up, and
had a big range on which they were doing the cooking. John
said "Now, when you see them start, you come over and sit at
that table."

"And, so, afterwards he waa talking aside
to me, and he said that I did not know how "high up" I was;
that if I had not become a white woman I would have had a
home and land; that he waa a half breed, too, but he wad
Indian and he had a home, and I would have had a home and
land too, if I had stayed Indian, and that I did not know
how high up in Indian life I was."

"I did apply once to be allowed to share
in the distribution of Indian monies, and there was a meeting
over at Capilano Creek. I might hawe got my share, but Old
Mary Capilano, Capilano Joe 'a wife, objected and said some-
thing sneering about the women who went off and became white
and gave themselves airs, and then wanted to share in Indian
property. I shot back at her that if it had not been for
the whltemen we should all be Indians still and that it was
the whltemen who had brought us everything."

"There was an awful lot of Indians at the
Uusqueam potlatch and John got up and made a apeech. He
spoke in Indian but I knew what he was saytsing though I
don't think he knew I did. He told all those Indians there
not to Insult me; that I waa a great granddaughter of Old
(Chief) Elapilano, and that all the old Eiapilano people were
dead now and that no one had the right to the name Kiapilano
except one or two of the Uusqueam*; that I was one of the one
or two who were, and was very "high up" because I was the
great granddaughter of Old Kiapilano. I think Christine,
Urs. Williams, is another."

irTT^tT.TTMtTw p. 349. «Ky mother wanted to give ma

the name of Lomtinaht. She gave all my
children Indian names, but I forget what they were, grand-
mother like.

219

207

"larly Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 353. Mrs. Walker.

6th Oetober. 1939.
Mrs. Walker said: "Old lilllam Bridge
lived at North Vancouver. I remember
him. Hla wife was an Indian woman. I
used to play with hia children at the north shore when we
went oyer there. Then, we went to Raid Island and I did not
see him again. I must hare been about three years old when
I played with hia children. He had two or three children."

MBSiMARJJOE

■fa. mil * *•«

"Christine Jack, (Mrs. Henry Jack) told me her father was
"Mowitch Jim".

•Mrs. Mary Joe has no right to use the
name Capilano. She married a Chilliwack
known to whites aa Capilano Joe, but he
had no right to use the name Capilano.

"Christine told me Tutamaht (Hrs. Chief
Tom) was "Old Chief "Kiapalano's daughter.
3he's been dead a long time."

Conversation with T. Botterell, 734 West 13th Avenue, Van-
couver, B. C. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 386.

March 1st. 1940 .
amg CAPILANO JOJ Mr. Botterell: "Here a snapshot of

Capilano Joe with hia band, at some hop-
picking yard. I was with Joe one day and something happened,
and he said to me "Why you say 'hot as hell', and 'cold as
hell*; what you mean?"

"So. I replied 'Where is hell, Joe7«.
And Joe answered *I don't know. It'a some place whitemans
carries round with him in a book'.

220

208

"Marly Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 371.
Converaatlon with lira. James Walker,

82nd April. 1940.

PKTgR PLANT

ST KI-1P-A-I

-NO

"Addle' s mother waa an Indian woman, and
aiater to my grandfather, "Old Man"
Kiapalano, and the Indian woman's Addle,
half breed daughter, married that french-
man who had a big farm out Mar pole; be-
cauae, one time, father and my step-mother, (Lucy) and myself
were going to New Westminster by row boat. Mr. Kwen, the
oanner yman had aent for father. I waa about aiz year a old
then. There were three of ua in the row boat, and father
(Joaeph SilTey, "Portugese Joe") said we would call at a niee
farm and get some butter and eggs. Ha aaid that aha. Addle 's
mother, waa my grand auntie. She waa aiater to my grand-
father, the old chief. Old Mrs. (probably Supplien Oulnne)
waa a pretty Indian woman and could talk Tranoh aa good aa a
Frenoh woman."

"GASSY JACK"

i'): .ao+fr>:^'

MB*

"Gaaay Jack's" Indian wife ia
Lying at the North Vancouver Indian Res-
erve; in the village. I don't know what
her Bngliah name la, (Madellene) but her
Indian name ia "Wha-halla". I have not aeen her, but my
couain, Christine Jack tells me Wha-halla aays she had a son
by Gassy Jack. She must be very old. She want* me to go
over and aee her as she aaya ahe remembers me when I waa a
little girl, and father lived at one end of the Gaatown beach
and Gassy Jaok at the other."

221

209

3HH DHIGHTOH

Conversation with MPa. Jamea Walker, "Barly Vancouver", Vol. 6,

p. 38T.

* 27th May. 1940.

Mra. Walker said: "I went oxer to tns
North Vancouver Indian Beaerre, and found
Gaaay Jack'a wife, Wha-halia. She re-
membered me when I waa a little girl. Her
Kngllah name ia Madeline. Madeline told
■e Oaaay Jack waa her husband, that Gassy
Jack had, firat, her aunt for a wife.

Then her aunt died and he took Madeline, her niece, aa wife.

Geaay Jack and Madeline had a aon, but the son died ahortly

after Oaaay Jack died."

"Madeline muat be old, about ninety I
ahould think. Her hair ia anow white. She knew ay father,
Joe SilTey, "Portugeae Joe", and ahe knew aw when I waa little.
She aald her huaband, Gaaey Jack, waa, at firat, a captain at
New Westminster on a atern wheeler boat going up to Tale, and
then he built the aaloon over here in Granville, and he had
another little houae in the buahea behind the hotel for her.
That waa hia home when he waa not in the hotel; but he waa
always, all the time, ill, and then he aent for hia brother
and hia wife to come from the Old Country."

Major Matthews:
qwa-halla tell you all this?"

"Did the old Indian woman

She ahould know;

Mrs. Walker: "Yaa. (then significantly)
Gassy Jack waa her husband. I remember her

when I waa about five yeara old. Gee, ahe waa a pretty lady.
She told ae there waa money left to her and her aon, but ahe
never got It. When his brother and hia wife came they took
charge of everything, and ahe went back to her people. "Then,"
ahe said, "Gassy Jaok died, and her aon died about a year
afterwards." She told me that Gassy Jack left a will for
her to get money, but ahe never got it, and they buried him
In Hew Weatminater. She got married afterwards to a Muaqueam
Indian, but he ia dead now.

NOT!: "Qjwa-hay-lia, or Madeline, died at North Van-
couver, Tuesday night, Auguat 10, 1948. We have photo.

222

210

Conversation with Mrs. James .Talker, daughter of Joseph Silvey,
of Granville, (Gaatown) at her rom, 721 Cambie Street.

23rd September. 1943 .

CHRISTINS, DAUGBTgR Mrs. Walker said: "I went over to Chris-
0.F J OH K THOMAS. or~ tin© to see about my mother's (Khael-
"NAWY JACK" tinaht) father. Tou aee, my mother waa a

granddaughter of "Old Chief" Ki-ap-a-la-no,
so 1 asked of Christine about his son, my grandfather, who was,
of course, father of my mother. Christine is my cousin. She
la a daughter of my mother's sister, Howla, (pronounced as
"How" or "Now", not as "Bow" tie)."

"Rowia married a white man, Mr. Thomas,
who used to live over there at West Vancouver. His nickname
waa "Navvy Jack." Mr. Thomas owned all that land over there,
but he did not pay, and lost it."

ROWIA "Tou see, there were four sisters. The

eldest waa Susan, or Jowyak. The next
was my mother, Mary Ann, or Ehaaltinaht.
Then came Rowia, and the youngest was Lum-
tinaht, and they were all grandchildren
of "Old Chief" Ki-ap-a-la-no, the head

chief, my great grandfather Ki-ap-a-la-no."

QPIl-EgT-ROK "Christine told me my grandfather's name

waa Quil-eet-rok, and that he waa a son
of the old 'Chief. *»

JOSEPHINE SILVEY "I made a mistake when I told you Joaephine
JOSEPH SILVEY waa born in "Gaatown". She was born on

PASLjSY ISLAND Bowen Island. (Pasley Island, nearby,

BOWa; ISLAND is probably meant) where they were whaling.

WHATJNG My father, with Peter Smith and Harry Trim,

PETER SMITH and a Captain Douglas, were whaling. Cap-

HARRY TRIM tain Douglas had a schooner and there were

C APT. DOUGLAS some more men. You see, I was only three

year a old, and I am sorry I left out that
about Josephine being born on Bowen Island. Capt. Douglas
used to go sealing, hut they came over from that and went
whaling off Bowen Island. They used to ahoot the whales.
They got a lot of oil out of the whales, and Capt. Douglas had
a big schooner, and they had a wharf there. Joaephine was
born right on that island. All the women had little cabins;
all the Indian girls who were white men'a wives. Harry Trim's
wife waa an Indian; Peter Smith's wifewqa an Indian, and my
father's wife was an Indian. All had little houses, nice
little houses, and they built the wharf for the achooner to
land. It was a nice bay."

223

211

"Then, the next morning after Josephine
was born, they brought me home. lira. Trim and icra. Smith —
I*re got a good memory, haren't I— on Bow en Island, and the
little baby, my sister Josephine, was on a pillow."

"/FFT 3BBM Major Matthews: "Harry Trim came down

from the Cariboo, after he got through
with mining in 1868."

Mrs. Walker: "That's whet my father, Joe
Sllrey, did, but he came down before he got very far up the
rlTer beoauae the Indians chased him away."

224

212

Conversation with l£ra. Jsjaea Walker, daughter of Joseph Silvey,
of "Gaatown". "Barly Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 217.

12th October. 1943 .

CHIEF Kra. Walker said: "I remember Chief

EJ/AP-I-LA.-NO: Ki-ap-i-la-no. He was a great big man

with a voice like a microphone on a loud-
speaker. He spoke loud. Anyway, that's how it seemed to
me — I was lltt*«— and he had long white hair. It was bobbed"
(gesticulating with her hand to indicate that it was cut off
straight all around the nape of the neck), "and white, and ha
always had a amile. He beckoned to me to come to him, but I
would not go; but afterwards I did, and he took me up on one
arm, and held me to his breast. Oh, he waa a nice man.
Everyone liked him. He was not bald-headed. His hair was
thick and snow white, and that's what I remember of him. I
think that waa at Brockton Point. Tou see, after my father
sold out at Gastown we went to Brockton Point. I don't re-
member us moving. I must have been asleep or something be-
cause I don't remember us moving; but I remember after we got
there. We lived facing this way" (towards the east), "and
Chief Kiap-i-la-no used to come over to Brockton Point, and
brought his little tent with him. He had his wife, old lady,
and they had a little tent by the beach, beside my father's
house. That's the last time I saw him. We went away then;

we went to Vancouver Island."

225

213

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 49,

THE SPELLING OF CAPILANO

KLEOPLANNAH

In a letter to the Colonial Government
at Victoria, February 1860, A.J. Julius
Voigt, pioneer, 1858, educated Prussian, spells it "CHIEF
KLEOPLANNAH". Voight afterwards pre-empted land on False
Creek at the foot of Mount Pleasant.

KI-AP-A-LA-NO Captain Richards, R.N. , of H.M.S.

"Plumper", in a letter to Governor
Douglas in 1859 spells it "KI-AP-A-LA-NO".

Hill-Tout says "The Skqomic at that time
had a courageous and resourceful leader in their head chief
Klapilanoq". Ethnological Survey of Canada, B.A.A.S., Brad-
ford meeting 1900, page 490.

"The supreme slam of the tribe was known
by the title Te Klapilanoq, and had his headquarters at the
mouth of the Homultclson Creek, now called Capilano by the
whites". Same report, page 476.

Andrew Paull and Chief Matthias Capilano
contradict. (See next two pages.)

Hill-Tout, 1932, "Pronounce it Kee-

yapee-lah-nogh.

Tate, 1932, "Pronounce it Kype-al-lah-nough."

On an old linen map marked "Plan No. 1,
Skwawmish Indian Reserves, surveyed by W.S. Jemmett, 1880",
the word "Capilano" is spelled "Kahpillahno".

Frank Charlie (Ayatak) of Musqueam:
"Capilano a Musqueam name, not a Squamish name. Squamish
people not belong English Bay or Burrard Inlet. Squamish
people belong Howe Sound, way over mountains (.iest Vancouver).
Squamish not belong North Vancouver, Just camp there. .ihite-
mans bring them to work in Hastings Sawmill. Before that
they Just come from Squamish to English Bay to get food. All
English Bay belong Musqueam. "Old Chief" Capilano, my grand-
father, live "ahly, sometimes stay Homulchesun (Capilano River).
"Old Chief" Capilano tell me he see first white man come down
Fraser River— Just one man — come down river from east; he big
boy then, 'bout five feet. "Old Chief" Capilano live to be
•bout one hundred, then die. "Old Chief" first home at Mahly.
Then he marry Liusqueeun. Afterwards he go to Homultchesun to
live. All ULKSEN belong to Musqueams, not Squamish", con-
cluded Ayatak, with emphasis.

226

214

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 49. The Name "Capilano".

Andre* Paull: "Frank Charlie (Ayatak)
of Muaqueam la quite entitled to uae the surname Capilano.
The Capilanos of Capilano and Frank Charlie both acknowledge
deacent from the same blood."

Frank Charlie: "My name Capilano too;
my grandchildren Capilano. Indian come down from Squamish,
marry Muaqueam woman, by and bye Muaqueam give Squamish man
place to live — down by Manly, by beach. Muaqueam up by slough,
Mahly down by aea, way down. "Old Chief" Capilano father of
Chief Lahwa of Capilano; Chief Lahwa my uncle. He die, no

aon

■

Chil-lah-minat (Jim Franka): "Old Man
Capilano, 1 Just remember him; very old man when I see him.
I waa about 20 or 21 when Vancouver burn, 1886. I work
Haatinga Mill that day. I about 67 or 70 now. Old Man Cap-
ilano die long long ago, don't know when. Chief Lah-wa come
next, but he drink too much booze; fell out of canoe in First
Narrows,. Priest say too much booze muat atop; Joe good
Catholic, priest say Joe to be chief, to get Indian to come
to church."

Chief Matthias Capilano, 1933: "Old
Chief Capilano waa stone blind when he died. The "Old Chief"
waa flghtving before the white man came. His last fight
agalnat the northern Indians waa with guns. Chief Lah-wa
died in 1895. I think he had been chief about twenty yeara."

Rev. CM. Tate, Methodist Indian Mission-
ary: "Lah-wa waa chief when I came in 1875. I never knew
Old Chief Capilano."

The Chief Capilano, the first one pers-
onally known to white men of which there ia a record would
seem to have bean born (see Ayatak, his grandson) at Mahly,
and to have told Ayatak that when he waa "a big boy" he had
seen the first white man (Fraser) come dowa the Fraaer River.

227

215

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 50. The Name "Capilano",
cont'd.

He la reputed to have been a warrior, orator and statesman;
to have been very old— some say 100 — when he died, stone
blind then, and to have been succeeded by one of his many
children, Lah-wa. (See Geneology of Capilano.)

Andrew Paull says: "Joe was formally
given the name Capilano by the Squamish at a ceremony on
the Camble Street grounds Just prior to proceeding to
England to lay before H.M. the late King Edward the matter
of the Indian Land grievances. It was considered that it
would give him additional prestige if he bore the name of
the land, or reserve, of which he was chief".

Prior to this, custom had given him the
sobriquet of "Capilano Joe". (See August Kits llano's state-
ment to Indian Agent Ball, p. . ) Rev. CM. Tate adds:
"Given him by whites and Indian alike." Ultimately be be-
came known as Chief Joe Capilano, and this surname has been
assumed by his relict, Agnes, usually called Mrs. Mary
Capilano, and by his son Chief Matthias Joe, commonly called
Chief Matthias Capilano.

In connection with the visit of Chief
Joe Capilano to Buckingham Palace in (1906 or 1907) the
story is told that, during the audience with His Majesty, Joe
said to the King:

"Then, there is another matter I wish to enquire about.
My people sometimes do wrong, policemen fine them.
Policemen say they do it for you, that you want the money.
What I want to know is, do you get the money?"

King Edward is reported to have replied very graciously:
""Yes, I do, and thank you very much'".

Hill-Tout says that there was a "supreme
Slam" (chief) known as Te Kiapllanoq, and "next in rank"
Te Qatsilanoq (Kitsllano). See Ethnological Survey of
Canada, B.A.A.S. 1900. Paull says: "No, all chiefs equal.
There are now ten chiefs of the Squamish tribe. There is

228

216

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 50. The Name "Cajpllano",
cont'd) .

suppoaed to be 12. I am secretary of the Council. Chief
Matthias Joe is one of the chiefs, but holds no higher rank
than others, nor have I ever heard that formerly it was
otherwise. On their own reserves, rather, in their own
precincts, all chiefs were supreme."

August Kits llano: Aug. 8th, 1932 . "No.
They did not make one man the big chief. All were equal and
ruled over their own reserves only. Tou see, coming down the
Squamish River there are four reserves. Each one had its own
chief. They did not make any one bigger than the other."

Chief Matthias Capilano: Jan. 19th, 1932 .
"Old Chief" Capilano was stone blind before he died. S3 was
a fighting warrior who had fought with both bows and arrows,
and with guns. His last fight was with guns."

"Old Chief" Capilano's mother was a
Musqueam Indian, ( sister to Chief Semelano)." {See page 490,
Hill-Tout, Ethnological Survey of Canada, 1900, B.A.A.S.)
"His father was Selalehp-ten who had five wives, and, they
say, over one hundred children. "

"Payt-aa-mauq was a half brother to "Old
Chief" Capilano, and was full Squamish. "Old Chief" Capilano
was only half Squamish for his mother was sister to Chief
Semelano, a Musqueam. "Old Chief" Capilano married a Squam-
ish woman from Chuckchuck."

"One of Paytsamauq's sons was Kahkailtun,
and his wife came from Nicomen. They were the parents of
Agnes, , my mother, wife, of course, of my father Chief Joseph
Capilano. Now, of course, his widow and more commonly
known as Mrs. Mary Capilano. Her Indian name ia Layhu-lette.
I think she is now about 95, so that I estimate that my
father, Chief Joe Capilano, who died in 1910 when I — at the
age of 23— succeeded him, must have been about 70 or 75 when
he died."

Andrew Paull, secretary of the Squamish
Indian Council of Chiefs, says that a Mr. Rhodes, grand-
father of the famous runner, Percy Williams, told him that

229

217

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 51. The Name "Capilano",
cont'd).

the name "Capilano" was of Spanish origin.

According to Mrs. Rhodes, his wife, Mr.
Ehodes was not a Spaniard, but the son of a large English
ship owner trading to Spain, and that her husband lived for
several years at Alacante, Spain, acting as interpreter for
his father's business. She said 'I have heard him say that
Capilano is derived from Capelin (spelling doubtful) the
Spanish word for a small fish of the smelt species.'

Paull says Mr. Rhodes told him that when
the Spanish explorers of 1792 anchored in Spanish Banks,
English Bay, they sent ashore daily for water, and on such
occasions were presented with a supply of smelts by the In-
dians, and that neither being able to understand the other's
language, the Indians mistake, or mixed up, "the smelts", and
"the chief man" who presented them.

Comment on this by

Andrew Paull: "Very doubtful story".

Prof. Hill-Tout: "Impossible. There
is Khates-ee-lan-ogh, Kee-ap-ee-lan-ogh, and Ea-lan-ogh, the
latter meaning 'the first man'. And we have Thit-see-mah-
lan-ogh, and Semelano. And Nanaimo and Eyalmo."

If there is a legend associated with
Capilano, as there is with Haatsalahnough, then, so far, it
has not been told to me. J. S. M.

Paull: "Chief Matthias Joe is not
really entitled to be called Chief Matthias Capilano. The
"Capilano* is assumed only, but generally is accepted by all*
The Indian Affairs office calls him Chief Matthias Joe. The
appellation "Capilano" was bestowed by the Indians on Chief
Joe Capilano his father, but it is not hereditary, only so
far aa custom* has made it so."

CAPILANO RESERVE On an old linen drawing (an original)
marked "Plan No. 1, SKWAWMISH INDIAN
RESERVES", with a footnote "surveyed by Vf.S. Jemmett, 1880",
in the possession of Andrew Paull, who says "the Indian

230

218

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 52. Capilano Reserve cont'd.

Affairs Office have been unable to find a copy of It In their
possession," the word is spelled "KAHPILLAHNO". The map
shows "Beaver dams" in West Vancouver, and old trails in
Gastown and Kit a llano Beach.

Corporal Turner's original field notes
of the survey of Burraxd's Inlet in February and March 1863
are In the Court House, Vancouver. They show "Coal Peninsula"
(Stanley Park) and the "Brickmaker's Claim", (West End), and
are complete in detail* He surveyed the mouth of Homulchesun
Creek (Capilano River) but does not name it, although he
places a square to indicate a house or settlement.

231

219

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 1, p. 18, latter Professor Charlea
Hill-Tout to J.S. Matthews, May 8, 1931. Excerpt:

CAPILANO. "You may be Interested to know that the

Indian pronunciation of Kapllano was
"Kee — ap— ee— Ian — ogh. " This also was an hereditary name
of the chief who lived near the mouth of that river which we
know by this name. Both names have the same ending;
"lanogh." This suffix signifies "man." We find it also in
another of their namea; thus, "Kalanogh," meaning the "first
man."

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 1, p. 238, letter B.B. Sentell, who
built the first City Hall, Vancouver, to J.S. Matthews, Dec.
5, 1931. Excerpt:

INDIAN MEDICINE "He told us our point (Grove Cresent) was,
DITCH . up to 1866, an Indian camp on False Creak,

and was the spot where they had a medicine
ditch, and was to them a favorite resort, and the land, when
dug up, showed signs of a Slwaah camp; vast deposits of clam
shells, and marks of camp foundations which had been deserted."

P. 239: "The Indians made a regular custom
of it; to get rid of a cold. It was a steam lodge. They
built % lodge, put a fire in it and heated atones, then threw
water on the hot stones, and the steam came off. It was a
steam bath; a regular cuaton among them. Afterwards the
Indian threw cold water over himself."

Mr. W.F. Flndlay, (See Carter House)
said the effect was worse than the ailment. Any hole in the
ground of suitable shape would do, so long as it would hold
water, and they got in under the cover they had, and the steam
would give them a Turkish bath. The trouble was they had no
place where they could cool off as in a modern Turkish bath.

NOTE: Grove Creacent was a sandy beach on the «o*th shore
of False Creek between Heatley and Jackson Avenues.

J.S.M.

232

220

Vol. l*. t> \%u- CITY ARCHIVIST'S OFFICE

1 ' City Hall,

26th Sept., 1937.

CAPILAHO JOB. OR
CHiaF JOS CAPILAKO

Dear Mr. Balls

I hare juat been reading your penciled note over
again, and more carefully, and there is a bit of a sentenae in
it I would like to answer. The words arei

"when Lahwah died, the surviving sister was
agreeable to passing over the chieftainship
to Ryas Joe, who apparently assumed the name
"Capilano Joe".

The fact that Burrard Inlet was rery quiet; no
newspapers, no theatre, no phone — only work — resulted In a
situation similar to that among a oldies in the Great War; they
had nicknames for almost everything and every person. There was
"Oastown", "Kanaka' Row" , "maiden Lane", and "The Rookeries";
and again, "Oassy Jack", "Hawy Jack", "Sugar Jake", "Dutch Pete",
•Supplejack", "Howe Sound Jim", "Squamish Jacob?, and so on,
including "Mowitch Jim", the last four being Indians; I forgot,
"Jericho Charlie"; that's five Indians*

Vow one trouble in "Oastown* was that there were
too many Joes. There were three "Portugese Joes", one being
Joseph Silvey, another Oregoris Oernandex, and a third Joseph
Gonsalves, all, at various times, termed "Portuguese Joe". Then
there was Joe Mannion, afterwards Alderman, and "Holy Joe", a
whiteman of near Point Atkinson, and there was Isaac Joe, for
finally they called the last one "Lockit Joe", lookit meaning
eight. "Sore Heck Billy" was another Indian; "Faithful Jim"
still one more; "Little Tommy" and "The Virgin Vary" were Indian
women; the latter being a wrinkled old skeleton with whom the
Countess of Dufferln shook hands*

How, when I first came here "Capilano Joe" was
just Capilano Joe; we distinguished him by his home, and he had
bare feet with skin on them half an inch thick. Then, suddenly,
he went off to see King Hdward VII — I think the Indians had
some big ceremony on the Cambie street Grounds at which they for-
mally bestowed on him the title "Capilano"; the idea being that
a territorial title would give more weight to his visit to His
Majesty — and further. It appears he had not been formally
"ennobled" according to Indian fitual (as August Jack and Willie
Jaok Khahtsahlano had been, at the False Creek Reserve.)

However, "Capilano Joe " went off to Ingland with
auoh ado, and when he same baok he was *Chl»f Joe Capilano" t
of course he was chief before he went, but the publicity he
got had turned "Capilano Joe" into "Chief Joe Capilano" •

233

821

Vol. i+. f. I3i"

Chief Ki-ap-a-la-no of 1859, and later, was a good
Indian, according to John Morton and all others, a Tory good
wiae Indian, and he livod at Homulcheson, Indian Tillage,
hut the wh 1 testa n applied his name to that creek, and as
his successor, "Hyas Joe", who waa not of Ki-ap-a-la-no
blood at all, but waa the husband of a Ki-ap-a-la-no woman,
lired there, pioneers gave him the name "Capilano Joe",
just as they did "Jericho Charlie", "Squamish Jacob", "Howe
Sound Jim" .

All of which Is submitted subject to the errors*
omissions, mistakes, and other fallings to which humerus, and
especially archivists, are prone*

With best wishes.

Most sincerely,

Fred J. C. Ball, Esq.,

Indian Agent, *V clTi ARCHIVIST.

Indian Dept .

Federal Building,
Vancouver, B. C.

234

222

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 66.

AUTHORITIES
TTTOT^j NnMTtMCLATPRK .

Professor Cba a ♦ Hill-Tout . r.R.S.C, F.R.A.I., director
Vancourer City Museum. Report on the Ethnological
Surrey of Canada, British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, Bradford Heating, 1900, Belfast Meet-
ing 1002, etc., etc., etc.

ReT. Charles Montgomery Tate . Methodiat Indian Missionary,
arrived B.C. 1870. first saw Granville 1873, assisted
dedication firat (Indian) church at Granville, 1876;
translator of Gospel of St. Mark into Indian tongue;
author "Dictionary of Chinook Jargon, 1914"; also
book of Hymns in Indian tongue; probably the foremost
living authority on the practical speaking of Indian
languages.

T.J.C. Ball . Indian Agent, Department of Indian Affairs,
Vancouver .

Ma Jor J .3. Matthews . V.D, Archivist, City of Vancouver.

Compiler of map "Indian Villages and Landmarks, Borrard
Inlet and English Bay, Before the Whitemans Came",
adopted as official by Squamish Indian Chiefs, Jan.
13th, 1933. Author of "Early Vancouver 1931", "The
First Settlers of Burrard's Inlet", etc., etc., etc.

INDIANS.

Andrew Paull (Qoltohetahl) . North Vancouver Indian Reserve,
Seoretsry Squamlsh Indian Council of Chiefs, Secretary
Progressive Native Tribes of British Columbia; Direct-
or Squamlsh Indian Band and Orchestra; a prominent
well-known Indian, educated, and speaks, writes and
types English fluently; a clever man snd s leeder
among Indians. Indian name Qoitchetahl.

August Kits llano (or A u gust Jack), of Capllano Indian Res-
erve, grandson of Chief Hastsalahnough, hand logger
on own account; speaks good English, but cannot read
or writs* An outstanding Indian of above average in-
telligence; not a chief. Born st Snauq, False Creek,
about 187*.

Dlok Isaacs (Quevahchnlk) . North Vancouver Indian Reserve,

235

223

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 66.
Authorities &. Indiana (cont'd).

agsd "about 70", one arm. Constantly consulted by
Andrew Peull. Speaks good English, but cannot read
or write. Indian name Queyahchulk.

Tim Moody (Yahmas) . flathead Indian, aged "about 60 or 70
or more. Speaks good English, cannot read or write.
The Vancouver sculptor, Charles Marega, has made a bust
of "Old Timothy", which shows flattened forehead; prob-
ably the last of his kind. Indian name Yahmas.

Jim Franks (Chlllahmlnst
aged "about 65 or 7

£".

North Vancouver Indian Reserve,
Born at Skwayoos (Kits llano
Beach). Speaks very good English, but cannot read or
write. Fine, intelligent Indian. Indian name
Chlllahmlnst.

Frank Charlie (Avatak) . Musqueam Indian, Musqueam Indian
Reserve, aged "about 70 or 80". Says "Old Chief"
Capilano his grandfather, and that the "Old Chief" told
him he saw first white man, Fraser, come down Fraser
River. Mephew of Chief Lah-wa. Speaks good English,
but cannot read or write. Indian name Ayatak.

HANDBOOK OF INDIANS OF CANADA .

This book states that it is "Reprinted by permission
from Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico,
published as Bulletin 30, Bureau of American Ethnology",
and is issued by the Geographic Board of Canada, tenth
report, printed 1813.

EXTRACT - p. 436 :

" SQUARISH . The SPELLING IS FAULTY, SO far as it
refers to places frequented by the Squamish tribe.
THE INFORMATION IS ALSO FAULTY.

Professor Hill-Tout's comment of spelling and details
of information, "This is dreadful".

Instances:
Suntz

- a Squawmish village.

barren rock. p. 442.
Chants - a Squawmish village.

rock and cave. p. 87.
Chalkunts - a Squawmish village.

p. 87.

Actually a
Actually a
No such place.

236

224

"Early Tenscuver", Vol. 2, p. 67.

Handbook of Indians of Canada, (cont'd) .

Koalcha - should be Kwahulche, not "Coal"

and many others.

"Hill-Tout In Hep. Brit. A, A. 3, 1900" is quoted as
authority, and appears to have been so used by someone
who could not understand Prof. Hill-Tout's phonetics.
See Prof. Hill-Touts Report on the Ethnological Surrey
of Canada, British Asan. for the advancement of
Science, Bradford Meeting 1900, pp. 472-3.

237

225

THE NAMK 'KITSILAHO'
("Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 33)

•CAPILANO* and 'KITSILANO', aasuned by many to be
Indian names, are actually neither English nor Indian, but a
concoction of both created within recent yeara, and deriTed
from Indian nan, not Indian places.

Some time prior to July, 1905, the Canadian Pacific
Railway requested the late Jonathan Miller, an eerly resident
of Granville and ita constable, afterwards for many years, the
first postmaster of Vancouver, to furnish them with a suitable
name for a subdivision of land adjacent to Greer's Beech. Mr.
Miller invoked Professor Charles Hill-Tout »a, 7.B.S.C., F.R.A.I.,
profound knowledge of Indian matters. Professor Hill-Tout
writes, May 8th. 1931 1

"To the best of my knowledge it came about in
the following manner:

"The name by which the Kltailano district was
first known wis •Greer' a Beach*, so called because a
squstter by the name of Greer had erected a dwelling
there, near the beach."

"The land was afterwards in oontrol of the
Canadian Paolfic Hallway, and when they opened it up for
settlement (note, about 1905) they deaired to give the
district a more suitable name than Greer's Beech, and,
knowing that Mr. Jonathan Miller, who was then postmaster
of Vaneouver, was on friendly terms with the Indians,
they requested him to find an appropriate name for the
settlement."

"Mr. Miller referred the request to me, knowing
that I had given considerable time and study to the
customs, habits, and place names of the loeal tribe.
After some little consideration I ohose the hereditary
name (?) of one of the chiefs of the Squsmish people,
namely, 'Kates- ee ■ lah-ogh', and modified It after
the manner In which "Kapllanogh" has been modified by
dropping the final gutteral. Thfcs we got the word
'Kates— ee-lano'. Mr. Miller, or the C.P.B. authori-
ties, further modified by changing the long »■• in the
first syllable into en '1', end thus we have Kltsilsno."

"You may be Interested to know that the Indian
pronounelstlon of Kapllano mas Kee-ep-e*-lan— ogh. This
also was an hereditary (t) name of the ohlef who lived
near the mouth of that river which we know by this name.
Both heve the some ending 'lanogh'. This suffix sig-
nifies 'mam*. We find It also in another of their names
•kalamogh', moaning the 'first man'".

"I could not learn what the significance of the
first part of the other two hereditary names was; the
Indians did not appear to know it themselves. The tei
axe very ancient." Sgd. Chas Hill-Tout.

238

226

"larly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 33. The Name 'Kltailano'
oont*d.

The first appearance in print of the name 'Kltsilano*
was a newspaper announcement stating that Postmaster Miller
had, approximately 1905, or earlier, adopted it as the name of
a new sub-post office to serve the district known as 'Greer's
beach* — actually no such post office was aver established. it
remained unused for some time, until one morning the legend
'Kltsilano* appeared on two or three street cara which inaug-
urated the service on the Kltsilano Street car line, and thus
brought the name prominently to public notice. Geo. S.
Hutchlngs, who lived on York and Balsam Streets, says this was
Dominion Day, 1905. Subsequently, approximately 1909. the
land north of the C.P.R. right-of-way was placed on sale, and
the name quickly applied itself to this area. Gradually the
name spread from the small arc of land surrounding Greer's
Beach, pushed 'Tairview' beck eastwards. lalrview once ex-
tended to Trafalgar Street, the city boundary. There was no
other name for it prior to the adoption of Kit silano— and as
the settlement extended further westward Into the clearing
westwards towards Alma Road, and southwards towards Broadway,
the name Kltsilano followed the settlement until now, 1933,
It comprises a great aection of land spreading from the Klts-
ilano Indian Reserve to Jericho and southwards over an unde-
fined area, being, generally speaking, the flat land behind
Kltsilano Beach, the face of the hill, and the flat land be-
tween Trafalgar Street and Alma Road back as far as the hills.
It Is somewhat hard to say where Kltailano stops, and where
Tairview, Talton Place, Shaughnessy Heights, Qjuilehena, Dunbar
Heights and Jericho start.

Tate, early Indian missionary, says it is 'impossible'
to reproduce In English the sound as the Indian pronounced
Kltailano.

Tate spells it Haat-sa-lah-nough, the last syllable
like 'lough' In Scottish, or 'nough' In enough.

Hill-Tout spells it KhStsalanoogh and QjfftaillnBq.

August Kltsilano, grandson of Chief of the name,
signs his name August 'Haatsalano'.

On August £6, 1938, by deed poll, August Jsck
adopted the name "August Jack Khahtsahlano . " (Original dec-
laration in City Archives)

HOTI: Tate says "Thit-aee-mah-lah-nough* was chief at

239

227

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 33. The Name ♦Kltailano»
eont , d.

Musqueam. Paull and August Kltailano dispute the hered-
itary character of both names. The facts appear to be
contrary to Indian custom, which Indicate that when a
child reached a certain age of reaponsibility, the child
was given a traditional name. Qoitchetahl (Andrew Paull)
was a grown man when given this name. Joe Capilano was
given the name 'Capilano' at a ceremony after he became
chief. Layhulette, or Mary, daughter of Chief Matthias
Joe (Capilano) was given hers by her great grandmother.

240

228

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p.lCOA.
THE ROUTE
of

JOHN MORTON'S FIRST TRIP TO HTRRABD IMLET ,
"WESTMINSTER TO WEST END."

See "The First Settlers on Burrard Inlet", and "Early
VancouTer", Vol. 2, page 93.

Narration of conversation between Joseph Morton,
son of John Morton, and Major J. 3. Matthews, V.D., City
Archivist, March 3rd. 1952 . wherein Joseph Morton states:

"The Indian and father were brought to-
gether in New Westminster. An arrangement was made
for the Indian to guide father to the coal deposits,
and they started off one day and came by forest trail
to the head of False Creek. Just what trail they

took I do not know " "Anyway, father

told me the Indian led him to the head of False Creek;
that they skirted the head of False Creek, and after
that out through the trees to the Inlet, somewhere about

Carrall street now, and the Indian got a canoe "

"What prompted the Indian to take father out of the
Narrows, I have no knowledge, but whatever it was,
they went out of the Narrows in the canoe, and circ-
umnavigated the peninsula* "They finally landed

on the English Bay bathing beach at the foot of Denman

street" "They Jumped ashore".... "He (the

Indian) pulled the canoe high up on the beach, and
into the bushes, led off on a trail into the woods,
and beckoned father to f ollow" . . . "To his (Morton's)
astonishment, after a short walk, they arrived back
on Burrard Inlet" etc.

241

229

Vol. H, J3. M<j

DBADMaK'S islahd
(origin of name)
"The Indians called tha island 'Memaloose Siwash Illahle'.

"Mamelous Siwash ill-lee"; Rev. P. C. Parker. "Mameloose Siwash
illa-hee"; Thos. P, Wicks. "Mem-a-loose Siwash il- la-hie"; Rev.
C. If. Tate.

■DEAD INDIA* LAKD"

CHTKOOK JARGOH:

IHTERPRBTATIOH

"Mem-a-loose", i. e., Dead, or die. "Siwash",
i. e., Indian. "Il-la-hie", i. e., the earth,
land, soil. Dictionary of Chinook Jargon,
1914, by ReT. CM. Tate.

"It means "Indian graveyard'
-- Qoitchetahl

(Andrew Paul)

DBADMAK'S ISLftJTD ASP PTDIAK TRKB BURIALS "One morning — he told

me this — it was
April, and he looked across towards what is now Stanley Park,
and there was Deadman's Island before him; it looked so beautiful;
he was alone; he thought he would like to hare it, ao he took
his boat and went across there. He told me the story one day
when we were walking along Stanley Park Driveway in October, 1911,
shortly before he died -- it was a beautiful morning, and whan
we got near Deadman's Island he told me the story* He went on
that he took bis boat, went over to Deadman's Island, and tied
his boat up, and as he did so, he saw a box in a tree. He said,
"I took my axe and knocked that box down, and opened it up; there
was a dead Indian sitting in it; so I skipped over to my boat,
and went. I same back in a couple of days, and put the box back;
then I went to see Judge Brew about it at Hew Westminster. I drew
a sketch of the island and handed it to Judge Brew, and Judge
Brew looked at it and said, 'that's like the ace of spades' -- the
shape of it. -"How," said Judge Brew, "1*11 tell you, Mr. Morton;
we had better find out before you do anything further; we had
better find out from the chief; evidently the island is the
burial ground of the Indians, and they may hold it sacred; so
we must not offend them; better find out before we do anything."
The Indians called the island "Hemalooe siwash illahle". So
Morton decided he did not want the island."

(Prom narrative, Ootober 15th, 1935. Rev. P. C. Parker,
executor, Morton's estate.)

242

Vol. i+. \> iao

Ohinal se t (Jim Franks) In "Early Vancouver" , Vol. 2, p. 18 t

C'h J h

"Staamchuse: One time little island there; may be
two or three crab apple trees on top,
where it* a dry. Indian put dead man
there bo wolf not get him."

230

Q.0ITCHETAHL (Andrew Paul):

"The bodies lay on the bare rock on the top of those
little islands just west of Point Atkinson; bare
solid rooks. The bodies were simply protected with
split oedar slabs, about three Inches thick; eight
inches wide, and five feet long; held in place by
their own weight; no other covering to the regains."

Thoa. P. Wloka . i. e.» "Skookum Tom", pioneer of early 1880' »,
who speaks Chinook, says, Oct. 14th, 1939* "It
really should be UemalooB, and lllahee, memaloes
means "dead"; lllahee is the little house of two
Blabs over the dead laid on the ground; I suppose
it could be lnterpeted "Village of the Indian dead";
there was a lot of the little "houses" or shelters
over the dead body; altogether."

Bev. C. It. Tate

Conversation, 1st July, 1932* "Sarly Vancouver", Vol.

2, p. 134*

"Oh, that was the deadhouse; the Indians all along

the coast used them, for putting the dead in; ec

of the deadhousea were quite pretentious."

Mrs. James Walker , eldest daughter of Joseph Silvey, "Portugese
Joe, Ho. 1" of Oast own, 28th Hov . , 1938. Aa a small child she
attended the last potlatch held at Whoi-Whoi (Lumberman's Aroh)*

DTDIAK GRAVES * "There was a lot of Indian graves all along the

First Harrows. They did not bury their dead;
they put them on the ground, with the blankets, and put a ahelter
over them; just slabs of wood, no floor, two slabs leaning one
against the other to cover the body; there was quite a lot of
them along where the "Empress of Japan" figurehead is erected
now on the First Harrows shore. There were Indian graves all
along there. And some of the little houaes had windowa of glase
in them, but that waa only the chiefs, or some "high" Indian, but
the others they Just laid them on the ground with their blankets
and things and put the shelter over them."

243

331

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 100, Manuscript of ReT. P.C.
Parker, one of the executors of John Morton. Excerpts:

DEADMAN'S ISLAND P. 102: "One day in April, he (John Morton)

did not say what year, he looked across
towards what is now Stanley Park, and there before him in its
spring beauty was "Deadman's Island." When he told me this
incident we were walking from his home, October 1911, through
Stanley Park along the driveway toward Deadman's Island. He
said, 'I wanted to homestead the Island.' So I took my boat,
went over to the Island, pulled the boat up on the shore, and
took my axe and went to the bush. I saw a box in the branches
of a tree. I knocked it down and broke open the box, and
there was a dead Indian sitting up in the box. So I skipped
off to my boat and rowed away as fast as I could. I went back
a couple of days afterwards and put the box back. Bye and bye
I went to New Westminster and spoke to Judge Brew about it. I
drew a sketch of the Island and gave it to the Judge, and he
said, 'Why, it is like the ace of spades.' The shape of it.
'Now,' said the Judge, 'Morton, we had better be careful about
this and find things out before anything further' a done. We
will see the chief. This is evidently the burial ground of
the Indians, and they may hold it sacred and we must not offend
them.' The Indians called the Island "Memelous Siwash Ille".
(ill-lee) Morton decided he did not want the Island. When
Mr. Morton told me that incident we were in Stanley Park op-
posite Deadman's Island and I quoted the refrain I saw some-
where but can't remember where:

•Our footprints press where centuries ago, the red men
fought and conquered, lost and won,
Whole tribes and nations gone like winter's snow,
before the rising of the springtide's sun.'

"One day there were two Indians came to
their log hut, bringing with them a squaw. At the time
they did not understand the Indian language — all the three
Englishmen were there, end the Indiana talked and talked, and
finally the squaw stood up and began to dance, and Jumped over
a bench. Meantime, Morton and friends got into a corner of
the hut and were in great terror, as they thought this was the
war dance before the scalping. Finally, the Indians went
away grinning and Morton, having put down some of the words he
heard, discovered that the Indiana, seeing the men were alone,
with no woman to work for them, had brought the squaw for that
purpose. The dancing and jumping was to show how nimble and
oapable she was."

"On another occasion, when Morton was
alone, he was astonished to see a whole band of Indians come
across the Bay, Stanley Park way, some walking along the trail,
some in boats. They were beating tom-toms. Morton got
alarmed. He fixed up a dummy in his bed, put s hat on at

244

232

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 103:

the top of the bed where the head would be, and a pair of
boots at the bottom under the clothing, with a bit of the
boot sticking out, fastened his door and bolted up to where
Hastings Kill is now, and from there watched the proceedings.
He saw them put something over the branch of a tree, and it
was dancing and struggling in the air. Gaining courage and
going back towards the place, he saw it was a squaw that they
had hung— near the entrance of Stanley Park. This squaw was
the wife of Chief Supple Dick or Slippery Dick— some such name.
She ha* been jealous because the wife of Chief had had a baby
whilst she had none — and had pinched the baby's throat and
killed it. There had been a hanging in New Westminster, some
man had killed another and had been hung for murder. 1 think
it was Jack Sprague who was hung. Bishop Sheepshanks men-
tions it, and in Morton's phraseology 'white man hang white
man for kllly white man, so they hung squaw for killy papoose. 1

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 106, Conversation with Mrs. Ruth
Morton, widow of John Morton of the "Brickmaker's Claim", 1862,
Excerpts:

September 16. 1935.

MORTON'S CLEARING P. Ill: "and finally got very friendly
AND CABlfp with the Indians. His sisters (John

INDIANS "ON BURRARD Morton) used to send out to him from
INLET Yorkshire — "to the three pioneers" they

were sent — some little skull caps made of
colored cloth, like the English public school boys wear to
designate the school colors— and the Indians always liked
lots of color. The Indians were very well pleased when Mr.
Morton gave them the colored caps."

"Then again, he had a grindstone and al-
lowed the Indians to sharpen their axes — to grind their axes —
and that pleased them too. Then they began to bring him
ducks to eat. The Indians caught the ducks by subterfuge.
They covered their canoes with brush and hid under it, and
floated or paddled quietly down on the ducks. The ducks

did not suspect there was anyone under
INDIAN FOOD SUPPLY the brush and came close. Then the

Indians had a forked arrangement on the
end of a stick, and when the ducks came under the brush
they caught them by the neck in the forked stick."

March 15th. 1937 .

ngArMAM's ISLAND P. 113: Mrs. Morton: "And then there

was Deadman's Island. They had to do
their own surveying, and he (Morton) wanted Deadman's Island

245

233

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 113: Mrs. Ruth korton«

(see Rot. P.C. Parker narrative), but Judge Begbie aald
the Indians used it as a burial ground; buried their dead
high up in the trees, and he could not have it."

"And then, one day, Mr. Morton saw a lot
of Indians (see Joseph Morton narrative, "Early Vancouver",
Vol. z P»f ) coming and making a disturbance and noise, and
he said to himself, "They are after me", and he made off to-
wards New Wtstminster, and he kept looking back, and then he
said to himself, "They are not following ae", and he watched
and saw them putting a rope over a branch. Then he watched
them put a rope around an Indian woman's neck, and then (Mrs.
Morton gave a serious glance) they hung her."

NOTE: The Indian woman is said to have killed her
baby in a fit of Jealousy. She was one of several
wives of an Indian of prominence, who was giving es-
pecial attention to another younger wife, and the woman
took vengeance by killing their baby. J.&.M.

"Then Mr. Morton, (he told me himself)
next day started for New Westminster — that was the nearest
civilization — and the day after they (the authorities and Mr.
Morton) came back to Burrard Inlet and they saw Chief Kapilano
and told the Indiana that it was not lawful to do that ."

CHIEF KAPILANO P. 114: "But the chief said, 'The

whltemans do it when their people murder. 1
And they told the Indians that that might be, but they (the
Indians) were never to do it again."

"Chief Kapilano was a good chief. They
could reason with him. He was a good sort of chief. After
that they (Morton) and the Indians) were good friends."

THE GRINDSTONE "Then he had a grindstone (see Joseph

Morton narrative, "Early Vancouver", Vol.2
p. tji ) and he let the Indians use it to sharpen their hatchets.
Hatchets, that was what they called them, and the Indians and
Mr. Morton got to be good friends. They brought him ducks
and they showed him how to dig a hole in the ground and put hot
cinders in it and then the ducks, and then more hot cinders on
top and then cover it up with earth. Smothering, they called
it, and the ducks would come out so sweet (cooked tastily).

They (Morton and the Indians) were always
DUCKS good friends after that (the hanging in-
cident)."

INDIAN INCIDENT "And then there was a man who came from
Huddersfield, and Mr. Morton and the man
were sleeping in the cabin. One morning the man heard some-
thing rattling outside and he looked out and saw a lot of
Indians. Some of them were sharpening their hatchets on the

246

334

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver, Vol. 5, p. 114, Mrs. Ruth Morton.

grindstone and the man said (he was alarmed), quickly, "Mr.
Morton, get up, get up, the red devils are here and they will
kill you." But Mr. Morton would not get up. He said, "Oh,
they are all right." But the man said, "I don't like them.
I'd like to tell them to go away. *hat do I say?" And Mr.
Morton told him to say "Ikta Mika". That is "What do you
want?" So the man said it and the Indians said "ah ta" and
then they laughed. The man thought they were making fun of
him before they killed him. Mr.ljorton continued to lie
asleep and the man said, "What shall I say?" Mr. Morton told
him to say "mika klatawa" (go away), but what he said was
"Michael I Clatter away." (Mrs. Morton chuckled) "Oh, it
took Mr. Morton to tell a story."

DUCKS "Did I ever tell you about ducks? Mell,

the Indians had the canoes and they got
the canoes all ready, and they pulled down branches. When
the mallards came— they were supposed to be the best— they
(the Indians) would cover the canoes all over with branches.
Then they would get underneath and they would drift down on
the tide. The ducks would think it was just a tfcree in the
water, and they (Indians) would have a stick with a prong on
the end of it, like two fingers, (Mrs. Morton illustrated with
her fingers), and they would go gently in the canoe. »hen
the ducks would come right under (the branches), come close,
they (Indians) would push the stick out and catch the duck's
neck between the prongs and they gave a little Jerk. You
would think the other ducks would be alarmed, wouldn't you,
but they didn't get alarmed. Oh, the Indians brought Mr.
Morton lots of ducks."

September B, 1937 .
HANGING INDIAN P. 118: "One day he saw a big crowd Of
COAL HARBOR Indians coming out of the woods down

there (Coal Harbor) and he thought they
were after him. He got his things together and thought he
would go to New Westminster. That was the only place to go
and it was twelve miles. He kept looking back to see if they
were getting any closer and the last time he looked he saw they
had stopped. They all wore a blanket—put a hole in one
corner and put their hea* through the blanket, and wrapped the
rest around them like a shawl. The next thing they threw a
rope over a lower limb of a tree and then they fastened it and

they hung the woman."
INDIAN DRB3S

"So Mr. Morton thought that would have to
be stopped , and he went to Westminster and told the authorities,
and the next day they came over in a hurry. New Westminster
was a small place — just a village. He told the authorities
what he had seen and he had no aore trouble with than (Indians)
after that."

247

235

"Early Vanconver", Vol. 5, p. 118, Mrs. Norton, (cont'd):

1,'ajor Matthews: "What had actually
happened to make the Indians hang the woman?"

Mrs. Morton: "It was a klootchman. Her
husband had two wives. (Note: the Indian woman had killed
her baby in a fit of jealousy over the other wife) . So the
next day the authorities told Kapilano they could not do that
here. Well, the chief replied "The King George men do that,"
and, well, they said it musn't happen again. Kapilano lived
away down there where the bridge is crossing the Narrows
(Homuleheson, or Capilano Creek). Old Chief Kapilano saw
that Mr. Morton had no more bother of that kind."

INDIANS BEST FRIENDS P. 119: "The Indians were the best

friends he had, there were lots of mallard
in Coal Harbor, and the branches used to come down over the
water, and the Indians used to go out in canoes, but before
they went they covered the canoes with branches and hid under
them, and then they would spear the ducks with a long stick
with a fork on the end of it. It would catch the ducks by
the neck, and they (Indians) would twist their necks and break
them in the fork. They used to give the ducks to Mr. Morton,
and fish too."

Conversation with John Murray, of Port Moody, (son of John
Hurray, Royal Engineer) one of the child passengers of the
"Thames City", 1859. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 131.

TNBTiW TttATTfl August 30. 19S8.

INDIAN RANUHHKIE P. 134: "West of "Portugese Joe's" and

the "Parsonage" was the Indian rancherie;
just a few Indians, not many, Just a few. Then there was an
old trail leading on to the west, down to the west end of
Coal Harbor. There was another trail down from what is now
about the south end of Carrall street, towards the present
C.P.R. Roundhouse, that the Indians used to use."

Nye
Conversation with Alfred J. Nye, of Lynn Creek Road, Lynn
Valley, North Vancouver. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 158.

TREE , FELLING CEDAR . July 19. 1938.

STONE TOOTZT "An Indian who fell a tree--with a atone

axe, of course,— was a man of consequence
amongst his fellows. At least, so I gathered from an old
Indian who was about ninety years old at the time he showed
me, with pride, the stump of a tree his grandfather had felled.
His grandfather . Bind you, — and the old man was ninety then, —

248

236

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 158. Mr. Nye (cont'd).

with atone toola. He was quite proud, apparently, of being
the grandson of such a grandfather" (aee "Chilaminst". and
Paul, in "Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, pp. 47, 48 and 54).

Conversation with Mr. and Mrs. H.P. McCraney, 3350 Cypress
Street. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 172.

LI QUORICE ROOT 15th May. 1937 .

Mrs. McCraney: (looking at photos of
INDIAN MEDICINE Stanley Park by Bailey Bros, about 1889)

"Yes, they took those photos to show the
moss on the trees. The moss was wonderful. It was everywhere,
but (sadly) it's all gone now. The moss used to hang down in
great festoons from the branches and all along the ridge of
the branches grew little ferns, scores and scores of them, In
the damp moss of the branches. What did we call them? Liqu-
orice, I think. Tes, that's what we used to call them,
liquorice."

NOTE: See George Cary, "Early Vancouver", Vol. 3, p. 220,
and also Bailey Bros, photos.

See photos: C.Y.-P.St., 35. N.St., 32, G.N. 474;

C.V.-P.St., 63, N.St., 8.

J.S. Matthews.

Conversation with Henry S. Rowling, formerly of Rowling, worth
Arm, Fraser River. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 230.

22nd September. 193 7.
INDIAN CUSTOMS Major Matthews: "What do you think of

this for a drawing by an Indian?" (show-
ing oolored drawing by Khahtsahlano. )

Mr. Rowling: "Indians! Drawl Why,
I have seen them take a piece of charcoal and draw your face
on the end of a log so that you could recognise it."

INDIAN TOOD P. 231t "I see in the "Advertiser"
OOLICHANS (Bumaby) George Green says we packed

STURGEbK oolichans In barrels for the winter. We

SALMON never did. *e never bothered with ooli-

chans, except once in a while. And he
■ays we put up barrels of salmon for the winter. Vte never
did. We used to put up s few salmon bellies. They used to

249

237

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 231, Mr. Rowling (cont'd):

cut the bellies off and throw the backs In the river. I
have seen the backs, lots of then, floating down North Arm.
Same with sturgeon. We never used sturgeon — never used them—
but they got in the fishermen's nets. Big things, sturgeon —
400, 500, as much as 600 lbs. Tore the nets all to pieces.
They were big fish; hard to kill. Tou can pound a hole in a
sturgeon's brain and he's still alive. •<• did not eat sturgeon,
they were not saleable. Very saleable now, about twenty-five
cents a pound. I liked sturgeon— -makes nice meat pie; can
hardly tell it from meat."

INDIAN FOOD "You know, the Indians are cleaver. They

BIKJK5 used to fix a sort of dam in a stream, a

SALMON little stream, so that the water rushed

down; little bend in the creek. I don't
know just how they fixed it. The water must have come in
through the side in a little "box". Anyway, salmon are
strong swimmers, and would take a rush up stream below the
little dam, and then Jump, and would land on dry land."

"Then they had a way of netting ducks.
I've seen them down at Boundary Bay. They would spread a big
net in the water, spread it on an angle, a slope, from the bot-
tom to the surface—angle of forty-five degrees, s%y— and the
ducks would dive, of course, and when they curved up towards
the surface they got caught in the nets."

5ur-fa.ce

Water - ^-y

"Bottorn ^StZ

Sam™*- d

3.3. Matthews.

250

238

"Serly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 158.

Conversation with Harry 3. Rowlings, son of W.H. Rowlings,

who, in September, 1868, took up land by pre-emption on the

north bend of the Fraaer River in what is now known as South

Vancouver.

May 28th. 1932 .

SOUTH VANCOUVER "No, 1 cannot say that I have ever seen
RQITLINGs any elk around Vancouver, but I have seen

8IJC any quantity of elk horns. You know,

east of Boundary Road, the dividing line
between Greater Vancouver and Burnaby, and along the north
arm river front on towards New Westminster, there is a great
stretch of low level land. I have seen lots of elk horns
there in the early days— some rotten, some broken, some four
or five prongs but not rotten by any means, but 1 never saw a
lire elk."

Major Matthews: "What do you suppose
became of the elk?"

"I don't know — never heard of any. I
went to live on our farm there with father in 1868. 1 was
Just four years old* Father came out with the Royal Engin-
eers. He worked on the North American Boundary Commission.
He was a non-commissioned officer, corporal. I hsve seen
him sign his name— you know he was a bit proud of being a
corporal— and I have seen him sign his name "Corporal,
N.A.B.C*," which meant North American Boundary Commission.
He had been in the Navy, I don't know how long, then he
Joined the army. He had a small pension of s shilling s
day from the navy."

INDIAN RELICS "We used to dig up hornbone daggers out

there— made out of elk horns I think. I
could point out the place pretty well. I don't think it is
built on yet. We found them when we were trying to do s
little gsrdening. The soil was good. Then we used to find
a peculiar green stone mallet, a sort of green granite.
Where the Indians got it from I do not know; no atone any-
thing like it anywhere around."

"The place where we found those Indian
rellos was right on the river bank. About the centre of
Lot 258 there is s little creek. It runs into the North
Arm of the Trsser River Just east of Rowlings station on
the Sburoe-New Westminster interurbsn tram line. There is
a little island there called Rowlings Island. There are
half a dozen little islands in the north arm of the river
named after their first owners. Rowlings Island is Just
east of Rowlings station, and the little creek comes out

251

239

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 158. Harry S. Rowlings,
(cont'd).

right at the west end, opposite the west end, of Rowlings
Island. Our little garden was right along the creek, close
to the river bank, and was Just west of the creek on a little
piece of flat. The site might be worth excavating for
relics yet, I don't know."

Mr. Duncan McDonald, who recalls Burrard Inlet in 1873.

NORTH VANCOUVER "In those days there was nothing in North
MOODYVllr-T-* Vanoouver excepting woods", remarked Mr.
SPRATT , 3"0TleKT Duncan McDonald, of 446, 6th Street West,
HERRINGS North Vancouver, where he resides with his

BIG TREES grandchildren, and who recalls Burrard

Inlet in 1873, that is, earlier than any
known person now living, for he came as a grown man. Such
bs are known to have been living here then were mere little
tots in 1873.

"In those days Vancouver Harbor was full
of herring. That was what Spratt's Ollery, Just Wfiat of the
foot of Burrard Street, a few steps west of the Marine Build-
ing, was started for— to extract the oil. But after extract-
ing the oil they took the refuse and dumped it outside the
Narrows and they say that drove the herrings away. The her-
rings used to be very numerous, thick in the water. We used
to get a pole and drive a lot of nails in it so that the sharp
ends stuck out like spikes, ghen get into a boat or canoe, go
out in the harbor and sweep it through the water. The pole
would be, say, twenty feet long, with the nails clustered at
one end; then you sat or knelt in the bottom of the canoe,
and swept it from bow to stern. You had to be quick and keep
the pole going or the herrings would wriggle off, but you
would always get four or five herrings esch sweep. Anyway,
whatever it was, the herrings migrated from English Bay, Before
that they came here to spawn, along by Swywee, the West Vancou-
ver lagoon Just west of the Capilano River. They were thick
in the water there."

4th April. 1938.
IHDIAN CHDRCH "In 1875, when the Rev. Thomas Derrick

succeeded Rev. James Turner, we built an
Indian church on the same lot which was washed by the waters
of Burrard Inlet, hence it was very convenient for the

252

240

"Early Vancouver, Vol. 2, p. 197.

Indians who came from all parts of the Inlet in their canoea,
and alao for the preacher'a boat as the only means of getting
about amongat their parishioners."

Rev. C. M. Tate.

GEORGE CART; March lat. 1932.

P. 216:
gOTLfTCH IK "or course, there were Indiana living

SgyJLST PArK IN over on the Narrows side of the government

THE BOB reserve. I was over there once at a

potlatch — lots of turn turning and dancing.
Did not seem to be many Indiana there. I was over in the
evening, and perhaps the women and children had gone back to
•the Mission' at North Vancouver. They were passing back and
forth all the time."

DICK ISAACS (Indian name Que-yah-chulk) October 14th. 1932.

G ASTOWN (One armed Indian who lost the other arm

THE DI D IA N (METH - many years ago in a sawmill, and who now
ODIST CHuRCH lives at North Vancouver Indian Reserve

(Uatlawn).
EIR3T CHOHCH "I recall the old Indian church over at

Gastown quite well. It was a little bit
of a place on the snore. It was not sideways to the shore,
but one end nearest the water. There was no tower on it,
such as we have here now at North Vancouver, but just a little
bit of a bell tower, and a bell. Inside it was not fixed up
like the Catholics fix up the inside of their churches. It
was just plain, and about thirty feet long. It was wide
enough for us to have three benches for us tc alt upon — all
in a row across the church; three of then."

"Lots of Indians used to go there from
Stanley Park (Whoi-Whoi, now Lumbermans Arch). There was a
big settlement in Stanley Park then. Mr. Daylick (Derrick)
was the first minister I remember, then Mr. Bryant. Mr.
Tate used to come sometimes."

"I don't know how old I am, may be 60,
may be 70, but I remember 'Old* Chief Capilano. The 'Old
Chief died, then Chief Lah-wa succeeded him. Lahwa was
married in the little Indian Church at Gastown to a Eraser
River Indian woman. Afterwards Joe became chief, he was a

253

241

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 297. Dick Isaacs (cont'd).

relation to the "Old Chief a' wife. Joe waa a good Catholic.
That waa why they made him chief."

POBTUGBSB JOB "Portugeae joe waa the flrat to keep atore

at Gestown. He had a atore near the In-
dian church. At leaat, that waa where it had been. Ben
Wilaon built hla atore behind it. When Portugeae Joe went
there firat there waa Just one man— that waa Portugeae Joe,
in Gaatown."

"My aiater waa Aunt Sally of Stanley Park."

(Bote: Aunt Sally waa a famoua character on account of
her realdence in Stanley Park until quite recent yeara —
after the war). J.S.M.

vnnn iwra "Puchahla waa the name of the place where

the C.P.B. Depot and docka are now. lota

of big treea there, lota of bushes, much shade and little sun-
shine."

WHOI-WHOI. STANLBT Letter from Professor Chaa. Hill-Tout,

P ARS F.R.S.C, F.R.I. A., etc.

Frontenac Apartmenta
Quebec street, Vancouver
August 2nd. 1932.

Dear Major Matthews: WJ .

The photograph you aent me, which recoraa
the demolition of one of the largeet of the old time middens in
Stanley Park ia most interesting aa well aa worthy of preser-
vation*

I had no idea anything ao reminiacent of
the early days of Vancouver was in existence. The road
around the park ran right through this midden, which was situ-
ated about where the lumberman s Arch now stands, and its
material, composed mostly of calcined shells and aahea, was
used largely for priming the roadbed around the park. In
carting away the midden mass, numerous skeletons were brought
to light. The bones of these were gathered up by the workmen,
and placed in boxes for the Indiana to take away, and bury in
their burial grounds.

I recall making aelectiona of these bones,
and sending them to the museum at Ottawa. This ancient
campsite formed ons of the largest of the native villages of
the Squamlsh in earlier days— so the Indians informed me— but
had been practioally abandoned since the period when smallpox

254

242

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 297.

first attacked the native people of this region. This
scourge struck this Tillage very severely, and practically
depopulated It, hence its abandonment hereafter*

Tours sincerely,

"Ghas. Hill-Tout"

(Refer: Bailey Bros, photo No. 541 - "deposit of shells
eight feet deep on Park road.)

255

243

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 169.

Conversation with Mrs. Ruby M. Bower, (or Bauer), daughter of
Benjamin Springer, Esq., J. P., manager, Moodyville Sawmill
Co. Moodyville.

17th June. 1942.

AN INDIAN RETORT : Mra. Bower said: "I must tell you a
a woman' s story. Mother (Mra. Ben Springer) used

to know all the Indian women. They used
to do the laundry. The Chinamen (household help) did not
like doing the household laundry, so the Indian women used to
do it, and were up at the house when it had to be done. One
of the women was Louise, a fine woman, and she had children,
and sent them to the Protestant school."

(Note: I neglected to ask Mrs. Bower what "Protestant
School", but suggest that she meant Protestant Sunday
School on Sundays).

"Louise was proud of her children, and
looked after them, and did her best for them."

"Well, the Roman Catholic priest met
Louise. Louise always called the priests "she" for some
reason, perhaps because they wore cassocks. And Louise told
mother what was said."

"It seems the Roman Catholic priest did
not like Louise sending her children to the Protestant School,
and shook his head; told her it was 'bad* business, and
gently admonished her. And, ss a final argument, added,

(Priest) "She ssy: 'You know where you'll
go to, Louise? You'll go to hell surely.'"

"So Louise replied, 'Ah, ah; lots of
nice people go to hell nowadays.'*

NOTE: The conclusion must be that the Indian klootch
felt that a Protestant hell waa preferable to a Roman
Catholic heaven; there can be no other conclusion.

256

244

Vol. 3. (J. S. M. , 1931)

INDIAN BOB]

MM4£_VQBiMI»:

In 1931, Mrs. H.A. Benbow of Vancouver
told me tbat they then (in 1907) lived in
the 1600 block, lat Avenue West, and she
witnessed an Indian Burial. She had just arrived from England.
The cortege came out of the bush in front of her house carry-
ing the body. The Bat Portage Hill closed down for half an
hour* This is supposed to have been the last Indian burial.

J.S.M.

257

245
CABBOB BALL ABT> IBPIAB LA.CR0S3K

On April 24th, 1962, whilst digging in he* garden at Kits-
llano, Mrs. T. Saffln, 1*38 York Street, unearthed a second
cannon tell, moulded iron, two inches diametre, one pound one
ounce weight. It was found within about twenty feet of the
place where, a month previously, she had dug up a larger cannon
ball of noulded Iron, three inches diameter, weight over four
pounds. Both were heavily encrusted with iron rust due to the
wet ground, but we easily cleaned it.

Tfar-fWAT-T-A, r»n SaUAMTSE, IBPIAB 1ACR033B .

At the same time, Mrs. Baffin found in her garden soil, a
-ooth drab colored oral stone, four and three quarter inches by
four Inches, weight three pounds two ounoes. Except in color
It Is Tory similar to our authentic TCK-KWALLA stone, four inches
diameter, weight throe pounds six ounoes, Tory smooth and black.
Ths blaok stone was found some years ago by August Jack Khaht-
sahlano (Kits llano) in the sane violnity, i.e., the former
Squamlsh Indian Tillage of false Creek known as Snauq, where he
onoe lived, he presented it t o the City Archives, who had it
mounted with explanatory lnsoriptlon In metal beneath.

TCX-KVAXLA, or the game of Squamlsh Indian lacrosse, was
played without stloke or nets on open spaces about Squamlsh
villages by teams of six men on each side. The ball was thrown
and oaught by hand. Goal posts were about six feet apart.

We have no actual knowledge that the drab oval stone found
by Mrs. Baffin, being similar in sise and weight but not color,
is another TCX-KWAIIA ball. It nay be. And, It may be that
the two small iron oannon balls—all three found in the eame
garden— were used as substitutes for round smooth stones.
August Jaok Khahtsahlano says it is a Teh-qualla.

A notable faot is that the particular locality in whioh
these relics were found is very close to the former Indian vil-
lage of Snauq, and la, more or less, between the site of the
Indian salmon weir, or dam, near the corner of Cedar St. (Burrard)
and Third Avenue; their burial ground was olose at hand, and
their homes a short dlatanoe away on the share.

J.S. Matthews
City Archives City Archivist

City Hall,
Tana our or.
1st May 1962.

258

246

-jsarxy Vancouver", vox. a, p. Z4U..

Converaation with George Cary, (see "Early Vancouver", Vol.2,

1933, pp. 213 to 222.) He came to Granville in 1864.

tktotan vtt.t.act. December 14. 1953.

IN STAHLEY PARK. Major Matthews: "What about that Indian

village in Stanley Park, the one on the
First Narrows?"

Mr. Cary: "I don't think it was a perm-
anent place; Just a stopping place to fish. You know the
Indians don't always stop at the same place as they go to
fish. (See old charts.) The same thing at Buccaneer Bay.
I was along there once and there were ten or fifteen huts, but
there ware no Indiana living there. I know it waa that way;
Just temporary shelters when they came down to fish for dog
fish."

"They had a little potlach over there
oncet It was never much of a village; just a few shacks
right there some place. They have put up aome totem poles
in Stanley Park, but that's not where the shacks I knew were."

Major Matthews: "Well, there was a big
village over there at one time. That's what the Indians say."

Mr. Cary : "May be; not in my time. The
path along the shore, up and down the shore of the Narrows, was
just wide enough to let one man through at a time. Indiana
alwaya travel a ingle file anyhow. I'm speaking now of the
prairie Indians, not shore Indians. Shore Indians don't
travel much through woods. All these Indians here on this
coast are canoe Indians. Shoes? What shoes? Oh, they
sometimes wore moccasins, not bare fast always. But I must
tell you about old Capilano, old Capilano Joe, the chief over
there."

CAPILANO JOB. "I aee Capilano Joe (Chief Joe Capilano)

one day at the corner of Water Street.
Oh, that waa a long time ago. He was standing with a blanket
around him, that was all he seemed to have on, excepting a
necktie and a plug hat and bare feet, and ice and anow on the
sidewalk. He wss standing there, barefooted, on the aidawalk.
As I passed he spoke quietly to me. He put his hand to his
cheek, and said in his broken English, 'You're face cold?'
The akin on his feet waa, I'll bet, half an inch thick."

STANLEY PARK . (See his narrative "Early Vanoouver", Vol.

2, p. 215.)
"I did not go clear around Stanley Park. I cut across about
the pipe line road. I guess that was how It was. The In-
diana would have a trail into Beaver Lake. You can aee the
beaver dams there yet."

259

247

"Early Vancouver", vol. 3, p. 241, cont»d.

"Indian trails? Oh, Indiana tralla
always follow the eaaieat route. There waa a trail down
eaat from 3arnia to Niagara. I have seen parts of It. It
took the eaaiest route. It was beaten so hard with Indian
feet you could see the steps they had taken, in some places
six Inches deep, one after another."

COAST INDIANS . "But the Coaat Indians don*t walk; they

canoe. I never saw an Indian trail in
this country. The Coast Indians are like the Mexicana who
go for a horse to ride across the street."

260

248

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 71.

Conversation with Ormond Lea Charlton, pionaar, (13th

Sept. 1886).

11th February. 1941.

NOR TH VANCOUVER CATH- P. 74:

UU.C umJBOT "I am not just aure of the date, but

INDIAN BAKE It waa 1887 or 1888, and the place waa

the Squamish Indian Miaslon at North
Vancouver, and the chief performers were the Indian Bank. I
am not aure if it waa the only band on the inlet at the time;
it might have been. Some thouaanda of Indians were gathered
at the Mlaalon from all up and down the coast to meet a large
number of Roman Catholic Church dignitaries. The place waa
a mass of tents and other shelters, pitched In the rough
clearing between the stumps. In front of the Indian Church
was four small oannona, muzzle loaders."

"A large flotilla of canoes had pro-
ceeded to Vancouver, and met the Archbishop and Blahop and lea
aer clergy at Andy Linton's boathouae, at the foot of Carrall
Street, adjoining later Street."

(See photos C.V. P. In. 10,12,
C.V. N. In. 2)

Conversation with Mr. Quint in James Trotter, formerly of Eew
Beach, West Vancouver. Mr. Trotter Is seventy-one.

26th Mar oh. 1941.
P. 88;

KEW BEACH I'll tell you something about Kew Beach.

"CHDLK3' r * On the south weat, or south side, there

is a boulder about fifteen feet in dia-
meter, and it is sitting in a niche about twelve feet wide,
wider at the top than at the bottom; it is about thirty five
feet deep from the top to the bottom, and thia boulder sits
in the top of the great crevice.

INDIAN LEGEND "Well, on the east side of Vancouver

Island— this is an Indian legend in con-
nection with thia rock or boulder— there was once a great
Indian tree, and to show his power, he took this boulder in
his sling, and waa going to throw it at Mount Garibaldi, but
he hit the wing of a raven, and the boulder dropped abort,
and landed in this niche of rook. That atory waa given to
me by Andy Paull, secretary Progressive Native Tribes of B.C.,
one day when he was up at Kew Beach."

261

249

away

Charl

.-annum of conversation with lira. Alice Crakanthorp . 1622
rles Street, Vancouver, March 21st, 1935* Vol. ih $>, 1*1

CatAKABTHORf lira* Alice Crakanthorp, nee Patterson, was the

firet white child born (at Stamp's Mill) Alberni,
B. C, 26th February, 1864*

"OLD WILLIAM". Indian queryt Do you recall "Old William"?
■SUPPLEJACK" (Khaytulk ) Mrs. Crakanthorp: "Oh, yes; dear old

thing! Alexander's servant; he was
so good; used to work for Mrs. Alexander, and sometimes for
Mother. Sometimes the women would go away; across to Moodyville
or somewhere} then they would leave him in charge; he would get
the potatoes ready; aet the table; then when he was done over
there he would go orer to our place; Alexander's waa next door
to us; there was Juat a fence between ua; and he would fix things
at our place. He was so clean; you could trust him with anything;
to do anything; wash the windows; anything. His wife was Sally.

"Supplejack? I never met him, but often heard of him.
Whether he deserved it or not I do not know, but Supplejack
(aon of Chief Khahtaahlanogh, after whom Kitsilano is named, and
father of August Jack Ehahtaahlano, a magnificent Indian) was
known as a "bad" Indian. I know a woman — a great big Irish
woman-- who helped Constable Jonathan Miller to arrest him near
the Hastings Sawmill; he was getting away from Miller. They
never could catch him; I think that was why he was called "Supple
Jack"; he was very clerer in slipping away* I know my mother
used to eaution me, "Vow don't go far away, because Supplejack's
around*" I was frightened to death of Indians; when we were at
Alberni, they used to send for the gunboats. But Old William,
he was so good."

262

250

Conversation with Mrs. Alice Crakanthorp, 1622 Charles Street,
Vancouver. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 4, p. 147, p. 151, p. 159

March 21st, 1935 .
CRAKANTHORP. toe*. Alice Crakanthorp, nee Patterson, was

the first white child born (at Stamp's
Mill) Alberni, B.C., 26th February, 1864.

"OLDWIIXIAM"

BtoliH.

Major Matthews:
William' t

•Do you recall 'Old

Mrs. Crakanthorp ; "Oh, yes; dear old
thing! Alexander's servant. He was so good; used to work
for Mrs. Alexander, and sometimes for mother. Sometimes the
women would go away, across to Moodyville or somewhere. Then
they would leave him in charge. He would get the potatoes
ready, set the table. Then, when he was done over there, he
would go over to our place. Alexander's was next door to ui)
there was just a fence between us, and he would fix things at
our place. He was so clean. Tou could trust him with any-
thing—to do anything. Wash the windows, anything."

SIWASH,

THE EPITHET.

Miss Crakanthorp :
mean?"

"What does 'Siwash'

Ma j or Matthews:
French word for savage*^

"Corruption of tha

Ml ss Cr a jam thorp : "Mother was telling
me that they never called the Indians 'Siwash' unless thay
were annoyed or disgusted with them over something; unless
the whites wanted to say something nasty to the Indians."

Major Matthews : "Oh, that's right; you
ought to read what old Jim Franks, (Chllamlnst) has to say
about that. It was a nasty thing to say to an Indian. No
one would do it even now if they knew how it offended our good
Indian friends."

263

231

Conversation with Mrs. Alice Crakanthorp, Vol. 4, p. 175,
"laxly TanoouTar".

April 22. 1937.

"Oh, yea, a lot of Burrard Inlat white-
■an had Indian wivea. The Hat you have
la correct, and than there waa Philander
Swat; ha had an Indian wife and aha waa
auch a good woman. I remember, one of their children died,
and aether had to go and lay tha ohild out, and I remember
when aothar came back aha aaid "What a find, good woman lira.
Swat la".

Converaation, over tha phone, with Miaa Muriel Crakanthorp,
"Early TanoouTar", Vol. 4, p. 188*

May 16. 1938.

INDIAN CUSTOMS "I waa talking to Uncle thia morning,

BsHn" SPS mother* a brother, who Uvea with ua, and

ha told me tha Indiana uaed deer akina
for aaila; they ware leg-o-mutton ahapad. When the wind
waa favorable on Burrard Inlat, ha aaya, he haa often aean
them doing It; they would hoiat them on their oanoea and
aail along.

Converaation (over the phone) with Mlaa Muriel Crakanthorp,
586 Seat 59th Avenue. "larly Vancouver", Vol. 4, p. 198.

MgfflBlfli JUly 8th. 1939.

"There waa a lot of Indian houaea there.

It waa the village, and Chief Lahwa
lived there. He waa an elderly man, fifty or more— boya
don't Judge men»s agea very well— and the old chief waa a
great Soman Catholic, at leaat, ha liked the "show" of the
Roman Catholic Church. He would not go to any other church*
He did not care very much for religion, but he liked tha pomp
of the robea and the lace and the big choir."

"Well, thia day, while they were getting
the mulea, Chief Lahwa came out of hia shack, and he waa
"roaring" drunk. The only garment he had waa hia undershirt,
hat he had a bible in one hand, and exclaimed to the two boya,
■The priest told me I oan get drunk, and I can do anything I
like, aa long aa I keep thia bible", and he waa carrying tha
bible around with him in hia hand."

264

252

Converaation with Mrs. Ruby M, Bower, 1915 Haro Street,
daughter of Benjamin Springer, manager, Mbodyville Sawmill,
and Mrs. Springer, previously Mra. Richards, second teacher
at the Hastings Sawmill School. "Early Vancouver", Vol.4,
p. 83.

August 26, 1936.

MRS. MART

CAPILANO. "Old Mary" thinks she ia 104, but I

don't think she can be. I think she must
be about 88 or 90. She used to wash for us and she was a
comparatively young woman then. 1 waa born in 1882. I had
not seen her for years. I waa over at Capilano st a party
and recognised the face. She was not changed much. 1 talked
to her, and she told me she was selling baskets in the "West
Bid" to make some money. She remembered doing our laundry.
I don't think she is even 100."

Conversation with Mrs. Alice Crakanthorp. "Early Vancouver",
Vol. 4, p. ITS.

October 25. 1936 .
SHAKES
UTHKYMS "We had a teacher at the school named

McMillan, and he whipped the Indian boys
unmercifully. He would go out in the bush and cut a switch
and whip them with it. The Indian boys resented this, and
showed their resentment by draping an apple tree in his
garden with dead snakes. McMillan was very unpopular. When
the tree was shaken the dead snakes began to wriggle and drop
to the ground. It was horrible. The Indian boys must hare
spent a whole night— they did it in the night— draping his
tree with snakea; there were such a lot of them, all dead, and
bung over the branches."

NOTE: This explains, partially, the Indian name for
the alough just east of Moodyvllle Sawmill, which is
■Uthkyme", or "serpent pond"; "uth" meaning "snake".

J.S.M.

265

253

"Early Vancouver" , Vol. 2, p. 47.

Conversation with Jim Franks.

CHIL-LAH-MINST November 20th. 1932 .

(Jim Franks) "My father was Chil-lah-minst. Come

down here, Skwayooa, from Squamish with
people get smelts, 'bout this time, fall, lots smelts here
Skwayooa. My father have little hut down at corner, foot
of Tew Street, by bathhouse, where beach turn. Squamish
peoples come down here to get food, go back Squamish for
winter".

"I was born at Skwayooa, right here, down
by the corner there, foot Tew Street, where the beach turns
west, by the bathhouse".

Jim Franks ought to be about 62 or 64, as
he says he was working in the Hastings Sawmill the day
of the Fire (June 13th 1686), and he was about 16 years
old then. He says he remember August Jack Kltsilano,
(August's Bother Jim's sister), who is his nephew "as a
little boy". August Jack is 54 or 56, so that it is
likely Chil-lah-minst was born on Kits llano Beach about,
approximately, 1870. He was selling baskets when he
called thia afternoon, and we had a cup of tea together
in the kitchen. He is a fine old Indian gentleman;
queer, perhaps, to whiteman's way of doing things, but
with s very sound conception of the fundamentals of
life.

"Siwash Rock was once an Indian man. I
think one man make the world, but some people say three men.
They go out sturgeon bank, out Point Grey. They wash them-
selves, wash themselves, wash themselves, make themselves very
clean; keep themselves very clean. They get very powerful.
Then the three great men go all around the world making it.
Their names were

If they find poor people, they give them stuff so they no
more poor; teach them how to do things better; show them how
to get food; but if they find people too smart, too clever,
they ssy 'you go to hell, we not trouble about you*. That's
how Siwash Rock came to be where he is; he too smart, three
great men turn him into rock ao people see not much good to
be too smart."

Jim said he would like another cup of tea*

"I'm Indian, me Indian, not Siwash. My
face to the front, my body behind. I may have black face,
but It in the front. When I die, what Inside ma" (and here
ha preased his chest with his right hand) "I think go to my

266

254

"Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 47. Jim Franks (cont»d).

•on, may be to my grandchild." (What Jim was trying to
convey was that he was not two— faced, but honest, sincere,
upright). "Priests supposed to protect Indiana, but govern-
ment do what priest say. Priest government." (Priests
are the government). "Government lease land, Indian land,
bat Indian not get lease money. Once I young, strong, work
Hastings Sawmill, two and one-half years; work on carriage,
good man. Then I work Fader Bros, sawmill" (on Falae Creek
at north end of Granville Street, where Robertson and Hackett
sawmill now) "but now I get old, have no money, have to sell
basket. When whitemana call me •Siwaah* I say 'Go to Hell'."

"Smamchuze", he said in referring to a
little bay at the foot of Howe Street on False Creek— see old
maps— "I think once be a little island one time. Indian put
dead man there. Little Island of sand, water came all round,
May be two or three crab apple trees on top where water never
come; always dry. Indians put dead man there so wolf not
get him. Indians always put deadmans on island so wolf not
get him".

(August Kits llano says: "Smamchuze a
little graveyard on an island with perhaps a bit of
grass on top dry part. Tide wash grass, graves and
island away.)

267

255

"Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 48*

Conversation with Chil-lah-mlnat (Jim Pranks).

CHIL-LAH-MINST December 10th. 1932.

(Jim Franka) "My grandfather Chillahmlnat too. My

father, Chil-lah-mlnat make canoe all
hia life, he make canoe aereral places. One place Skwayooa,
down foot Tew Street on beach. Make canoe all his life,
just canoe, hia trade, when I get old I be Chil-lah-minst, I
do work, take my father's name, just same you do. One time
long ago, logger take out fir tree only. Logger not much
uae cedar — leave cedar— but logging road make easy for
Indian to get cedar tree out for canoe to Skwayooa. My
father all time chisel, chisel, chisel, big round stone in
hand for hammer, make canoe, then burn him out pitch."

"First 1 waa Jim, then when 1 get mar-
ried priest give me name Franks. "

"Chief Chip-kaay-am of Snauq very good,
very good man; very kind, very good. That's why hia fam-
ily make him chief (see Rev. C.M. Tate's pleasant recollec-
tions of "old Chief George", Chip-kaay-am) .

1 asked Ohillahminat about the Indians
Swlllamcan, Kanachuck, and Mrs. Salpcan, who sold their
•Improvements' at Greer's Beach to Sam Greer. (See
•The Fight for Kitsilano Beach'.)

"Will-ehm-can waa Chief Jimmy Jimmy's
father. Kanachuck, not sure, but I think brother to Chief
Chip-kaay-am of Snauq. May be Mra. Salpcan was his wife,
don't know. We leave Skwayooa, go Hastings Mill to work.
Peoples at Snauq sell 'improvsmenta* to Greer."

JERICHO CHARLIE "Jericho Charlie my uncle; Frank Charlie

AYATAK (Ayatak), of Musqueam, my cousin.

Jericho Charlie die long time ago; fell
off C.P.R. bridge 'cross False Creek. He live Jericho, Juat
by slough, on bar in front of slough; Jerry Roger's camp
there. May be Jericho Charlie have place Skwayooa, don't
know" (August Kitsilano says 'Yes, he did'). "Frank Charlie
live MUsqueam now; old man. Frank Charlie is same as
Capilano— hia name Capilano too. Indian come down Squamlsh,
marry Musqueam woman. By and bye Musqueea give Squamlsh man
place to live; down by Manly, by beach. Musqueam up by
slough, Manly down by aea, way down. Old Man Capilano live
Manly too."

"Old Man Capilano I just remember him,

268

256

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 48. Chil-lah-mlnat (Jim
Franks) cont'd.

very old man when I aee him. I was about 20 or 21 when
Vancouver burn; muat be about 67 or 70 now. Old Man Capil-
ano died long ago, don't know when. Lah-wa come next, but

he drink too much booze; fall out of
LAH-MA canoe in First Narrows. Priests say too

much booze must stop; Joe good Catholic,
priest say Joe to be chief, to get Indian to come to church.
Joe some relation Chief Lah-wa."

"I had fourteen children; all die. Some
live two, three months, then die; cough up blood; my wife
sick."

Assuming that Chillahminst (Jim Franks)
was born in his father's hut on Kltsilano Beach about
1870, or earlier as he claims to be older than 62, then
this bears out Mrs. J.Z. Hall's statement, nee Greer,
that there had been several houses located on the site
of her father's pioneer cottage prior to tbe one burned
down by the Canadian Pacific Hallway officials. Sam
Greer bought the Indian "improvements" (see "Fight for
Kltsilano Beach") some time on or before November, 1884.
Robert Preston, of New Westminster, was interested in
the pre-emption of the property in October, 1871, and
Samuel Preston pre-empted it in April, 1873. As re-
cently ss early years of 20th century, even as late as
1918, smelts could be raked ashore at Kltsilano Beach.
(See "Early Vancouver", Matthews, Vol. ).

J. S. Matthews.

269

357

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 128.

Chillahminst (Jim Franks), North Vancouver. Jim Franks was
born at Skwayooa, afterwards Greer's Beach, still later Kits-
ilano Beach.

Mar. 2nd, 1933 .

EARLY TRAILS "No trail to Jericho from Skwayooa, go

beach, no trail. Trail to Gastown from
about Granville Street, from about Snauq, go all along through
tree to about iVestminster Avenue; Just little trail, about
wide enough one man. Don't know just about where go; all
•long Fairview to •lestminater Avenue from 'bout Granville
Street."

"Oh, I remember, my father make canoe up
on hill above KitaiLano Beach. Loggers just take fir, leave
cedar. My father, Chillahminat make canoe up on hill; have
Hudson's Bay file for chisel, stone for hammer. I go up see
him; go up log road, meet oxen come down. I little boy,
run awajr, very frightened at oxen come down trail. My
father bring canoe down beach, take him out Point Grey, hook
sturgeon — oh, big, twelve feet, 'bout four inches thick, very
heavy. Tow sturgeon to beach, turn canoe over, take stakes
(cross pieces) out. Slide sturgeon into canoe, turn canoe
over again when sturgeon in canoe."

ship up Squamish. 1

"My father tell me he see first whitemans

"Two log road up hill from Skwayoos; one
go one way, one go other way. Little swamp up on top hill;
logging road go round swamp."

270

258

Memorandum of Conversation with William A. Grafton, City Hall
official in employ of Vancouver City for 17 years. March 24,
1934.

Quoryt Mr. Tomlinson, who helped to dig white shells from
the Indian midden in Stanley Park near Lumberman's
Arch, afterwards hauled and laid those shells as the first
surface to the first park driveway. Can you tell us anything
about that?

Mr. Graftont "I remember them doing that. It's a pity they
destroyed so much of the Indian features out
in the park. Supplejack had a nice place out at the end of the
pipe line road, board house with windows and curtains on them,
not built of Indian split cedar slabs, but of sawn boards; nice
place. (See "Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, Khaatsahlano.) Then there
was the Indian graveyard • You know Harris' house out there;
the water pipe line caretaker on the Harrows shore Just inside
Prospect Point; the graveyard was there. Supplejack's grave
was there; not in the ground, but above ground. When I first
saw that Indian graveyard, there were quite a lot of graves;
not graves as we know them, but graves above ground. The canoes
with bodies in them were still there; the canoes were supported
about level with your face; the dead were inside the canoes.
Then there were a lot of boxes; boxes with bones in them lying
around on the ground; Indian boxes; that was the way they bur-
ied them. When they made the road around Stanley Park, they
took them all away to Squamish. You know those little islands
off Point Atkinson? (See Andrew Paul.) Well, there were Indian
graves en top of them, too; guess they are there yet; Just
underneath slabs of cedar to hold them down. I have often
lifted the cedar slabs on top of those Seal Rocks, Just around
Point Atkinson, and looked at the Indian remains lying beneath.

"About the potlatch houses at Whoi-Whoi. It was a very
interesting sight coming through the Tirst Harrows at night
time, when the tide was out. There, on the beach, were all the
Indians with their pitch sticks alight, and digging clams; the
Indians used to go there. They used to look very pretty coming
in. Being dark, you couldn't see the Indians, but you could
see their pitch stick lights, and you could see their figures
digging away. They could only get the best of the clams in
winter, when the long run out of the tide took the water away
out and they got their clams out in the deep part of the beach
right where the Lumberman's Arch is."

ftueryt How is it that you aaw so many Indians at night,

when you told me the other day that there were only
a few Indians at Whoi-Whoi?

Mr. Grafton: "When they came in from the outside (English
Bay), they would all go there. I have seen
over a dozen canoes on the beach there; all sizes; a big canoe
would hold twelve or more persona; (probably 18 to 20 would be

271

259
more correct.) the little canoes they towed be.nind the big

ones) all were made of cedar* The little canoes were light
enough to carry. They were all lying about on the beach in
front of their great big houses, regular barns made out of
split cedar; they called them potlatch houses."

Query: Brer see the graveyard, just behind Whoi-Whoi?
Back of Lumberman's arch?

Mr. Grafton: "Ho. The only graves I ever saw were down

on the beach, just east of the lighthouse as
you come through the first Harrows; end of the pipe line road,
where the Harris* lived. There was a little clearing there.
(It was here that the formal ceremony of the dedication of
Stanley Park took place.) Supplejack's grave there was a cabin
about 10 feet long, 8 foet wide, and about 3 feet off the
ground, on posts. The walla were about three feet high; it
had a low peak roof, and windows all around, and red blinds on
the little glass window. The Indians put him in that. Supple-
jack was supposed to have been a 'bad actor', supposed to have
3hot a lot of men coming through the Harrows. The roof of the
little cabin was of lumber; I could not aay whether of shingles
or not. It was a pretty concern, sides same as roof. Could
not 3ay if the lumber was hand-made or sawn; they could have cut
it out of the woods themselves; they knew well enough how to do
it, but I don't know whether they did or not. You oould not
see inside on account of the red curtains on the little glass
windows, and there did not appear to be a door, as it was
closed all around. I don't know how they put Supplejack in
there. There were about three windows on each side, and one in
each end as far as I recall; it's a long time ago."

Query: What about the red blankets which his son, August
Jack Khaatsahlano, speaks about? (See 'Barly Van-
couver', Vol. 2.)

Mr. Grafton: "I saw no red blankets; all I saw was the
cabin and the red blinds on the glass win-
dows. I suppose the red blankets would be inside for the body
to rest upon and be covered with, but don't actually know."

(The above was read to and assented to as accurate by A.
J. Khaatsahlano, May 31, 1934. Also see 'Early Vancouver', Vol.
2, page 135 and 149.)

Mr. Grafton: "You can have this stone hammer. It was dug
up by myBelf in the summer of 1919 about
150 feet west of the south-west corner of Cambie Street and 63rd
Avenue; about three-quarters of a mile from the Horth Arm of
the Traser River, and at a point which at one time must have
been covered with dense forest in all directions. It was
under the roots of a big stump of a cedar tree. I went to live
there in Hovember, 1918, and dug it out from among the roots
the following summer, and also three or four arrow heads, one

272

260
of which you can have; the rest I gave away. All these relics
were down in the ground about eighteen inches, and beside a
root as thick as a man's body. The land in the neighborhood
is partly soft, low swamp. There is a big creek runs down
nearby, but where this hammer was dug up it was gravelly, but
there was water more or less all over that neighborhood. It
may be that a rush of water covered the hammer and arrowheads
with earth; I don't know, but it was down deep, at least
eighteen inches."

(Hot a: This stone haraner is in the City Archives with an en-
graved brass band around it.)

Mr. Grafton: "You've heard the stories of the Indians
■ending their women and children into the
woods when they were attacked by the northern Indians .
(Bote* Rev. C. K. Tate — see 'Early Vancouver', Vol. 2, --
states that when travelling through the forest trails near
Hanalmo, he once enquired the meaning of small collections of
clam shells lying here and there. His Indian companion told
■him it was where women and children, sent into the woods for
safety, when Indian marauders appeared, had been eating food
brought to them from the shore by their men folk.) Chief
Oeorge of Seohelt used to tell me about sending their women in-
land when the northern Indians came, and it may be that this

hammer and the arrowheads were placed beside the old cedar

you know how Indian women used cedar bark for almost every dom-
estic purpose -- when the Indian women hastened into the woods,
probably following the creek for their water supply, also be-
cause of the easier route of travel, and then made their tem-
porary abode around the folds of the oedar roots where they
afterwards either forgot to remove them, or some misadventure,
discovery and capture, resulted in the hammer being left behind.
The ground on which it was found was a dry spot suitable for
a temporary enoampaent, close to a creek for water and a swamp
for native vegetables. The relics were sufficiently deep inthe
earth as to lead one to suppose they had been there for a very
long time, perhaps centuries." "

273

261

Conversation with William A. Grafton, City Hall Official in
employ of Vancouver City for 17 years. "Early Vancouver",
Vol. 3, p. 362.

March 24, 1934.
WILD ANIMALS; "The deer on Bowen Island were very thlok.
PEER. GROUSE, Tou could go out and get one any time. And
WOLVES. so were the grouse. We used to shoot for

the market. I had the reputation of
getting the biggest deer ever shot in the Province. That was
in the fall of 1891. It weighed 195 pounds, but it wasn't the
biggest one I ever shot. The biggest was 225 pounds. At one
time there were a lot of wolves on Bowen Island. They killed
Beach's dog, and they killed Bill Baton's dog, and you could
always see the deer swimming in the water after being driven
there by the wolves. Wolves won't follow deer into the water.
We never hunted deer in boots; always in mocassins. Chief
George of Sechelt taught us how to make mocassins. I have
sneaked up as olose as twenty-five feet to a deer."

Conversation with John Innes, celebrated Canadian painter of
historical scenes. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 3, p. 377.

April. 1933.
BELLA COOLA. "The diagrammatic drawing of an Indian
INTiIaH H6P5B3. Community Dwelling at Bella Coola is made
from rough sketches made in my note book
when, in company with Mr. Harlsnd I. Smith, of the Vlctorie
Ifuaeum, Ottawa, in September 14-15, 1924, I visited there.
The totem poles in the drawing were added to the drawing for
decorstive effect) they did not exist in reslity."

•We had some difficulty in getting into
the old building, as some one has fitted s modern door to
its only entrance, and the door was padlocked, and the key in
the possession of an old witch doctor. Goodness knows bow
old he was. He was very old, very grumpy, hates white men,
and claims to have killed six white men by his magic. He
finally opened it." "Stikine Joe" waa his name.

"The building was old and decayed, quite
empty, could not be lived in, nor was there sign that it had
bean occupied for years; very gloomy and dark Inside. We
could hardly see all of it but it waa all there. All tha
floors were in plaos and many of the relatives' 'oubiclea.'"

"The aged Indian lit a fire, Just an act
of hoapitality, I suppose, and the smoke went out of the roof
openings. Then he explained to us how each portion of the
building waa occupied and used; the chief at the far end,
then hia relativea, and tha servants and slavea, in that order,
towards the entrance."

274

262

(cont'd.) Conversation with John Innea, celebrated Canadian
painter of hiatorical scenes. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 3.
p.378.

"I was able to make a few notes of the
construction, but with difficulty, as it was so dark inside.
The BOOT was of thick cedar boards, hand split shakes, with a
sort of dormer over the central part, with openings to let
the smoke out. The POSTS , also cedar, were trimmed and adzed
around, not very sound, and I suppose may have been replaced
as the earlier ones decayed, although cedar is very laating.
There was no ornamentation on them, nor anywhere else in the
building. The w fLL3 of horizontally laid cedar boards, split
and adzed, unpainted, and without nails. They were tied with
roots to the upright posts. The wall boards had bored in
them small holes through which the roots passed. There were
no chinks. The wall boards fitted very close. I don't know
how they built it, but the boards were a beautiful fit. Per-
haps the walls were double. I could not see in the darkness,
and there was no time to bore through them as the old Indian
was anxious to get rid of us. The DANCING FLOOB was split
and tooled-adzed-timber, and In the centre was an oblong of
earth floor in the centre of which was a concave hole, say,
nine inches deep, In the middle, where the fire was burning."

"The cubicles ware sbout six feet deep,
five feet wide, open at one end, and roofed over at about
five feet high, and goods stored, so we were told, on the
roof. Not much imagination is needed to conceive the weird
spectacle an Indian dance around that fire must have been; the
flames, the masks, the shadows, the reflection on the masks.
It must have been a weird performance." (The drawing is in
Provincial Archives; photo copy in City Arohlves.)

275

263

Memo of conversation with Mr. and Mra. Prank Harris, (of
the Stanley Park pipe line road cottage on Pirst Harrows),
on C. P. R. "Princess Joan" en route to Hewcastle Island,
for the Vancouver Pioneers' Aas'n. picnic. (217 pioneers
present.) June 16th, 1937. Vol. if, f>. 3io

TK&K

^-TULK Mr. Harris sald t "Supplejack" was

' sTJEfLKjACK" (Indian) buried close to our cottage; In a

ggABTsAKLAK)' little deadhouse just where the

stunner house stands; the little
open shelter by the horse trough, just where Lord Stanley
dedicated the park."

BICYCLES (women) Mrs. Harrie t "Col. Tracey (City Engineer]

put up that little sumnarhouse; he
put a lot of wooden racks in it for bicycles ; at the time of
the bicyole erase; people were cycling around the park; more
and more of them, so Col. Tracey had the rack built for them
to stand their "bikes* in. I remember well when the first
two women rode a bicyole; it was not considered very respect-
able; just a little bold, but people got used to it, and
after a time there were more woman riding, until it got to be
quite "the thing", but, at first, it was not considered either
graceful or proper."

Mr. Harris i "Supplejack's little wooden house was
raised off the ground on posts, and had a little window in the
end; you could peep in, and see the dugout (oanoe) in which
he was lying; it was just a little "dugout", but big enough
for Supplejack's body which was in it. (See conversations
with A* J. Khahtsahlano, "Marly VancouTer", Vol. 2 and 3, for
details of Supplejack's grave.)

Ha m GRAVIS "The Indian graves well all along there, by

9TAFIEY PAST" our cottage, and when they put the road

around Stanley Park, they removed the bodies,
and re-buried them in the Indian cemetery on the Forth Shore.
(Motet Think Mr. Harris la wrong; think it was to Squamish
they took them, but perhaps not all.)

IAS GARDM "The Indians had quite a little

place there by our home at the end of
LAH-M06H the pipe-line road; the old fenoe

was around it for years afterwards."
(8ee conversations as above with A. J. Khahtsahlano.)

SIWASH ROCK "The little rock Suns (one of the Siwash Rook's

SKAALSH two wives — see photo Mo. P. 8t. 91) ought to

be protected from destruction; it is a most in-
teresting little thing; the little tree is still

growing on it, but if it is not protected now it may not last

long."

276

264

Conversation with A.P. Home of 4025 Granville Street and
of the firm of Home, Taylor & Company Ltd., Real Estate and
Financial Agents, with reference to the Seymour Creek Milk
Ranch. "Barly Vancouver", Vol. 4, p. 336, 337.

P. HORNB "I came here in November 1889, and about
re t TH O MPSON the only person I knew was F.J. Thompson
juk ukjusk. (whom I knew in the North West Territories),
who, with J.C.P. Phibbs, owned and oper-
ated the Seymour Creek Milk Ranch. This property was situated
at the mouth and on the East side of the Creak

CHIB F GBOROS On the Westerly side of the creek (and

SFTMOUR _Cg BEK. opposite to the Milk Ranch) was the Seymour

INljUN "BBBBVjg Creek Indian Reserve—of which George was

POTLATCH Chief.

One day during the winter, Chief George
came to see us (which he always did in his canoe) to say that
he was going to hold a big potlatch — it being his turn, and
that many Indians from the Reserves up North were coming to it.
For many days canoe loads of Indians were arriving, their
canoes being pulled up on the opposite shore.

This potlatch was held in a large one-
storey long-shaped frame building, roofed with cedar shakes.
In it there were six big fires (three on each side, about an
equal distance apart and each large enough to take a cordwood
stick.) There were no chimneys. Just openings in the roof,
one above each fire, through which the smoke went out. Along
both sides of the building there were wood benches where all
the Indians sat and probably slept and the centre of the floor
was of earth.

One afternoon Chief George came over and
invited us to go to the Potlatch that night and told us at
which end of the building we were to enter. when we went in
Chief George beokoned to us to sit behind him, which we did.
He was dressed up for the occasion — from what I remember he
wore a blaok sweater, feathers round his head and red paint
on his faoe. At oar end of the building it was paoked with
blankets, clothing, etc. etc. as the giver of the potlatch
had to give away everything he had.

INDIAN DANCB3 The building was crowded with Indians, we

INDIAN CUSTOMS (four of us Phibbs, Thompson, Roaf and

myself) being the only white men there.
The ceremony (which was going -on when we entered the building)
consisted of the Indians staking with a stick a long wooden
plank which they held on their knees — boom-boom (slow), boom-
boom— boom-boom (faster), and so on, like beating a tom-tom.
An Indian girl would get up, shawl over her shoulders and
dance round and round, and when she seemed to have danced
long enough and was tired, an Indian took out of a potato
aack a handful of (what I Was informed afterwards) feathers
from the breast of the duck and scattered them all over her,
and so the potlatch kept on.

277

265

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver", Vol. 4, p. 337.

After a while Chief Geoxge asked if any
of us were going to Vancouver the next day and, if so, would
we get him a bottle of gin. When we told him that we would
not do so he told us to leave the potlatch, which we did.
This potlatch was kept up for about a week, every night —
they must have slept in the daytime.

Chief George on one occasion came to see
us— said he was sick and could not eat, but after a while he
consented to have breakfast and ate about a dozen poached
eggs, end on another occasion when bis wife (Milley) came to
see us she had her shawl over her head and held her right
hand to it and said she was not well, but when she removed
the shawl and hand, the right side of her face was black and
blue, and she told us that George had hit her there with the
canoe paddle. See photo C.V.P.0ut.92, N.92.

E.& O.E. A. P. Home.

9th July, 1935.

Conversation with Ronald Kenvyn, Editor "Vancouver Province",
and ardent yachtsman and marine authority. "Early Vancouver",
Vol. 4, p. 404. July 27th, 1935.

RATTEN J.S.V. "Old Hazten, the Indian woman,

now over 100, at North Vancouver, says
she used to go through from Coal Harbor to Second Beach in a
canoe, and Herbert Neil, Squamlah Indian, in his conversation,
June 26th, 1935, says he used to go shooting ducks In False
Creek, and crossed from inlet to creek in his canoe at
Campbell Ave. whenever the tide was not too low."

278

266

Conversation with Mr. A.P. Horne, 4025 Granville St., •
very well known real estate and financial broker in early
years of twentieth century, now retired, member of Jericho
Country Club, golfer, etc., etc., etc. "Early Vancouver",
Vol. 4, pp. 338, 339, 340.

SEYJIOUR CREEK IMP LANS

and sstMotaR ateKk

mbliU RB3EKvgT ~

POfUrCBS AT seymour

CBSg g .

CHIET GEORGE.

July 9th, 1935.

Mr. Horne: "You see, here is the
plan of the locality; the barn was
higher up the oreek than the house;
both on east side, and the Indian
Reserve was across the creek. Old
Chief George lived over there in a
great big house; a tremendous thing.

Major Matthews: "How long?"

Mr. Horns: "A great big thing; per-
haps 200 feat long; built of cedar shakes; no roof, at
least, not what you would call a roof* I think it must have
baen built especially for potlatohes or something; no, not a
whlteaans building, Indian. Old George oame over one day to
the ranch and said, •Hi-yu-potlatch two weeks. 1 It seems It
was Chief George's turn to give a potlatch. So a little
later he came over again and said, »Potlatch, next week, you
come.* So he aald he would let us know when to come. So
one afternoon we were told to come over, and we went over, and
ware shown the proper entrance to take. A great big Ions
building like this:

200 feet lon«

Stage for

i . - Z0 ° f* 1<»E chief, not-

I ndians sat on low benches around house I ables, guests.

Gift blankets,
etc., piled
up.

and a big orowd of Indians inside. There were about six
big fires in the middle at distsnoes from each other; apaeed
irregularly at distances from each other around the building,

and all around the building walla was a aort of form or bench

wide beneh — (sleeping bench), on which the Indiana were sit-
ting; the fires were on the earthern floor in the middle.
At one end was old Chief George all decked up in ceremonious
dress; s sort of lesther thing with feathers around his head,
and red paint all over his fsce; looking mighty Important
and pompous. At the end of the building through which we
entered waa the place where he sat; that end was packed with
goods; blankets and things; in those days, they (the giver
of the potlatch) had to give awsy everything; the ceremony

279

867

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver, Vol. 4, p. 339* p. 340.

was going on when we entered; all around the bench around
the building was crowded with Indiana, sitting watching; and
every now and then someone would pick up a sort of plank,
and beat on it, boom, boom, (slow) boom, boom, boom, boom,
(quicker) sort of beating a tom-tom, and an Indian girl would
get up, shawl over her shoulders, and dance around and around*
Then someone would approach her and take a pinoh (handful) of
feathers— I think they must have got them from the under
feathers of ducks— white feathers, %nd sprinkle a handful of
feathers over her; hold the handful over her head and drop
them so that they acattered all over her. They would give
her a lift up, and put her aside and another girl would come
out and dance. *

"After a time old Chief George came over
to us and said, "You go down town, tomorrow, to Vancouver?"

Answer: "Tes".

Chief G.: "Tou get me bottle of gin?"
Answer: "No".

Chief G. : "Tou go." And we went.
"That was in the winter of 1889; the pot-
latch went on for a week. There were a lot of Indians there,
Vand, of course, canoes in numbers."

NOTE: A photo of Seymour creek by Devine and numbered
C.V.P.0ut.-92, shows these canoes lined along the east
bank — about 40 of them; but it does not show the
canoes which must hsve been on the west bank, probably
more numerous still, as it would be on the Indian Reserve.

"Chief George lived in the big house
where the potlatch w«s given, with his wife Millie. George
came over one morning and said he was sick. Thompson said,
•better have some breakfast. • The chief said, 'No, didn't
want anything to eat, too aick.' But finally he consented
to eat, and (laughing) ate about a dozen poached eggs. I
think both George and Millie died of drink. Both their
bodies were found in the ereek. (See Haatsalano, Vol. 3),
All Indians have big feat it seems to me."

280

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280A

KITSILANO BEACH, 1861

Copy of a water colour painting by Lieut. Willies, R.N., H.M.S. "Ganges," in Public
Archives of Canada, Ottawa. See detailed report by Major J. S. Matthews, Vancouver,
to Dominion Archivist, Ottawa, 4th & 31st May, 1935. Sailors in boats are joining
with the Indians in canoes to draw fishnets to the shore. C.V. Bo.N.14.P.42.

CITY ARCHIVES/JSM.

The earliest known portrayal of the site of City of Vancouver, and of western mainland
shore of Canada, 1861. Its geographical identification in 1935 by Major Matthews,
pioneer of Vancouver, has been termed "an important historical discovery." Lieut.
Willis sat, facing north, to the west of the creek mouth exactly at the foot of Yew St.
One Squamish Indian is seated; the other, with paddle, hair shoulder length, and clad
in deerskin garments, watches British man-o-warsmen in ship's boats, with oars, helping
Squamish in canoes, with paddles, or on the beach of Skwa-yoos, drag the ship's fishing
nets inshore. One end of the net is held to the land; the other end is encircled around
to enmesh the myriads of smelts, while Indian women squat before their lodges awaiting
the catch, to be dried for winter food. The distant canoe lies in the mouth of the
slough at foot of Whyte Ave. produced. On the distant point are immense boulders
broken up later for building stone. The entrance to False Creek comes next, then the
forest of our "West End," and remote Mount Crown in the distance.
J. S. Matthews, City Archivist, pioneer of this now famous Canadian park at Kitsilano
Beach, Vancouver, British Columbia. C.V. Be. N.14 P.42.

280B

z
<

280C

Yo,'

INDIAN CANOES & HAND ADZE

fliaWTl, Kjt.fr, foT City Archives , by John War rtn "Beli^io-ngft, ~BurfaTti Inlet, 187).

Hydahror ^ mnl spelim^ ot Xoida m^ne. .High bow rnrri ^PTTi YfTV Sf n worthy

N*.&

fh'mnokfnTnnp uscfJ m sheered waters oj so u th ern Bri t ish Columbia toast . ..,_

A/a 3

^ifcui

g T p P ll^r-m n^i L i,sgri nbnutTa-ntherifca.Rsliing.E tc.

M>^

ZT^

°liui jout"f nTinP FUr^lln^shnpple;

OtieliaTidodip 5H»lblaJi. | im.nit i» loslip J t> wnotl hai«ile..;tlit»istedi-ed»T Wrkropt .

280D

INDIAN CANOE PADDLES

\*w /■-■*

tl&mjifl&Jia C^y Hitl i Wrihj Tplin Wmipn "Bell, piomrr , ig;i .

B^HB»BWBIB»WWHmW.ei*i!llJ. . !

'feiEdUznr {mrrK. <kdfenr-

280E

INDIAN KLIS-KWIS, 1867

Summer shelter for aborigines. Made of strips of cedar bark, woven into mats, easily
carried from one fishing camp to another. Erected on poles. Fom the album of
Sugeon Lieut. J. C. Eastcott, H.M.S. "Reindeer", 1967-8.

280F

280G

280H

268

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 46.

Dick Isaacs (Que-yah-chulk) , Indian, North Vancouver Reserve.
He is aged 70 or 75.

November 7th. 1932.

FOOD SUPPLY "Oh, lots food those days; walk right

up to bear and deer and shoot, hi* fall
down, no scared. No noise then, he never hear gun. Now
him hear gun, get scared, run away; those days very quiet,
stand still. Indian Just walk right up with bow and arrow,
shoot; Just like walk up tame cow. Shoot duck Just same.
Indian very good with bow and arrow."

Chll-lah-minst (Jim Franks) born at
Skwa-yoos, (Kltsilano Beach) about 1870.

"Plenty of mowich (food) here those
days."

281

269

"larly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 64.

Conversation today with John Innea, the last of the pioneer
historical scenic painters, who ornamented the map of Indian
place names, published in the "Province" of March 12th, 1933 .
under the caption "Before the Pale- Face Came", I asked him to
tell me about the building he drew to adorn the map.

INDIAN H0USE3 "That building was at Bella Coola. I
John Innea ; sketched it years ago. It was the fin-
est Indian community house I ever saw.
It was about sixty feet long, 25 or 30 feet wide, and about 15
feet to the cross timbers inside. At the far end the chief
and his family lived, at the near end the slaves. Down the
centre was earth where the fires were built. On each side of
the earthen centre was a platform on which the dancing took
place, and between the platform, which extended on both sides
of the building from one end to the other, were the sections,
or "cubby holes" where the families lived."

"The roof had a pitch of aboutfc ten per
cent, very flat. But in the centre of the building — not
from end to end, but in the centre only, on the roof — was a
portion of the roof which was raised, as you will see in my
drawing, to let the smoke out. The smoke opening extends a
few feet in the centre of the roof."

Major Matthews: "I thought they (the
Indians) built roofs with one slope only, and knew nothing
about gables".

"No", answered Mr. Innes, "that building
had a gable roof. I think it is there yet, at the "Rascal's
Vlll%ge" which MacKenzie, the explorer speaks of in his nar-
rative."

NOTE: The map in question was illustrated by Mr.
Innes without my knowledge, and published as illustrated.
The evidence of rtev. C.M. Tate, and Professor Chas. Hill-
Tout, (see their remarks and reports) is distinctly that
Squamlsh Indians, at least, built lean-to buildings, and
did not build gable roofs. Further, a picture drawn by
the artist on Capt. Cook's ships at Nootka in 1778 shows
lean-to buildings. j. s, Matthews.

282

270

Conversation with 11111am Mackie. 9th September, 1937.

FAIR VI EW Mr. Mackie: (excerpt) "Right up here",

DOUGLAS PARK continued Mr. Mackie, "what you call
JERRY riO GSRS' CaUP Douglas Park on Heather Street Just over
SPARS there, uncle put in a patch of potatoes in

the clearing where Jerry Rogers had his
logging outfit; where I sowed the cabbage and onions after-
wards. He put them in in the spring, before he went to the
mines or to the logging camps to work. Uncle was a tip-top
hewer. He used to hew the eight panel spars. They were all
eight panel spars, hand hewn (octagonal). In the fall, when
he came home again he got some sacks and went out into the
potato patch to dig potatoes, but there was not a potato to
be found. The potato vines were all there growing natural
enough, but there was no potatoes under them. The squaws had
taken all the potatoes out with their fingers and carefully put
the dirt back again. The squaws went out there getting berries
and roots; out there with their baskets."

CHIEF GEORGE OF "So when uncle saw Sally, Chief George's
SNAU^ squaw, he told her that the squaws cats-

SALLY OF SNAUq swallow his wabatoes, and she said "Haalo;

haalo (no, no) cats-swallow (take) mika
(not) wabatoes (potatoes); kully-kullys (blue jays) swallow.'
The squaws had the earth so nicely placed back; but there
was nothing there but the tops of the potatoes (stalks) grow-
ing."

283

271

Conversation with ..llliam Mackie, 8698 /.'est Marine Drive,
Marpole. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 67.

31 wash hock .
■villi a:: mackie .
[the uncle). -
IIJDIAN LEGENDS &
CUSTOMS. "BRITISH
SIBERIA"

14th June. 1939.
Mr. Mackie: "I must tell you about the
ghosts at Siwash Rock. Uncle told me.
His name was •> illlam Mackie , too. I've
told you about him. Vi'ell, uncle was cut-
ting spars over at Moodyvllle. He cut
spars over at Oyster Bay, (now Ladysmith ) .
There was a fellow over there they called
"British Siberia", but I'll tell you about him after. ".Veil,
uncle was cutting spars back of Moodyvllle, and for some reason
one day he was passing Slwash Rock in an Indian canoe with an
Indian lad — Just the two of them, and as they got near to
31alacu.ni Rock, that's Slwash Rock, the Indian lad in alarm,
s*ys: "Keep away from that rock".

"Uncle said Why", and the Indian lad said,
'Because there's slalacums there'. That is ghosts, or dragons,
or something like that."

"So uncle said 'They won't come near
whitemans', but the Indian lad lay down in the bottom of the
canoe and pulled a blanket over him; got under the blanket."

"So they kept getting closer and closer
to the rock and the boy stayed under the blanket, shivering—
with fright, I suppose — so uncle shouted at the rock 'Klatawa
(go away); no slwash here', to delude the ghosts, no Indian
.vas in the canoe."

"Anyway, two or three days later, uncle
was at Moodyville, and saw the Indian boy with another Indian
boy, end the Indian boy he had in the canoe pointed with hi*
flncer at Uncle and said to the other Indian lad 'Hiyu (big)
teeth; hiyu (big) t.ipsl (hair)', referring to the "terrible
beast" at Slwash Rock, at Slalacum Rock, which uncle, (the
white.nan) had defied."

284

272

Conversation with Mr. Donald Alexander Matheaon, of Mayo,
Yukon. "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 393.

carter house
The grIat fIre
PidpiW gfftgBr

to do the work.

7th June. 1940.
P. 395:

"So I started In to clear the site of
the first C.P.R. Roundhouse on Carroll
Street. I asked Mr. Hamilton to give
me as much time as possible, in which

INDIAN CUSTOMS

PITCH STlflKST-

"In those days there were Indians going
around selling pitch sticks for starting
fires with in our stoves. There was
no birch bark around, or anything like that, so I said to an
Indian 'where do you get this stuff?' And the Indians said
*0h, there's lots of it in the stumps; the stumps are filled
with it'. So I asked the Indian to come and show me where
he got the pitch, and we went and climbed up on a stump-
in the heart of the tree there Is pitch,
and the Indian told me that It extended
right down into the roots. However, I
got the idea that the stumps could be
burned out.

Conversation with Mrs. Madeline Williams, aged Indian woman,
also known as "Gassy Jack's wife", living with her grand-
daughter, Nita Williams, in a small cottage at the west end
of the Indian Reserve, North Vancouver. "Early Vancouver",
Vol. 5, p. 400.

13th June, 1940 .

Entering the Indian Reserve by the long
wooden path, on stilts, which rambles over the former shore
line, before the front of the Indian village of Ustlawn, I
encountered an old Indian man with one arm, and asked if he
knew where Madeline lived. He shook his head. Finally I
said "Very old lady, with white head, Qwa-hall-yah." He
•xclaimed, interrogatively, "Gassy Jack's wife"? I replied,
"Tes, yes", and he directed me to a small grey shack deep in
cherry trees loaded with ripening fruit.

As I approached, an Indian man and Indian
woman, both. I should say, in their twenties, were raising a
ladder to pick cherries, and on enquiring if I could speak to
Madeline, the young woman entered the rear door of a sadly

285

273

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 400. lira. Madeline Williams,
(cont'd).

delapidated and untidy ahack; hardly a cottage. She re-
turned with an aged Indian woman; ateel grey hair, light
brown complexion, many wrinkles, and tottering gait. Her
garments were old, the color almoat completely faded. Her
hair was braided in two short tails down her back. I raised
my hat, and took a wrinkled hand in mine.

MRS .MADELINE WIL- Major Matthews: Are you Madeline? Are
LIAM3 . you 3wa-hail-yah?

aWl-HAIL-YAH MTa. iJllliams: (giving my left arm Just
JOHN pBICSTON below the shoulder a gentle slap, and her
fc GASSY JACK" eyes and countenance gleaming) "Tea — ah".

Major Matthews: "May I come in and
sit down?"

We sat down; four of us. The whole
habitation was a litter of household material not one piece of
which was of value. A number of rags hung on a line above a
rusty stove; beside it a few atioks of wood. Two doors,
opening to other "rooms", showed their contents to be nothing
more than rubbish, though no doubt each piece was useful and
serviceable to them. Outside the sun was shining; a profusion
of red cherries mingled with the green of the leaves. The
warm summer zephyr waved the branches. It was pleasant
enough to the senses, but terribly poor, untidy, pleasant
poverty. At an appropriate moment I slipped a fifty cent
piece Into her wrinkled hand.

It was difficult to converse as Mrs.
Williams spoke in Indian, and addressed the others, rather
than me, who interpreted it, and both were poor interpreters;
but I gathered that the whitemans called her Madeline, but
her Indian namewas Qwa-hail-yah. She had had a son, Alfonse
Williams, and the young woman was Nlta, daughter of Alfonse
and Mrs. Williams. The young man was Tommy Toman (whom I
was afterwards told was married, but his wife had left him
and gone to the United States). Yes, Qeaay Jack and ahs
had had a baby. It lived about two years, died, and was
burled at Paapeeak (Brockton Point). She remembered the
first brass band on Burrard Inlet; the Indian band. The
first bandmaster was Edwards, a half breed. She had always
worn her hair braided down her back. She had heard of
Indian man having long hair, but, ever since she could re-
member, Indian men had worn it short. She was about twelve
years old when she married Gassy Jack. Gassy Jack's first
wife had died. She remembered when no big steamboat come;
no whites here; only one house. She talked much in Indian,
but the young Indian woman, Nits, her granddaughter, was

286

274

"Early Van: ouyer", Vol. 5, p. 401. Mrs. Madeline illliamo,
(cont'd).

speechless, and almost motionless. The young Indian man,
TO— i , was very slow, and a poor interpreter. No doubt the
old lady was telling much of interest, but the young ones
were listening themselves instead of passing it on to me.
Presently I said I should like to buy seme cherries, 'two
bits" worth, and they both went out to pick them. After
they had gone, the old lady began to speak in broken English.
I noticed she was almost toothless, and such teeth as did
remain were brown of color, and looked like snags rather
than teeth.

She chatted: "No steamboat come; no
white mans; just one house. Gassy Jack came in big canoe—"
and she waved her arm indicating from the direction of Port
Moody up the Inlet — "then Gassy Jaok go Westminster to run
steamboat up to Port Yale, (she said "Port Tale") and my
aunt she go over to New Westminster and live there so when
he come back to Westminster be there when he stopped his
steamboat. Gassy Jack about your size, (five feet eight and
half); nice, good man. Then he come Gestown; make great
big hotel (and she waved her hand upwards) . After a while
she sick, my sunt, Gassy Jack's wife, and she die; long time
ago. I not stop long Gastown; be about twelve when I was
Gassy Jack's wife. Then Gassy Jack die, too, and I come
over to here (North Vancouver); then come to my brother and
my sister. Very poor now; no money, no clothes; cannot go
to sell my baskets. Can make good basket, but cannot go sell
them; eyes getting blind."

By this time the two others hsd returned
with the cherries. I tried my glasses on her eyes, but she
did not seem to see any better. I asked if they had a photo-
graph of her. They said, Tes, up at Squsmlsh". I asked
if they would like another. They said "Tes". I asked if I
may come again. They said "Tes", and after handshakes all
round, I departed.

It was a satisfactory visit only in that I
had seen and conversed with the second wife of Gassy Jsck; an
old, worn and fsded Indian woman of undoubted intelligence and
character; gracious snd kind, who, In earlier years, must
have been of womanly strength, snd, perhaps, prepossessing— I
imagine so. It was sn unusual visit, inasmuch as in this
year A..D. 1940, it was still possible to listen to the tongue,
snd touch the person, of a wife of John Deighton, "alias
"Gassy Jack", of Gastown, the historic white man to establish
himself in Granville, now Vancouver.

"J. 3. Matthews."

287

275

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 196.

TRUCK PLANTE; PETER PLANTE; ADA OTJINNE; ADA YOUNG
First marriage on Burrard Inlet
15th July lg SBT

At the re-dedication ceremonies, Stanley Park, Vancouver,
25th August 1943, Frank Plante drove the hack, two white
horses, which oonveyed •Lord Stanley* and 'Mayor David Oppen-
helmer* to the festivities. This followed several visits by
Frank Plante to the City Archives from his home with his sister,
Lena, now Mrs. Captain George Mayers, Clarke Boad, B.R. No* 2,
(Westminster to Port Moody) New Westminster. During one of
these visits, at the request of Major Matthews, City Archives,
Mr. Plante brought an old photo of himself. This photo has
been copied on a negative together with a narrative of certain
events; the negative being in the City Archives.

The print was read to Mr. Plante, and approved of by him
as correct so far as he knew, and then a print was given him
to take away with him. that he did comment upon was that it
was the first time he ever knew that 'Gulnne' was the actual
name of his mother, and not 'Young*. He also said that he
knew that his grandmother was Squamlsh Indian, but added 'that
was not my fault; I had nothing to do with it'.

The photograph is of a three quarter length man with dark
moustache, watch chain, and coat buttoned with one button, and
beside it the narrative reads:

FRANK PLANTE. Eldest child of first marriage on
record on Burrard Inlet; that of Peter Plants
and Miss Ada Young, or Gulnne, at Moody's Mills,
later Moodyville, now North Vancouver. 16th July
1866. Peter Plante came from Three Rivers, Que.

"Miss Ada Young, or 'Addle', half Trench Canadian,
half Squamlsh, daughter of Supplien Gulnne, knows as
'Trench John', and 'John Young*, of Three Rivers, Que.,
former Hudson's Bay Company employee of Fort Langley,
preempted D.L. 319, North Arm Traser River, Oct. 30th,
1872, and was the first settler at Marpole. His farm
wss at south end of Granville street. His name was
hard to spell and pronounce; he became known as
'Trench John' and 'John Young*. His Indian wife was
Xhah-my, daughter of Chief Khaht-aah-lanoogh (Kitail-
sno), of Chaythoos, First Narrows, and "Addle" was
their daughter. Ehay-tulk, or 'Supplejack' was a
brother of Khah-my."

Frank Plante, eldest child of Peter and Ada Plante,
was born at Moody's Mills, 13th April 1868.

288

276

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 197.

"On 29th October 1889, Frank Plante drove the
hack which conveyed Lord Stanley, Governor-General,
and Mayor Oppenhelmer to Chaythooa, an old Indian
clearing where, beside 'Supple jack*s» mausoleum of
wood on poata, His Excellency dedicated Stanley Park
to the use and enjoyment of all peoples for all time.
Beside him stood his son, Hon. Mr. Stanley. Fifty-
four years later, 25th August 1943, Frank Plante again
drove a hack conveying David Oppenhelmer, grand-
nephew, to a re-dedication ceremony sponsored by the
Parka Board; the aged Jfiarl of Derby, (Hon. Mr.
Stanley) sent hie greetings, and City Clerk McGuigan'a
place was taken by his nephew, W.J. McGuigan. Thia
photo of Frank Plante was taken by Harry Devine,
pioneer photographer, on the day of dedication, 29th
Oct. 1889, and August, 1943, was presented by Frank
Plante to City Archives."

"J.S. Matthews,"
17 Aug. 1943.

NOTE: At the reading to Frank Plante, August Jack Khahtaah-
lano, son of Ihsy-tulk, or 'Supplejack* sat listening;
i.e. white great grandson, and Indian grandson of Chief
Khahtsahlano.

289

£77

"Isrly Vancouver", Vol. 6, p. 831.

Conversation with Francois Plant©, commonly called "Frank
Plante', fir at child of European parentage born on Burrard
Inlet, at "Moody • a Mills', or Moodyrille, April 13th, 1868,
and hia sister Catherine Plants, commonly known ss 'Lena
Plants*, both childrsn of the lsts Peter Plante and his wife,
nss Ada Toung, or Ada Guinns, daughter of 3upplien Guinns.
Prank Plsnts is a widower, and is the eldest child of the
marriage; 'Lena', hla alatsr la Mrs. Capt. George Mayers,

19th June. 1944.

'SU PP LE JACK' OR Prank Plante: "Supplejack waa our uncle.
kH,v -fYhl{ He had a herd of cattle in Stanley Park.

He must have had about thirty of them;
all whits faced Hsrsfords. I often wondered how he got thoss
white-faced esttls. Hs had two bulla, twins. Supplejack
sold one bull team for logging to Gilleaple, the logger.

290

278

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 58.

Pookcha, that is, part of ipanish Banks,
can be interpreted radically aa "floating", perhaps "floating
island". It suggests something rising out of the water as
though it were floating, as of say, the back of a whale.
Pookcha is that particular part of Spanish Banks at the north
western extremity which, as soon as the tide starts to ebb,
rises out of the water earlier than the remainder of the
sandbanks. It is a knoll on the sand flats, and, when first
It appears out of the water, has the appearance of floating.

291

3IAN Ymifll

AND HOWE 50DE

279

It has bean asked— merely that the point
be not overlooked — "Is it possible that the
Indians could have moved their villages
after 1791"?

The answer is "No, never". As is also the
ease with their white brethren, Indians went camping in summer,
and sheltered themselves much as Europeans do, in light, frail
coverings. Europeans use tents; the Indians used woven mats
suspended from poles. When winter came, they retired to their
warm, enduring lodges of cedar slabs, where they were cosy and
comfortable; had dances and told tales. To ua such an exist-
ence would seem intolerable, but they had never known anything
else, and did not miss anything they knew nothing about— such
as tea and sugar.

The known Indian villages in the vicinity
of Vancouver have stood in the Identical location for centuries
upon centuries.

INDIAN SPEAR POINT

BEACH

Conversation with Andrew Herbert Mitchell .
1215 West 7th Ave., brother the late Alex
Mitchell, Secretary, Vancouver Pioneers
Association, who, very kindly, came carry-
ing a small parcel in his hand, which ha
opened*

16th Sept. 1949.

Mr. Mitchell ; "I dug this flint spear
point, (six inches long) and this broken
piece of reddish whetstone (shale) out of
my garden— two lots, right on the top of
the hill, English Bluff Road, east side, I think the number of
one of ay lots is 24, down at Tsawwassen Beach near Point
Roberts. That was about 1940.

"I was planting potatoes. How deep they
were originally I don't know because I had had a bulldozer
cleering the ground of roots and stumps, but when I got them
they were down about twelve inohes.

City Archives.

So I give them to your

NOTE - The two relics have been marked, as to what they
are, in Indian Ink. J.S.M.

292

280

On December ninth, tenth, eleventh,
HARROWS 1940, and again on June twentieth and

rnigoT twenty- first, 1947, unuaually low tides

occurred In the Firat Narrows and remind
me of tales 1 hare been told, 1 think
perhaps, by some whlteman, but possibly by Khahtsahlano.

Indians lived in large numbers at Whoi-
Whol (Lumbermans Arch); fewer at Chaythoos (Pipe Line Road).
They dug clams, caught fish, for instance, octopi, under rooks,
•specially the huge boulder now gone. Coming at night,
through the First Narrows at extreme low tide, Just aa it
turned from ebb to flow, the pleasing spectacle presented its-
elf, in the darkness, of hundreds of tiny lights, stretching
in an uncertain line into the distanoe, glowing in the inky
dark shadow of the trees lining the shore of Stanley Park from
Prospect Point to Brookton Point; not, perhaps, solidly all
the way, but more or less continuous in large or small numbers*
The Indians were harye sting clams from the narrow belt of beach
exposed to their spades by the extreme low tide. Indians made
torches of slivers and fir, with fir gum adhering. "Pitch
sticks* they called thorn, and they did a lot of night illumina-
tion. For instance, the little fires on boards across their
canoes covered with mud to prevent the boards from catching fire,
which noiseless little fires attracted the curiosity of wild
fowl, and so brought them close enough to be speared or to have
their necks twisted with a forked stick.

The tide, mentioned above, was minus 1.3
feet about midnight on above nights - very, very low, and ex-
posed clam beds which may not have been exposed to digging for
more than two years.

293

261

Conversation with Rev. 6. H. Haley, D.D., of 5581 Olympic
Street, Kerrladale, retired clergyman, after having apent
fifty yeara with the Indiana of B. C; formerly of
Coqualeetza Indian School, Sardia, B. C. (alao aee hia aplen-
dld collection of Indian objecta) . "Early Vancouver", Vol. 3,
p. 15E.

9th May. 1935 .

riXSB 1MB IHDIAn "In 1894, together with the late Rev. CM.
nT3HUMo Tate, I vialted the former Indian village
~ under the Burrard Street Bridge. We went
there together and apent one Sunday after-
noon in the long house" (aee Tate, p. 134,
"larly Vancouver", Matthews, and August Jack Ehahtsahlano, p. 45,
Vol. z ) . (Also see drawing or map. ) "At that time a few
families, temporarily realdent, were living in the long house;
some few remained over the winter, but most did not. The long
house was, as Tate says, of slabs, etc., and waa one hundred
and fifty feet long, I ahould think, thirty feet high in the
centre, and twelve feet on the aides. It had a very low
peak roof, very low, hardly pereeptable one might almost say."
(Evidently an adaption of whitemans building, for Squamlsh
built lean-to's before the whlteman came — J.S.M. ) "It had
three, I don't think as many as four, smoke holes in the
centre of the roof to let the smoke from the large fires,
about three of them, whieh, probably at one time, burned in
the centre, for there was a regular earth hearth in the
middle, but when we were there that afternoon, several families
were living around amaller fires in the oorners or on the
sides. The whole floor waa earth, but at one time it had
had a platform all around the walls of the inside; but the
boards, split cedar alabs, had evidently been taken away or
used for fuel; anyway, they were gone, and as I say, the
building used ss s temporary ahelter for most. That was in
1894. The hearths, three of them, were beneath the smoke
holes, but were unused. Little bits of fires were in the
corners, etc., a family around eaeh."

"There were seversl other large build-
ings, bat smaller, nearly." (See Tate end map.) "There
sxe one or two of the same type still at Muequeam."

sTJSqpXaM. Major Matthews : "What became of those

buildings at Snauq? The only houses I
can recall in 1899 were houses built of sawn boards, regular
whitemana houses with shingle roof."

Dr. Haley ; "They used to take the boards
•way, but perhsps they were burned in some way."

(See Khshtsshlsno, p. 45, "Isrly Vancouver," Vol. 2; also
Tate. The last Indiana, Old Man Jim, wife and son,
departed on the morning of Aprllllth, 1913. J. S. M.)

294

282

As m \$<jn-

Jllui ~? « s-moll fire -Jot rndiviJual^amily*

iPTn'tj ® JjeaY-tjis fotbi<) communal

imoyea .^ ^ etmtttt Sv,oke hole atove

to e
earth -f/oof" evety where

12 feet (,i<}h

3 o feet ni<j^
II feet h'tyh

/so

295

283

ConTeraation with Harold I. Ridley, "Early Vancouver, Vol.3,
p. 95.

2nd May. 1934.

INDIAN'S TEBT Major Matthew; "What do you think of

George Cary'a yarns about the Indiana feet
without boota?"

Mr. Bldlev; "I have aeen Indiana go
into old Pete Cor diner' a blacksmith shop, the aparka flying
around, and walk right over the hot ; you could amell

the leather burning. Salt water and travelling over bard
rooka hardena them up— the solea of the feet."

296

264

Conversation with Calvert Simaon, seeoad storekeeper, (1684
onwards). "larly Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 255.

CINQS 3VM1LL

*jn aept. iaac .
Mr. Slaaon: "Aunt Sally's (of Stanley
I) .Park, died April, 1923) husband was Jim
"Carouse", He may have bean called "Howe
Sound Jim" too, but I nicknamed him "Jim
Gromse", why I don't know; may have been
because he brought us grouse, I forget.
Then we had "Jericho Charlie" who used to take a great big
load of feed down to the logging camp at Jericho every altern-
ative week— went in his big canoe through the First Narrows
at slack tide— and took down a load of forty sacks of barley,
or feed. Sometimes he came into False Creek (Carrall St.)
and oar dump carts (two wheel carts) took it to him there and
dumped it."

"The Indians uaed to save up and give a
potlatch down at the rancherie Just east
(IgDIAB) of the mill, down by the Ballantyne Pier."

(NOTE: This rancherie was visited in 1876
by Her Bxoellency Lady Dufferin). They would buy about one
hundred boxes of hard tack, about two hundred sacks of flour,
ten bales of blankets— not the big ones but the smaller size —
and they alwaya paid for it in twenty dollar gold pieces.
They would have a fire or two in the middle of the floor, and
poke away a shingle or two of the roof to let the smoke out,
then each would beat a little stick on something, and, as they
did so, would call out (slowly) "Salaam, Salaam", (then faster
and faster) "salaam, salaam, aalaam", and then a girl would
come out and dance. Or, a man, pointing In mimicry as though
he was shooting at deer with bow and arrow, do a hunting dance.
The dancers worked themselves up into a regular frenzy. The
audience sat all around and watched."

PftTT.i'PflHBB "They did not throw the gifts, they handed

them out. A man would beggar himself
giving away all he had, so that* after the potlatch, he would
not be possessed of a thing in the world. The more he gave
the bigger the chief he would be. There was keen rivalry as
to who could give away the most. At one time they gave away
sewing machines. It got ao that the government stepped in
and stopped it.

it the abolition

, Archivist ; I have
alwaya held that the abolition by law of potlatches
amongst Indians was a whlteman's indiscretion. The bad
white first spoilt them with hia liquor, then the good
white forbade them. They should have been controlled,

297

"larly Vsncouver", Vol. 5, p. 255, Comment by City Archivist,
(cont'd):

not abolished. The abolition of Car 1 etnas gifts amongst
whitemen would b« an equivalent. The Indian practised
the fundamentals of masonic goodwill to one another long
before the whlteman brought Christianity. The whites
would hare done better to emulate the principles of the
Indian Potlatch rather than to abolish them.

How splendid it would be if the chief
object of life amongst whites was the acquisition of
riohes that ernes may be again scattered amongst the less
fortunate before death intervened.

J.S. Matthews.

Conversation with Mrs. D.R. Smith, (nee Minnie McCord), 914
lest Pender Street, "Isrly Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 260.

JOSEPH MANNIOH April 2. 1937 .

"A lot of white men had Indian wives.
"HoilTA!? JTM" There was Joe Mannion, Tompkins Brew,

Navvy Jack, Gassy Jack, Portugese Joe,
John Besty, the CuaBlngs— his family are living in atealay
Park bow — and Johnnie Baker who had his little homae JMt
where the Nine o'clock gun Is, and Capt. Kttershsnk, the
pilot, and, of course, my own father (Ben McCord)."

BIHP P. 270: "My own mother did not look

)IAN TOMAN after me very much. I was really brought
up by grandmother at the ranch on Coal
Harbor (Kanaka Ranch). She was really a lovely woman.
Xveryone loved her; pure Indian, of course. Grandmother
always talked English. She has such small feet and always
wore boots, and a hat. She used to tell me to try and do
like the whlteman did — copy him— because he knew a lot, and
not "be nir* a Siwaah". Tou know how it is. Half-breeds
either rise or go down. Some of them do well; others just
go back to Indian."

298

286

"iarly Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 26,}.

Conversation between -ialvert Simson, third storekeeper,
Hastings Sawmill, August Jack Khahtsahlano, Indian grandson
of Chief Khahtsahlano, from who::. Kltsilano takes it3 name,
and Major J.S. Matthews, Jity Archivist.

SALMON 16th December, 1938.

I/UCKS (All three are at the corner of Broadway

FALSr. Jii^ac and Gamble Street, awaiting a street car),

Major Matthews: "See that hole across the
street?" (s.v, . corner) "There used to be lots of salmon
go up that creek."

Mr. Simson: "Yes, and the North Van-
couver creeks were full of dog salmon."

August: "And aown in the creek that ran
through the swamp back of Kltsilano beach; the pools were
full of them."

Mr. Simson: "There used to be two or
three acres of ducks swimming off the Hastings Mill wharf eat-
ing the herrings; the water was just black with them."

August: "And at night, on False Greek,
they made such a noise you could not sleep." (at Indian
Village of SnauoJ .

CAHRALI. S'lriKiiT Mr. Simson: "rVe used to carry a boat
"JERICHO CHARLIE" over from False Creek to Burrard Inlet at
JERICHO Carrall StSeet. I have helped to carry

over a four oared boat. Four of us car-
ried it. It wasn't far, a little more than a long block.
Of course, when the tide was very high, that was a pretty wet
place."

"I used to know your stepfather, August.
"Jericho Charlie" (Chlnalset) was a fine man. He used to
come through the Narrows in his big canoe, and take a canoe
load of barley and supplies down to Angus Fraser's camp at
Jericho. One week, when the tide was right, he used to come
through the Narrows; next week, when the tide was running
out, he would come into the bit of wharf at the south end of
Carrall Street, and we would send the supplies down to him
on a wagon. He was a fine man."

"HOSE SOUND JIM" Major Matthews: "August, were "Howe

MO ".V ITCH JI¥ ~ Sound Jim" and "Mowitch Jim" two different

"JIMMY JlMr men?"

"JIM GROUSE" August: (smiling) "Yes, too many Jims.

"CHARLia "HUNDRED" "Mowitch Jim", "Howe Sound Jim, "Jim

"JgRICHO CHARLIE" Grouse", and "Jimmy Jimmy", but (laughing)

"PI g FACE" his father's name was Jack (Tow-who-quam-

kee). And "Faithful Jim". Too many
Joes too."

Mr. Simson: "And Charlies. I named
Jim Grouse. He was always "grousing" (i.e. grumbling)."

299

287

Conversation with Mr. Calvert Simson, 1890 Barclay Street,
former storekeeper, Hastings Sawmill, from about 1884 to 1891,
who kindly called at the City Archives, and remained to talk.

POTLATCH. TH£ LAST

QTT)IaN RAHCffi&TS.

16547 HASTINGS SAW-
MILL. 5TWUT?

AVENUE.

14th October, 1952.

Mr. Simson said: "I was at the last
potlatch on the site of Vancouver,
down at the Hastings Sawmill, just east
of It. They had a huge shed made of
cedar slabs, and a great big fire in
the middle of it and they pushed away a
few of the boards in the roof to let the smoke out, but, (sig-
nificantly) there was lots of smoke left. I stayed a little
while but I could not stand the smoke. The smoke got in my
eyes."

Major Matthews: "Mr. Simson. Was
that building an old one made of split cedar slabs, or was it
Just a new one of sawn boards?"

Mr. Simson: "It was old. There
long before the Hastings Sawmill; there were a lot of Squamish
buildings right on the foreshore where they used to haul up
their canoes. It was on land adjoining the sawmill property;
Just east of It, on the beach; Just past the log chute at the
sawmill. It may have had a few sawn boards in it, I don't
know, but it was old. That was in 1884. I rather think the
rancherie must have been put up to suit the Indians working in
the mill, I don't know. You could tell the exact location of
it— first, because it was on the shore, and secondly, because
it was on the eastern boundary of D.L. 196. The potlatch
lasted several hours. They gave me a stick to beat with on
the hoards.

SEE-AHM, SEE-AHM "They started with a chant, see-ahm,
A CHANT see-ahm, see-aaaahm. At first in a

low tone, and slowly, then faster and
faster and faster, until they got into a high tone pitch, and
worked themselves into a frenzy. See-ahm; see-ahm; see-ahm,
faster and faster and higher and higher in tone. One man
pretended he was shooting a deer. He stooped down, and pre-
tended he was pointing his rifle— taking a bead on — a deer.
They were all seated around a big long building. I don't
recall how long, or how the light got in. Some of it came
from the fire in the middle.

NOTE BY J.S.M. This was the Indian village which Lady
Dufferin, wife of His Excellency the Governor General —
the first one to visit Burrard Inlet— 1876, wished to
visit after the Vice-Regal party had been welcomed form-
ally on the Hastings Sawmill store wharf. She was
escorted up a narrow sinuous trail through the stumps,
wide enough for one person to pass along, and met an old
Indian woman, bent and mostly skin and bones, known
locally as "The Virgin Mary". To the chagrin of the

300

288

local elite, Lady Dufferin shook hands with her.

ROYAL CIT Y Fi.ANTNft MTT.T.S. "They formed the Royal City
HASTINGS SAWMILL CO. Planing Milla, and took over

B.C .MILLS. TIMBER "TRADING the Hastings Sawmill, and then
c 0» the B.C. Mills, Timber and

Trading; Co. was formed. John
Hendry had no plans. He Just said, "Put one machine here,
and put that other machine there." They got into financial
trouble. Sweeny, manager of the Bank of Montreal, was one
of the directors. They wanted to get rid of R.H. Alexander,
but Mr. Sweeny said"No", and "So long as you have an overdraft
Alexander must remain on the board." He had confidence In
Alexander. If it had not been for Sweeny the mill would have
collapsed.

SUSON. CALVERT . "I came here in 1884. I left London

In November, 1883, and reached Vic-
toria in May, 1884. I was in Port Chalmers, near Dunedln,
New Zealand. Then I reached San Francisco on the ship
"Zambesi", and went down the States to Arizona and all around,
and then up to Bend, Oregon, and Walla Walla, Wash. The way
I know, roughly, the dates is that I had a draft for seventy
pounds, (£70-0-0), and I cashed ten pounds, (£10-0-0), in
Portland, Oregon, and have the date. I was up the Columbia
River and recall watching them make the loggers take off their
boots, and they gave them slippers. The loggers^ boots had
iron spikes In them and they ruined the decks. After I reached
Victoria In May, 1884, I went over to New Westminster and got a
Job as night watchman at one dollar a day. The chief night-
watchman was also a cook, and he used to cook salmon with all
the trimmings, parsley sauce and so on, for our midnight meal.
In England we got salmon once a year, and then at two and six
a pound, but here the mill hands were fed on It and that sur-
prised me. I worked for the Dominion Sawmill.

WILSON . BEN. 1884 . "Then I got a job with Ben Wilson,
WAP" J. '('■lii B -Jii 1WAA storekeeper on the beach, now Water
MANNION. JOSEPH. Street, at Granville, now Vancouver.

I got sixty dollars a month and
found. I stayed at Joe Mannion's Granville Hotel, and Ben
Wilson paid Mannion ten dollars a month for my board and room,
and the hotel took it out in groceries.

HASTMGS SAWMILL "Then I went over to the Hastings
STOREKEEPER Sawmill as storekeeper and continued

as such until 1891, but I never did
find out the exact date of my arrival at New Westminster.

301

289

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 47.

THE TIMES

15 Mar. 1939

"SIWASH" INDIANS

You published on March 13 an Illustration of a
very interesting Totem from the A'est Coast of British Col-
umbia. But why is it described as the work of "Slwaah"
Indians? During my residence among these Indians I was
never able to locate any tribe known officially by this
name. On the contrary, if a Coast Indian was called a
"Siwash" he resented it as much as any other coloured per-
son would resent being called a "nigger." There would ap-
pear to be an almost exact parallel between the two expres-
sions. "Siwash" is often used by white men on the West
Coast (frequently contemptuously), but never by Indians
themselves. Hence it is difficult to understand why it
is sometimes used by scientific writers in England. Tour
article states that this particular Totem came from "the
northern part of Vancouver Island." The Indians who in-
habit these parts are sub-tribes of the once-powerful
Kwaguitl (or Kwawkewith) Confederacy. If we could know
the exact place from which the Totem came it would be pos-
sible to name the tribe. There is one other interesting
feature about it. The Kwaguitls usually carve the Thunder
Bird with wings outspread. Folded wings are usual among
the tribes farther north.

The Rev. F.S. Spackman,

Vicar of Marple, Cheshire: formerly
Principal of the Indian Residential
Schools, Alert Bay, B.C.

302

290

Conversation with Mr*. £. E. trites, nee Maddams. "Early
Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 76.

10th' January. 1939 .
MADDAM3HANCH Mra. Trltes aald: "The fertilizer for our
~~F ^SS garden on Seventh Avenue at China Greek
UHJ.NJL LiHEJg was received in a unique manner. father

was a very versatile and practical man,
and invented a labor-saving device. It was a double truck
flat car which ran on a track of wooden rails running up and
around the garden, pulled up tjill by a horse, which dumped the
fertilizer equally around the ranch garden. The stable manure
was brought to our place on a small flat scow, and the scow
was tied to a small wharf which we built at the foot of our
garden, right on the False Creek shore. Today it would be
200 yards east of the foot of St. Catherines St., although,
of course, there was no sign of a street there then. We used
to get the manure from Hayes and Mcintosh and the B.C. slaught-
er houses — there were two of them — half a mile below us on
False Creek, and quite close to Westminster Avenue."

"My father often had to go out at two or
three in the morning to catch the tide, and he used to pole
the loaded scow along and the tides helped him. You see,
False Creek, east of Westminster Avenue, was very shallow and
used to run dry at low tide. No tug could get in there, so
it was necessary to pole the manure scow from the slaughter
house to our ranch and then pole the empty scow back again."

DUCKS. WILD "My brother Charlie used to shoot wild

ducks on False Creek. There were an
awful lot of wild ducks on the creek in those daysj all kinds,
mallard, pintail, teal, butter balls, hell divers, (but we
never killed hell divers), cranes. They never used to shoot
the cranes. The Chinamen used to eat the cranes. The
Chineae would ask us to shoot a crane for them to eat. You
see there were no restrictions in those days. You could shoot
all you liked. The ducks were not "fishy" eating — not fishy
tasting at all. We used to give them away."

"We had a canvas canoe for shooting in.
It was cigar-shaped with oak ribs. In fact, while we lived
therejthere were three canoes made. They rotted in time and
had to bo renewed. The canvas was oiled and painted and was
decked at both ends; Just like a kyak, with an open space in
the centre for two persons to row or paddle. I have gone on
a moonlight night out to the marsh grass in front of our
place. There was a lot of sea grass out in front of us, which
the tide used to cover at high tide, to paddle the canoe while
my brother was shooting. We went out one night and got stuck
in the mud, which shows how shallow the head of False Creek
was. He is still a good shot, as is my younger brother who
was the captain and crack shot in the school team and won a
couple of medals at the Alexander School on Broadway."

303

291

(cont'd) "Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 77.
with Mrs. E.E. Trites, nee Maddams.

Conversation

CHINESE GARDENS

COAL

"The Chinese used to bring garbage over
for their pigs, In boats, and land right
in front of our place."

"There were seams of coal on our beach,
black lignite coal."

INDIAN IMPLEMENTS "We found a couple of atone tools in the

earth of our garden. There are some like

them in the museum. One was a round, flattish stone with a
small hole in the centre (for making fire or perhaps sinking
fish nets), and the other (a small size carpenter's hammer)
was a small oblong stone about five Inches long and round,
more than an inch in diameter, like this:

I Hole

Frre -ruaJl'vntj stimt.

thrall ha-ni-met

Bead and approved by Mrs. Trites
January 24th, 1939.
J. S. Matt news.

These two small Indian implements are in City Archives.
For method of use, read August Jack Khahtsahlano's con-
versation, August 22nd, 1938.

304

292

Conversation with Otway tfilkle, in Archives office, i-ity Hail,
"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 327.

13th January. 1936.
3jMO» ERASER. Major Matthews: I showed Mr. "r'ilkie a
1608 . map of Vancouver, which I had drawn, had

photographed, and pasted in " Vancouver .
Fifty Years a City" . 1886-1936" (frontispiece) showing nota-
tion, at one point, "Muaqueam Indian Reserve, Here Eraser
turned, 1808." Mr. Wilkie commented thus:

"OLD JOE" "I question it. "Old Joe", an Indian —

we oalled him "Nosey" because his nose
had a twist in it — he told me in 1887 or 1888. I stayed all
night with him in his cabin— could not get home. His cabin
was on McMillan Island. My home was at Langley. I was the
mail contractor between Langley and the C.P.R. at the time, ao
that it would be about 1887. The winter of 1887-8 was very
severe, but the mail had to be attempted to be got across the
river to the C.P.R. This time the ice was in the river but
in a dangerous state. I was trying to reach Whonnock from
Langley, and was prospecting for a chance to get across the
river and noticed that Just at the head of McMillan Island the
Ice had divided and left a clear space nearly from shore to
shore — the river at that point is almost a mile wide. I got
one-third of the way across when I saw the ice coming together,
and I made back for the island; Just managed to reach the
head of the island when the ice came together. I Jumped on
shore, broke through the ice, got wet, tied up the boat, and
started to walk to where the Indians lived. When I arrived
at the Indian houses, I met Jason Allard, who was also ice
bound, and ezplained the position to him. He took me to Old
Joe's house, where I was quite comfortable and nice and clean,
etc."

"Old Joe and his family gave me a good
welcome, fine, nice, clean bed. Slept under one of their own
home-mad* blankets— which was considered quite an honor—and
spent the evening with Jason, talking over old days with the
Indians. Joe told us the story of Simon Eraser."

" Hetoldm e that when ht.
?®3l?L ^? or 1[_9? ■■■■■fowaa a boy the Langley Indians at
SIMON ERASER'S that tine lived where the B.C. Penitentiary
ARRIVAL in New Westminster now is located. In

fishing time — that is, in middle summer—
the Indians all moved across to what is now Liverpool, or
Brownsville, to fish. When there, it must have been 1806—
two years before Eraser is said to have officially come down
the river— but the Indians said two snows before that, the
Indians looked up the river and saw a fleet of canoes coming
down the river. When the canoes got opposite to where the
Langley Indians were camped, much to the surprise of the
Indiana, a musical instrument sounded— they think from tra-
dition that it was a bugle— and all the canoes stopped and
remained where they were. You see, the Indians could not

305

293

"iiarly Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 327, Otway »ilkie (cont'd):

understand this; why the csnoes remained stationary. You
see, It was high water and the river running strong, and the
canoes remained stationary. The Indians at that time did
not know anything about anchors. They had never used ei^chors
in their canoes. They said everything was done- to the sound
of the music."

"One of the Indians — thiswas common knowl-
edge when I came here in 1878 — prior to this had declared that
he had dreamed of a man in a (boat or) canoe with a hairy
face; a white face v-ith fire coming out of his mouth. The
dream immediately came to the minds of the Indians .<ho had
been told of this hairy faced man. uhen they saw these men
coming down the river they thought they were gods who had come
down from heaven."

"The men in the canoes sat in the canoes
smoking. This confirmed the dream. They saw the smoke
coming out of their moutha. Up to that time the Indians did
not smoke; neither did they use sail or anchor .vith their
canoea."

"Then the atrangers (Fraser) went to go
ashore. He drew his aword. It flashed in the sun, and that
confirmed the opinion that they were gods. They got into
converaation through making signs. Phaser «anted to go on to
the aea, but the "Tchwaahina" (?) , (Point Roberts Indiana),
and the Musqueams of the North Arm of the Fraaer river were at
war. The old Indian chief, father of Chief Cashmere of
Langley (who died about 1925-1930) made them understand that
if they went past their camp they would be killed either by
the Tchwaahlns (?) or Musqueams."

"Fraser turned back from there and went up
the river again, but, before he went, an axe was miaaed. The
whitemen went back and made a search for the miasing axe, and
found it In the possession of a young Indian buck. They took
it from him, and kicked his backaide, which was a terrible
insult to a young buck. If it had been a girl it would not
have mattered. There was quite a hubbub about this and they
were going to kill Fraaer and wipe out the inault, but an old
Indian, who died about 10 or 12 yeara ago at Katsey, persuaded
them not to. ■ He explained that the whitemen were gods, and
more numerous than the stara above, and that if they killed
Fraaer hia frienda would return and there would be none of the
Indians left." Fraser waa allowed to go."

"Two snows after, Fraser came down the
river with more canoea, but with different "queer" muaio
(perhaps bagpipes), and v;ent on dowi to the aea."

"This atory was afterwards conf lm ed to me
by the Chilllwaek Indiana.

Mr. Wllkie thinks that there may be con-

306

294

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 327, Otway Wllkle (cont'd):

firmation of this story as he states that Fraser's
diary does not record what he was doing for a period
of two years— Eraser's diary is supposed to lapse from
March, 1806 for a period of about two years, perhaps
lost or destroyed — and that the missing two years co-
incide with the Indian story that he came down two
snows before, 1808.

(NOTE: My experience—several auch — is that Indians
get their fathers, grandfathers, and great grandfathers
mixed up a bit. This story appears to be founded on
fact. j. s. M. )

This narrative was submitted, after typing, to Mr. Otway
Wllkie for his approval.

It was pointed out to Mr. '.Vilkie that
there was a question of doubt involved in the astonishing
age to which the Indians mentioned would have had to have
lived, but Mr. Wilkie argued that it was not only quite
possible for them to have lived ta the necessary great
age, but also quite probable that they did. This rep-
resentation was made to Mr. Vilkie two days ago at a
long conversation on the matter in this office.

Mr. .Vilkie preferred to have the story
recorded exactly as it is typed.

J.S. Matthews.

"Early Vancouver", Vol. 5, p. 334: Excerpt from letter:

INDIAM CHURCH 16th May. 1932 .

METHODIST "SHURCH . "Under the Rev. Joseph Hall's pastorate
FIRST . the Methodist Hall was built, which did

good service until the Homer Street Ohurch
was built, as the new city began to assume proportions. The
Rev. Dr. Robson was then Pastor. The Indian Church was built
in 1875, and as Indian Missionary I dedicated it in 1876, with
Rev. T. Derrick, Minister to the white people.

Yours, CM. Tate."

(NOTE: The Indian church stood on the shore at the foot
of Abbott Street, now the corner of rfater and Abbott
Streets. j. s. M.)

307

£95

Abandoned tree* 185

Abbott street 156,160,294

Abolition of potlatches 284

Abraham, Mr. 185

"Active" Canoe 128

Addle (Ada Toung) 79,94,102,208,275,277

Age 294

Agnes 2, 54A, 101, 215, 216

Ahka-Chus 23A.189

Abteulk 23

Akhachu 23A,189

Albernl 249

Alder trees 33,62

Alec 20,21

Alert Bay 163,289

" " Indians 59,64

Alex 8

Alex, Peter 100

Alexander, F.W. 40,249,250

" Lord, Got. Gen. 137,138

" H.H. 288

" School 290

Allck 55

Allard, Jason 292

Alley, Hogan'a 83

Alma (Road) 226

Ancestors 185,189

Anchors 93,293

Anderson, Mrs. 196

Andrews, Chief 3,92

" "Chuckle" 82

Animals, Domestic (see D) ^i 25 * 27 * 51 ! 84 ' 101 ' 107 !^ 2 ,!.,

132,149,150,163,261,275,277,

290,291

" Wild (see "Game") 261

Ankameenum (Indian language) 164

" , orab 183

« " , trees 127

Arbitrators 41
Archives, Vancouver City 275,276,279,291
Aristocrats 183

Armitage-Uoore, llalsie 124.139

JS, North 64,89,187,192,193,196,202,203,

238,259,293
" " Road 160

Arrowhead(s) 91,©2,259,260

Arrowshaft, cedar 92

Ashlow 44

Ash street »*

itkin'so'n, Point 126,127,187,190,192,230,258

308

296

Aunt

51,55,92,99,102,106,112,117

Sally

241 , 284

Avenuea

, Broadway

226,290

■t

Campbell

144,265

IXinlevy

First

1,6,244,245
80

Fourth

Heatley

219

Jackson

219

Lonsdale

189

Seventh

290

Sixty-third

259

Third

Westminster

259,290

Axe

89,293

Ay-yul-

•shun (A-yul-shun)

(English Bay)
(see Capilano)

31 32 51

35A, 5&, 106, 204, 205, 255

Ayati

Babies, Indian
Bagpipes
Baker, Johnnie

" Marguerite

" Mount

" Mr.

" Simon
Bales (of blankets)
Ball, Cannon

" F.J.C.

" « Nomenclature

" Lacrosse
Ballantyne Pier
Balsam Street
Band , Gus ,

" First Indian Brass

■ Kitsilano Indian
Bandmaster, First
Bands, Reason for small
Bank of Montreal
Banks, Spanish
Baptismal

" , Certificate
Bar (Saloon counter)
Bark, Cedar

" " Cloth

141,142

293

285

100

84,85,166,172

147

284

245

2,9,18,215,220

222

107

284

226

273

158

273

162

288

71,72,125,217,278

23,140

197

260

150

309

297

Bark, eedar, nata 142

• " poultlee 142

" - rap* 52,53,61,71,72,119,120,161

Barley 116,264,266

Baroet 192

■ mil 88

Barrett-Lennard, Capt. C.K. 142

Baaketa 252,253,254,270,274

Bata, Mark 164

Bath, ateaa 219

Bay, Alart 163,289

• Bi dwell 22

" BoundaSy 83,90

" Buchaneer 246

" Bugliah 1,5,24227,31,33.34.351.45,

63,937122,123.126,162,184
189,192,213,217

" Horaaahoa (Cha-hal) 62,90

• Haata 128

• Oyater 2T1
a Seolahaoo 162

Bayaaater atraat 73
B.C.lCille Tiaber * Trading Co. 286

B.C. Penitentiary 892

B.C. Slaughterhouaea 290

Beach 10,25,37,45,50,73

" Bayaaater atraat T3

tttgllah Bay 228

• Graar'a 225,255

" Jerloho 93

" Ka«

" Locarno ITS

" Maple 83

a Mr. 261

» Seoond 27.31,101,136,184,865

Taawwaaaao

879

Baada 1«8

Baar 10,86,87,268

-, grlaaly ****b U *

Beaty, John 64,885

Bearer 10,33

• dana 246

Lake 7,185,189,246

, Steamer

155

Before 'ahltamn 12,28,32,36,38.52,89,115,

125,134,135,141,190,214

Begfcle, Judge 178.233

Balcarra 22,64

Bella Bella 162,163,166,167,173,174,177

• " , Szperleneea at 174

• " Indiana 171,179,180
Bella Coola 861,269

310

296

Benbow, H.A.

Berries (see "Fruit")

"Better Than Warships"

Bible

Bicycles

Bidwell Bay

Billy, Michael

Bishop Sheepshanks

Biscuits

"Biting Man"

Blackberries

Black, George

Black Paint

Blacksmith

Blanket (s)

, Goat hair
Blueberries

Bluejays
Blue paint
Boards , sawn
Boas, Prof.
Boat

" gas

" gun

" steam
Boots
Booze

Botterell, T.
Boundary

" Bay

" Squamish
Bow and Arrow

Bowen Island

Bower, Ruby M.

Braves, Indian

Bread

Brew , George

" Judge

" Tompkins
"Briekmaker*s Claim" (West

End)
Bridge

" , Burrard (Snauq.)

" , First Narrows

" William
British Law, Indian Respect

for
"British Siberia"

244

10,12,39,83,116,129,176,

186,270

180

251

263

100

232

168,177

173,174,175

83,129

82,101

283

1,7,36,39,43,55,56,74,86,

94,95,133,152,170,177,200,

230 , 259 , 264 , 266 , 284 , 292

136,189

10,39,83

270

287

174

286

179

94,196,249

273,274

261,288

36,40,161,180,214,265,267,284

207

35A

83,90

11,18,27,40,48,74,91,92,169,

187,188,196,216,268

33,63,210,211,261

54A,243,251

229,231

64,201,285

218

1,3,6,10,23,40,41,56,64,71,

88, 1»6, 171, 176, 161, 194, 281

207

178
271

311

299

Broadway

Brockindale

Brockton Point (Paapeeak)

" " , Houses at
Brother, Khahtsahlano'a
Brownsville
Bryant, Rev.
Buchaneer Bay
Buckingham Palace
Bugle
Bullding(s) ,

Bull

Burds , Dave

Burial (a)

(aee "Houses")
Squamiah
Very old

n
n
n

Canoe
Grounds

Last Indian
Tree, 159,190,229

Burns, Mr.

Burrard Bridge (Snauq)

" Inlet

Butcher , first

Butter

Butter ball (duck)

226,290

133

2,19,32,40,52,55,56,57,60,

64,93,110,114,184,198,203,

212

4,8,52,53,56,92,116,143,149

292

165,240

246

104

292

269

287

101

1,4,25,40,57,91,116,159,190,

254,258

258

35A, 190, 230, 231, 233, 241

244

159,190,229,230,231,233

64,94

1,3,6,10,23,40,41,56,64,71,

88 , 156 , 171 , 176 , 181 , 194 , 281

5,21,24,31,33,34,35A,47,48,

49,64,79,102,141,149,156,

191 , 192 , 193 , 202 , 213 , 218 ,

220,228,233,239,251,273,277,

279,286,287

101

290

Cabbage
Calamity
Calendar
California

" , San Francisco
Camble, H.J.

" Street
Camp
Camping

" ground, oldest
Campsite
Canadian Pacific Railway

• " Dock

» " Right-of-way

n « Roundhouse

270

184

178

288

109

82,87,215

219

279

241

225,292

165,241

226

235,272

312

300

Candles
Cannon ball
" shot
Cannons
Canoe (s)

" "Active"

" , burial

" , canvas

" , dugout

" , flotilla of

" , freight carrying

" , hunting

" Indiana

" , Jericho Charlie's

" , making of

" , Northern Indian

" paddle

" , a present

" , racing

" , Squamish Indian

" , Stationary

Cape Flattery

" Mudge
Capilano (Homulcheaon)

.Ayatak

, Chief Matthias Joe

" " , father
" " .mother
" " , real
name Sahp-luk
, Creek

, family genealogy
, Mary (wife)

Joe, "Old Chief"

River

, Spelling & origin

" Steamship
« Water Works
Captain C.'.V.Cates
» Cook
" Ettershsnk

245

248

1,5,11,25,27,28,29,32,33,34,

36,37,42,48,52,63,66,71,74

82,85,86,87,94,100,118,157

160 , 179 , 200 , 247 , 255 , 257 , 258

259,271

128

258

290

196,263

248

119

33,48,52,143,232,234,235,290

246

128,284,286

129,130

190

265

187

185

170

293

128,170

180

2,7,31,34,35,49,55,65,125,157

162,252,255

54A, 183, 213, 214

2,5,30,36,37,50,51,53,65,68

103,104,109,165,205,207,215

216,217

104,106,215

53,54

205
55,65,115,118,126,127,144,

196,203

108,144,186,216

47, 50, 54, 54A, 56, 108, 203, 207,

215,216,227,252

54A, 104,108,183,188, 213, 214

215,216,223,240,241,246,256

1,49,50,52,55,239

213,214,215,216,217,218,219

220,227

147

167,269

64,285

313

301

Captain Grey

Mayers, George
of Moonmen

" Stamp

" Starr

" Vancourer (see "V")
Car, double truck flat
Cariboo

Carrall Street
Car rota
Carta, dump
Cary, George
Cashmere, Chief
Cates, Captain C.W.
Cathollo(a), Roman

Cattle

" , Hereford
Ceolle
Cedar

" arrow shaft
" bark

" ball
cloth
" " mats
" " poultice
" " rope
" boughs

" Cove (Huphapal)
" logs
" shakes
" slabs

" " , making

• split

" Street

" tree, falling

" " root

" " , aplitting

" Undergarments

" , fluffy cradle lining
Celebration
Celistine
Cemeteries, early

" Indian
Cemetery, first whlteman's
Ceremonious dress
Ceremony

" of Initiation

191

275

168

99,250

162

290

27,53,163,178,195,211

5,82,228,235,272,286

284

236,240,246,283

293

147

116,148,149,214,241,243,
248, 251 '

27,51,84,101,112,132,149

150,163,277

277

2,8

14,29,31,33,43,58
162.25*

,87,100,

-.31,33,4
162,255
92
260
82
150
142
142 173

52,53,61,71,72,119,120,161

91,94,161,262,264,266

24,26,44,45,58,61,126,129,

148,159,169,190,279,281,287

129

30,42,90,159,281

1,6,45,80,245

129,185,235

130

190

56,173

8,105,204

56,60

57,110,263

266

19,94,97,104,133,149,
184,203,220,259,264,2
174

=,153,
,266

314

30*

Cha-hal (Horseshoe Bay) 62,90

Chair* 38

Chalkunts 223

Change of Name, Declaration 88,133

" " Registration 88*.

Chant(s) 115,185,223,887

Chah-kai 17 .189

Charlie, frank (Ayatak) 50

-Charlie Hundred" 286

Charlie Tse-nark 102

Charlton, Ormond Lee 248

Charlton 45,94,118

Chay-chll-wk (Seymour Creek) 31

Chaythooa (Prospeot Point) 1,3,4,14,19, 23, 23*,25, 26,

31,32,51,52,55,75,79,100,
101,132,148,149,275,276,
280

Che-kai 17,189

Cherries 45,129,272,273,274

Cheatnut Street 44,45,71

Chetchallaam 25

Chickens 101

Chief Andrews 3,92

" Caahnere 293

" Chipkayam 1,2,3,7,45,75,87,94,149,158,

" George (Chip-kaay-am) 2,3,29.118,144,149,158,159,

171,260,261,264,265,266,267,
270

" Haat-sa-la-nough 226

" jimmy Jimmy 255

" Khahtaahlanogh 1,2,3,7,8,14,23A,26,32,44,

47,52,70,74,75,80,86,92,100,
149,182,249,275,276

- Kiapalsno (Kiapalano) 50,94,95,106,115,1*4,196,197,

198,203,208,210,212,221,233,
235

" Kleoplannah 213

" Laa~wa

« Mathias Joe Capllano

2, 5, 50, 51, 541,104, 108, 109, 115,
165,203,214,215,220,223,240,

251,256

2,5,30,36,37,50,51,53.65,68

103,104,109,165,205,207,215

216,217
Menata 147

Michael 118,128

"Old Chief Capilano 54A.104.108, 183,188, 213, 214

215,216,223,240,241,246,256

Scomlak 128

Semelano 216

Skaaa-yoos 137,253,255,257,268

315

309

Chief Stogan 195

" Supple Dick 232

to Thlt-aee-mah-lah-nough 160,195.226

Chief., how made 51,76,241

! n ?«» 159,160

all equal 215,216

Chilaminat (Jim ft-anka) 21,29,155,214,230,250,253

256,257,268

genealogy 255

Chllcoten Indiana 64

Child, flrat white 249

Chiil?««.» 2,9,40,175,179,183,240,260

Chilliwack 167,171,173

Indiana 293

Chlmneya 264

Chinaman 20,21,56,243,290

Chineae 290

" gardens 291

" laundry 82

Chinha 64
Chin-nal-sut (or Chan-nal-

aet) (Jericho Charlie) 8.31.32,37,42,61,71,73,74,

89, 9l,9£, 94, 100,114, 116, lie,
122,125,140,149,

Chinook 110,230
Chip-kayam, firat settler at

Snauq 3

, Chief, (George) 1,2,3,7,45,75,87,94,149,
158,255

Chiael 257

" » »J one 29,61,89,148,185

" , alate 38

Chitchulayuk (Point Grey) 172

Chohanum (Old Cronie) 49

Christening 56

Christian teaching (see Tate) 180

Christianity 178,179,285

Christine Jack 204,207,208,210

Christmas 34

Cbuckchuck 216

Chulka 1,7,166,248

Chul-wah-ulah 22 , 25

Chunth 23

Church, Catholic 65,116,165,203,248,251

" » first 14,156,167

" , first Indian 222

" , Indian 64,65,66,157,163,164,165,

222,239,294

" , Methodiat 65,240,294

" , St. James 66

" , Wealeyan Methodiat 163

316

304

City Hall 94,153

" Mission 102

Clam beds 280

Clams 10,50,115,175,258,280

Clam shells 49,60,152,153,218,241,242,

258

" " , mounds of 175,260

Clay 189

Clayoquot (Claoquaht) 159,160

Cloth, cedar bark 150

Clothing (see Dress) 39,168,190,261,264,288

Coal 163,228,291

" Harbor 22, 35A, 52, 184, 191, 234, 235,

265,285

" Peninsula (Stanley Park) 218
Coast Indian 167,246,247,289

Coat(s) 53.108,168

Cod 176

Coe, Mr. 64

coffin 132,133

Coins 97,284

Community house 159,161,171,176,180,269,

" " , a drawing 282

Conferences 184

Conjurers 167,168,169

Constable (see policeman) 225,249

Construction 262

Contractor, mail 292

Cook, Capt., arrival of 167,269

Cooklingl 10,38,63,72,89,114

" ducks 233

"Copy whiteman" 285

Coquitlam 187

Corall, fish 4

Cordiner, pete 283

Cordova Street 19,56

Countess (or Lady) Dufferin 220,284,287,288

Cornett, J.W. 83

Cornwall Street 156

Council, Squamlsh Indian 201,215,216

Court 178

" proceedings 185

Cove 88

", Cedar 25

" Deep 64

" Fisherman's 185

" Jerry's 94,126

Cowl chan 50,64

Cows (see cattle) 27,51,84,101,112,132,149,

150,163,277

Cradle lining, fluffy cedar 190

317

305

Crab

Crabapple (kokwap)

" trees
Crakan thorp, Alice

" Muriel
Cranes
Creek

" Capilano

" Che-kai
" China
" Falae

" Homulcheson

" Roberta

" Seymour (Chay-chilwk)

" Spring Salmon
creeks, fresh water
Crescent, Grore
Cronle, Old (Chohannm)
Crosby, Rev. Thomas
Cubicles
Cn minings, Mr.
Cups

Curtains
Cuatom(s) Indian

Customs Offioer, first
Cypress Stfieet
Cyrs, Tom

123,178,254

127

249,250,251,252

251

290

3, 10, 23A, 26, 47, 541,91

55,65,115,118,126,127,

144,196,209

290,291

1,4,7,30,31,35A,37.56,64,

71.72,123,149,160,162,182,

226,254,265,284,286,290

144

35A

29,31,65,118,144,161,157,162

192

219

47, 49.54A

164,173

261,262,269

64,285

259

41,59,68,71,74,70.89,184,

185,195,202,217,219,236,

251,264

Daggers
Dancers
Danca(a)

" death (Swywhee)

» wolf
Dancing floor
Daneing
Say, working
Deadhouae
Desdman'a Island

Declaration, Change of Mama

238

98,174,266.284

19,36,56,69,144,231,240,264,

267,279,284

40,172

1T5

262

269

130

159,230,263

21.S5A.52, 57, 110, 191,232

88 *

318

306

Decorate

Decorum

Dedication of Stanley Park

Deep Core

Deer

Defence Ialand

Deighton, John

Denman atreet

Depreaslon

Derby, Sari of

Derrick, Her. Thomas

Derlne, Harry

Dinner

Dipper, wooden

"DlacoTery", H.M.G.S.

Dlseeae

Dlahea

" , wooden oupa
" , " dipper
• , • platen
" , " spoons

Disposition, kindly

Dock, C.P.B.

Doctor

" , witch

Dog(a)

Dogfish
■ oil

Dollar ton

Domestic snlmals, boll

cattle

dogs

goats

horses

mules

oxen

sheep

pigs

Domingo

Dominlo

Dominloa Sswmlll

Donkey engine

Door(s)

Dovglsi

Drawing

Captain
Lake
Park
Boat

Sir Ji

184

184,191

1,79,149,259,275,276

10,11,14,26,33,37,38,190

261,268

ISO

208,273,274

228

276

14,156,165,239,240,294

276

154

183

56,89

38,39

39,56

171,178

165,241

40,41,141,201

261

25,261

21,246,286

101

27,51,84,101,112,132,149,

150,163,277

25,261

4,27,51,84,101,132,275,290

107,251

4,107,251

51,132.163

51,84,101,132,163,291

199

288

163

161,169,259,261

210

177

270

178,177,178

87,30,43,46,60,61,68,69,

70,71,73,74,75,83,85,87.

92,107,836,237,261,266,272,

288,881

319

307

Drawing (or map)

217

Cream

293

Dress (see Clothing)

19,37,70,84,234,264 ,190

" ceremonious

266

" head

19,68,69,73,137,170

" Squemish

Drive Marine

172

Driveway, Stanley

Park

23,49,229^58

Drowning of Chief

Lah-wa

55,109,144,161,165,214,256

Drums

173

Dtutichookahnum

108

Dublin. Mr.
Duck(s)

196

14,18,27,33,48,52,115,143,

232,233,234,235,265,286,290

" mallard

290

" netting

237

" pintail

290

teal

290

" helldivera

290

Dufferin, Lady (or

Countess)

220,284,287,288

Dugout Canoe

196,263

Dump carts

284

Dunlevy Avenue

Dunbar Heights

160,226

Dutch Pete

220

Eagle feathers

150,151,153,170

Eagles on Masks, meaning of

153

Eagle Harbour

190

Earl of Derby

276

Eaton, Bill

261

Eburae

15,20,160

Education (see School)

76,77,93,179,183
53,108,205,215,220

Edward, King

Edwards (bandmaster)

273

Eiderdown feathers

184

Einu, Mrs.

285

Elderberries

10,12

Eliza's map

Elk

14,27,28,30,37,182,238

Embroidered robes

153

Empress of Japan

200,230

"gnrnm

8,105
163

Engine , donkey

England

94,215,289

English Bay

1,5, 24, 27, 31, 33.34.35A

63,93,122,123,126,162,184,
189,192,213,217

320

308

English Bay Beach

n " , Warships on
Entertainment
Epidemic (see Smallpox)
Esquimalt
Es-tahl-tohk
Esther
Ethics, Indian

228

180,279,284,28?

172

189

163

Ethnological Survey of Canada 186,213,215,222,224

Ettershank, Billy
" Capt .
Ewen
Excerpts, Capt. Vancouver's

Journal
Experiences at Bella Bella
Explorers), Spanish

E-yal-mough (Eyalmo)
(Jericho)

64,285

208

191,192
174

100,217
269

28,31,33,42,43,51,122

Fader Bros. Sawmill
"Faithful Jim"
False Creek

" " Bridge

" " Indian camp on

" " Indian Reserve

" " Land

" " Village
Fairview
Families
Family

Farm, McBride
Father, Khahtsablantf s (see

Haytulk)
Feast
Featherfe)

« Eagle

n Eiderdown
Feed

Feet, Indian
Fence

Ferguson Point
Ferns

Ferry, Steven's
Fertilizer

254

170,220,286

1, 4, 7, 30, 31, 35A, 37, 56, 64

71,72,118,123,149,162,182,

228,254,265,286,290

160,255

219

159,160,281

213

158

226,270

23,24,281

39.54A

160

56,64,70,80,101,149

23A,35A,68,69,74,150,151,

152,170,184,264,266,267

150,151,153,170

184

,_,170
184
284

246,247,267,283
187
126
236
160
290

,285

321

309

File 257

Findlay, W.F. 219

Fire(s) 24,27,46,48,52,53,66,62,63,

70,72,108,199,200,261,262,
266,269,272,281,287

" making 83,86,87

" "tick 87,258,272

" » Vancouver 1,115,118,214,253,256,272

First Avenue 1,6,244,245

" Bandmaster, Indian 273

" Brass Band, Indian 273

" Butcher Shop 82

" Camping ground 99

" Cemetery, Wbiteman's 57

" Church 14,156,167

" " Indian 222

" Customs Officer 40

■ Houses at VYhoi Whoi 50,541,263,274
" Laundry, Chinese 82

" Marriage 208,275
" " , First child of 257,277

■ Minister (Derrick) 165,240

■ Narrows (Sunz) 49, 51, 54A, 55, 68, 100, 123,

126,156,191,200,230,258,

259,275,280

n " Bridge 55

" n , Water pipes in 109,258

" Postmaster 225,226

» Priest 92

" Settlement, Indian 1,90,165

" Settler at Marpole 275

" " " Snauq 3

" Store 165,241

" Train, C.P.R. 193
" Trip to Burrard Inlet,

(John Morton) 228,229

" White child 249

" Whiteman 5,10,11,47,50,54A,107,115

Fish: Clams 8,10,33,175,258,280

" Cod 176

Crab 10

" Flounders 2,4,10,52

" Halibut 176

" Herring 33,52,239,286

" Ooli Chans 33,135,236

« " Oil 136,176

" Perch 2

■ Salmon 2,3,8,10,14,33,48,91,162,

176,177,236,237,286

" Smelts 2,4,8,18,33,191,217

" Steelhead 48

B Sturgeon 10,237,257

" » , fishing for 71,72,73,204

» " , rod 204

" Trout 10,48

322

310

Fish Cora 11

" net*

" Rake*
Fi Shermans Cove
Fishing

" Frame

" Laws

" Spear

" Tackle

" Time
Flag(s)

" , Description of

" , Squamish
Flames

Flathead, last Indian
Flattery, Cape
Flint spear
Float, Sunnyside
Flood
Floor, Dancing

" Earthen
Florldablanca
Flounders
Flour

Folly of greed
Food

Fort(s)

", proposed (Homulcheson )

" Simpson
Fortuneteller
Fowl, chickens

", water
Frank Charlie (Ayatak)

Franks, Jim (Chilaminst)
" " , Indian Nomen-
clature

Fraser, Angus
" Rirer

" Simon

" " , Arrival of

" " , Diary
Freight Canoe

French John (Suppllen Quinne)
Frenchman
Fruit, Apples

" Berries

1B5

55,90,162,176,177,183,237

176,177

177

185

292

92,106,116

117

262

58,155,185,201

128,170

279

90,166,183

262

266,269

193

2,4,10,52

10,56,172,284

172

8,10,12,14,26,27,33,38,39,

40,48,52,71,72,83,89,101,

114,116,129,175,176,232,

237 , 249 , 250 , 268 , 270

169,187

100

167,173

101

184

50,51,183,186,205,

223,255

21,35A,155,171

223

286

28,29,50,54A,89,157,160,

178,182,187,195,196,213,214,

223,238,259,293

54A,214,223

292

294

119

79,208

208

116

10.12,39,83,116,129,176,188,

270

,213,214,

323

311

Fruit, Berries, black- 83,129

" blue- 10,39,83

" elder- 10,12

" goose- 188

" rasp- 116

" Cherries 45,129,272,273,274

" Crabapples 123,172,254

" Orchard 6,45,94

Funeral (see burial) 40

For(s) 41,168

" , buying 180

Galiano 193

Gambler Island 64A

Game, Bear 10,26,87,268

■ " , grizzly 18,91,119
" Beaver 10,14,33

" De« 10,11,14,26,33,37,38,190,

261,268

" Duck (see Ducks) 14, 18, 27, 33, 52, 143, 23*, 233,

234,235,237,265,286,290

" JELk 14,27,28,30,37,182,238

■ Goose 115

" Grouse 261,284

" Moose 14

" Mountain goat 40,41

" Pigeons 52,115,117,142

Games 80,81,82,195

Garden(s) 26,27,176,290,291

Gardening 238

Garibaldi (Chy-kai) 17

■ Mountain 62,84,85,248
Garipee 64

Garments (see Dress) 19,168,170,179,190

Gassy Jack 64,208,209,220,273,274,285

" " » "Ife 117,208,209,272,273,274

Gastown 5,26,56,65,66,82,94,102,161,

163,165,195,197,199,208,212,

218,220,240,241,257,274

Gasboat 179 '

Genealogy 52,78,79,91,102,108,144
George, Chief (Chip-kaay-am) 2,3,29,118,144,149,158,159,

171,260,261,264,265,266,267,
270

" , Mrs .Harriet (Haxten) 14,541.

» , King, 7, 106

Gernandez, Gregoris 220

Gerrin, John 206

" Ned 206

Ghosts 271

Gibson's landing 34.90.188

Gifts 170,200,266,284,285

Gillespie 277

324

312

Goat(s)

" , Mountain

40,41
136,189

" hair

" skin

29,74

Gods

293

Goldpieoea

284

Gonaalvea, Joaeph

220

Goose

115

Gooseberries

188

Government, British

172,177,178

■

172,254

Grafton, W.A.

1,4,25,29,258,261
14,156,157,167,209,222,225,

Granville

274,288

" Hotel

288

" Island (Sandbar)

2,4,31

" Road

20,55

" Street

19,160,254,257,275

Grave (a)

19,91,92,110,133,200,201,229,

230,231,263

Graveyard(s)

1,3,6,25,56,57,91,97,110,118,
189,229,230,231,254,258

Great Northern Cannery

(Stuckdale)

90,91,173

Greed, folly of

172

Greer, Sob

Greer's Beach

225,255

Grey, Capt.

191

Grievances, land

215

Grinds ton*

232,233,234
18,91

Griszly bear

Grouse Mountain

84,85

" Jl«

284

Grove Crescent

219

Guinne, Ada (Young)

" Supplies (French

79,94,102,206,275,277

John)

79,208,275

Gun, Bine o'clock

60,64,285

Gunboat (a)

94,196,249

Gun(a)

36,87,188,214,216,268

Haat-aa-lah-nough, Chief 226

(see Ehaatsa-lah-nogh)
Habitations (see Houses) 68,279

325

313

Hair

Hair out

Halfbreed(e)

Halibut

Hall, lira. J.Z.

" Bar. Joaeph

■ ■ W. Laahley
Hamilton, L.A.

" Street

Tin— nr

" , atone

Handbook of Indiana of Canada

Hanging

Harbour, Eagle

" Vancouver

Harrla, Mr. and lira. JTank
Haatlnga mil Store

" Sawmill ( Bamkumlye )

Haatlnga

Hatchet a

Hat(a)

Haxten (Itra. Harriet George)

Hay

Hayea and Mclntoah

Hay-much- tun

Hay-not-em

Hay-tulk (aee Khaytulk)

" aona

" tomb
Headdreaa
Health
Healing
Hearths
Heating
Heather Street
Helldivera
Helmcken
Hemlock
Hendry, John
Henry, Jack
Herald Street
Hereford*
Heroine

26,38,55,68,74,84,141,170,

203,212,273

38,74

52,55,64,102,285

176

284

156

110,114,201,272

110

28,30.61,88,148,185,257,259,

260,281

223,224

121,178,232,233,234

180

258,259,263

45,82,101,118.150

4,14,23A,25,31,32,51,52,65,

66,82,100,126,144,157,180,

214,232,248,253,254,255,284,

286,287,288

28,158,160

233

13,26,35,68

14,15,51,52, 54, 54a,63, 68, 84,

81.117,186,187,188,183,265

101,118

280

3,7

4.7,8, 23A.51, 52, 55, 56, 80,84,

1,7,18,231.

18,68,68,73,137,170

73,142,174

174

281

270

280

172

33,122

288

204

164

177

202

326

314

Heroism

202

Herring

33,52,286
239

" , fishing for

Hewer

270

Hill-Tout, Professor

8.9,18,36,57,66,155,156,159,

161,186,190,195,213,215,217,

269

" Indian nomencla-

ture

222,223,224,225,226

• , letter froa

219.241
76,125,126,127,183,184,186

History

Hogan's Alley

Hollyburn

126,127

"Holy Joe"

220

Hoasr Street

294

HOSMS

56,279

Hosuleheson (Cspilsno)

17, 31,49,50, 51, 541, 65, 68, 100,
106,115;i22, 126,127,144,186,

188,192,213,221,235,251

" .burning of
" Creek

186

144,213,218

• ,lbrt at

100

Honest

171,254

Hopkins Landing

Hops

Horns, A.. P.

264,266

Horse races

101

Horse (s)

4,27,51,84,101,132,275,290

62,90

209,274

Horseshoe Bey (Cha-hai)

Hotel

Hotel, GranTills

288

Hotel TsneonTsr

Honse(s), first at Whol Whol

50,541,273,274
159,161,171,176,180,261,269,

• community

281

* • , drawing

282

• dssd

159,230,263

" description of

169,281

21,23,161

1,4,231,24,31,34,42,45,47,

49,53,56,58,90,91,123,125,
126,127,203,279
3,42,44,94,125,126,156,156,
171,181,184,199,200,256,259,

" destroyed

• (lumlnm)

• potlstch

284

■ pow wo«

24,26

" Sqnaaisn

47,188
210

• Whitemen's

Howay , Judge
Howe Sound

102

34,351., 47, 62, 63, 100, 141,

162,190,201,213,279

• • ram

201,220,221,284,286
5,351,254

• Street

327

315

Hudson** Bay Co. 56.195

Hunt 1B2

Banting 29,63,87

Boating oanoa 33,48,52,143

Baphapai (Cadar Core) 25

Butehlnga, Qaorg* S. 226

Byaa Jo* 104,106,106,205,220,221

• , aeaning of 108

Bynaohtun 49

lea 61,292

Imperial Street 122,125,126

Implements, Indian 83,89,91,100,130,137,291

Indian iffairs Office 4,217

• Bablaa 141,142
" Brayea 97

• Camp 219
" Camping grounds, first 99

• Ceremonlea 104
" Church (aaa "C")

" Counoil, Squamiah 201,215,216
» Customs (aaa "C")

• Ithica 69
" Housea (aaa "H")

» Implemanta 83,89,91,100,130,137,291

" Lsnguags(s) 5,22,34,59,162,164,217
" " .Authority on 222

• law 121,177,197

• Mask* (aaa "H")

• Hoaenelatura 159,189,222,223,226,229
" Paint 37,62,264,266

" Paintings 68

• Religion 62,89

• Beaarrea (aaa "B")

" BiT*r (aaa Squamish

BiTar) 22.34.193,202

• Settlement 1,90,165

• Sattlar, first st

Snauq) 3
» Traila (aaa "T")

• Wlvaa, whitemen'a 64,94,199,201,209,210,251
" Work 29,53

Indiana (aaa Tribea)

■ , Alart Bay 59.64

• , Bells Balla 171,179,180

• , Canoe 246

328

316

Indians ,

■
■
a
■

a
a
a
a
a

a
a

Chileotan

Chilliwack

Coast

Zrlends to ahlteaan

Langley

last to laara

Llllooat

Muaqusam (see M)

Nootka

Northern

Point Roberta

poor

Powell River

Prairie

Seohelt

Seymour Creek

Squamiah (see S)

Stanley Park

Skqomio

Weat Coaat
» Tale
" Tucklatew
Innea, John
Inlet, Rivera
Inatrunent, Musical
Insult
Invention
Irene

Iaaaca, Diek (Qne-yah-ohulk)
" " , nomenclature
" Joe
I aland, Bowen
« Deadmsn's

• " , name
" Defence

" Gambier
" Granville
" Knpper
" McMillan
" Paaley

• Reid

" Rowlings
" Texada

• Vancouver

293

167,246,247,269

171

292

6,281

169

190,260

293

274

69,170,246

5, 34, 351., 90

266

157,160,162

213

167,246,247,289

196

34,68,175,180,189

24,261.262,269

167,179,180

292

67,179,293

290

8,105

14,165,186,240,268

222

8,92,220

33,63,210,211,261

21, 35A, 52, 57,110, 191, 232

229,230

190

641

2,4,31,176

206

292

210

199,207

238,239

212,289

Jack, Mr a. Christine 52

Japan, impress of 200,230

Japaneae Monument 23

Jealousy, Tolly of 178,235

Jemmett, W.S., Surveyor 213,217

Jenkins 55

329

SIT

Jenneaa, Diamond 47

Jerioho (Kyalao) 4,18,28,31,32,42,43,45,82,

95,122,125,160,226,255,257,
284,286
■ Beach 95

Jericho Charlie (Chan-aal-

Mt) 4,5,8,18,51,37,45,61,71,73,
82,89,91,94,113,118,110,128,
149 , 220 , 221 , 255 , 284 , 286
Jerry* a Cot* 94,126

Jerry Sogers 4,32,45,94,107,118,255

• • caap 270

Jin Tranka (Chilaminat)21,351,155,171,250,253,254

* " , nomenclature

223

J la Qrouae

284,286

JJjany Jinny

68,91,96,286
255

• » , Chief

Joe, Capilano (aee 0)

Joe, Old

292

Joaeph SilTey

220

Joaephina (SilTey)

198,203,210,211

Jowyak

210

Judge Beghle

178,253

• Brew

229

Julian

Xanloopa 83

Kanaehuek 255

Kahkailtun 216

lahukhultua 108

Kanaka Ranch 285

"Boa ISO

Kataey 293

Keeahplahnoo 106
Kee-khaal-eoa (fegle Harbor) 187,188,190

Kea-olet 8,55,100, 114

Kelp 57

Kant, Harry I. 89

Kenrya, Bonald 265

Karriadal* 94

Khaal-tin-aht 106,197,203,204,205,210

79,102,106,114,275

330

SIS

Khahtsahlano, August Jack 1,2,71,138,140,141,147,215,

216,245,249,253,254,255,259.
263,280

Age 4,125,140

Aunt 51,55,92,99,102,106,112,117

Birth 114,128,133

Brother(a) 52,53,56,70,92,114,143,149

Change of naas 80, 86, 88, 88A, 133, 226

Children 2,4,8,105

ConTersatlons 3 to 145

Drawings 61,68,69,70,236

lasily seeks 148

lather (aee

Haytulk) 55, 56, 64,70, 71,80, 101,111, 149

Genealogy 52,78,91,102

Borne 95,101

Indian nomen-
clature 222,226,227

Marriage 94

Mother (Qwywhat) 51,52,63,64,66,70,74,112,117,
118,253

Painting 23A.69

Slaters 8,94,101,114,118

The name 144

Uncle 53, 55,102

Khahtsahlanogh, Chief (aee

Legend) 1,2,3, 7,8, 14, 23JL,26,32,44,47,

52,70,74,75,80.86,92,100,149,
182,249,275,276

* lather 49

" Genealogy 79,114
Kharl-uk 100,114

Ihar-nuk, Charlie 205

Khayknlhun (Port Mellon) 97

Xhaytolk (Supplejack) 1,20,23,26,27,44,47,86,88,92,

102,110,111,113,114,149,150,
182,199,275
» Wife Of 1,149

* Grave or Mauaoleua 1,88,110,112,125,148,149,182
Kiapalano, Spelling of 213

Elapilano, Old Chief (aee

Capllano) 50,94,95,106,115,144,196,197,

198,203,208,210,212,221,233,
235

* daughter (Luatin-
aht) 200,207

grandchildren 204,210

son 204

The name 205

Wires 95,198,205

.Young 106

" , genealogy 106, 144, BOS

331

319

Klapllanoq. 213

Kincade 201

Kindliness of Indians 171,178

King Edward Til 53,104,108,205,215,220

" George T 106

Klt-a-asat 163

Kltsilano 1,4,5,8,23A,39,80,88,107

• Beach 45,70,75,137,138,160,218,

226,286

" District of 182

" Indian Reserre 3,14,44,55,56,64,73

" , pronunciation 159

» The nans 86,88,146,148,159,225,226,227

" 3treet car 226

" Trestle 5,56

Klatawa 271

Klayala (0.0. McGesr) 59

Kleoplannah, Chief 213

Kleosaht 206

ELls-kwis 142

Klootoh 243

nootchmsn 235

Knife, stone 30,39,72

Koalchs 224

Koklte 173

Kokohsluk 186,187,186

Kokohpal 172

K*pol 63
Kun-kum-lye (Eastings Sawmill) 25, 31, 190

Xttpper Island 206

KWagultl Confederacy 289

KWanston 19

Kwe-ah-kultu 107

Kweeatailt, San 204

Kya* 290

Labor-aarer 290

Lacrosse stone 245

Lacrosse 80 £ 81,195

• ball

at.

iti
Lah-ws

10$
Lsdy Dafferin 220,284,287,288

Ladyamith 271

2,5,50,51,541,104,108,109,

115,165,203,214,215,220,223,

240,251,256

332

320

Lah-wa, Chief, drowning of 55,109,144,161,165,214,256

Mother of 95

Lake 7,23.1,40

- Beaver 7,185,189,246

Land grievance* 215

" queation 177,178,194

sale of 226

Landing, Gibson's

34,90,188

" Rowlings

160

Lane, Ilaiden

220

Landmarks, Indian

279

Langara Point

100

Langley

£92

" Indiana

292

Language (a)

5,22,34,59,162,217

, Ankameenum Indian

164

" , Authority on Indian

222

" , Chinook

100,230

" , Squamiah

22,59

Lantern, magic

180

Last to leave, Indians

26,281

Laundry, Chinese

Lodge, same as

153

Lew

121

"British, Indian respect foi

■ 178

" Tishing

177

" Indian marriage

197

Lawyers

Layhulette (Vary)

54A.216.227

Leather

283

Leeson, B.W.
Legend! a)

119

3, 14, 15, 16,17,18, 40, 41, 54A,
59,66,68,74,90,114,147,162,
166,171,172,180,183,198,217,

248,253

" of Masks

148 to 153

" , Qpitchelahl

186

Letter, Ball to Matthews

108

■ Brew to Colonial Sec-

retary

99,100

Launders to Colonial

Secretary

" Matthews to Ball

220

" Sentell to Matthews

219

" Tate

294

Lignite, black

291

Lillooet

44,74,75

" Indians

Lining, fluffy cedar cradle

190

Linton's, Andy

248

Liquor

36,40,161,180,214,265,267,284

Liquorice root

235

333

321

Little Mountain 87

" Tonmy 220

Liverpool 292

Locarno Beach 172

Lock, Dare 94

Locklt, Joe ,52,220

Lodged) 153,279

• , ateam 219

Loggers 288

Logging 18,107,255,277

" can? 45,82,284

" road 257

Log* 12,18,82

" , acale aheeta 15,18

Lomtlnaht (Luntlnant) 200,203,204,210

Longataorenan 52,102

Lonadale Arenue 189

Lord Stanley 1,26,79,149,263,275,276

Loat Lagoon 101

Louisa 2,8,94,101,105,203,204,243

Ineklucky 190

Lucy 8,55,208
Lunbeman'e Arch (Who! Whol)

7,19,23,25,49,57,65,99,160,
161, 184, 199, 241, 268

tamSxm (aee Houae)

LnHtlnaht (Lomtlnaht) 200,203,204,210

Maclnnea, Tom

100

HaeKenzle

269

Hackle, William

270,271

Ma china

288

Machine*, saving

284

Maddama, Charlie

290

• Bench

290,291

Madeleine (Qaahalla)

117,208,209,272,273,274

Magee Boad

Maggie

Magic lantern

180

Mahly

ISA., 213, 255

Maiden Lena

220

Mall eontraetor

292

Maisie

124,139

Mallard dueks

290

Mamquam
Mammlom, Joe

91
64,82,201,220,285,288

334

322

Man-o-war 196

Manure 290

Map(a) 91,92,125,160,213,217,218,292

", Eliza's 90

Maple Beach 83

" tree* 190

" wood 150

Marega, Charles, Sculptor 185,202,223
Maria 201

Marine Drire 172

Marpole, First settler at 275
Marrlage(s) 9,54,74,75,94,95,197

" , first 208,275

" , " child of first 275,277
" of Joseph SilTey 197

• law, Indian 19T
Marrianne (Swanamia ) 8

Mary inn 4,881,203.204,210

Mary (Layhulette) 541,216,227

Mask(s) 19,53,68,69,70,97,137,138,262

" , Ehahtsahlano Family 148 to 153
Mat(a) 38,39,58,142,161

" , camping 86

" , cedar bark 142

Mathias, Joe (Capilano) (see C)
Mattheson, D.l. 272

Matthews, Major J.S.,

• .Abolition* Potlaches 284,285

" .Comments by 9, 11, 15,16, 18, 20,231,28,35*.,

49,54,55,56,58,59,60.81,64,
68,76,90,96,102,104,107,108,
110, 111, U4, 117,119, 121, 124,
127,128,130,135,136,139,145,
146,147,163,165,167,170,171,
172,174,176,181,182,183,186,
189,190,194,195,196,198,201,
204,205,209,218,219,226,227,
228,233,236,241,242,243,244,
245,252,253,254,256,259,260,
263,267,276,279,281,287,291,
294

Matting

First marriage

275

Indian nomenclature

222

Letter to Ball

220,221

Map

292

Bededlcation of

Stanley Park

275

Tides

280

Visits Qaahailyah

272,273,874

335

Mausoleum

Mayers, Capt. George

Mayor, David Oppenheimer

" McGeer
Mc Bride, Sir Richard

• Pars.
McCleery, Fitzgerald
McCord, Ben
McCraney, H.P.
McDonald, Duncan
McGeer, Mayor (aee Klayala)
McOuigan, W.J.
Mclntoah, Ha yea fc
McMillan Island
Meela

Meat (aee game)
Medicine

" ditch

" for oold

323

1,88, 110, 112, 125, 148, 149, 276

275

275,276

177

160

115

285

236

239

276

290

292

11,13,63,133,135;236

219

134,219

Aft

Menatalot

114,140

Menatia

140

• .Chief

147

Men-o-war

93,196

Methodist Church (aee Church)

" Parsonage

Michael, Billy

100

■ , Chief

118,128

Midden

49,241,258

Milk

51,101,142,150

» cans

101

" Ranch, Seymour Creek

264

Mill, Barnet

" Capt. Stamp's

99,250

" Bat Portage Co.

Mi lis, Moody's

275,277

" Royal City Planing

2M,

Miller, Jonathan

36,40,225,249
265,267

Millie

Mines

196

Minister, First

165,240

55,86,96

100

Miranda, Louis
" Lucy

Mission City

102

" , Borth Vancourer

('Slawn)

51,57,64,144,162,240,248

■ St. Mary's

102

Missionaries

163, 167, 179,282, 294

Mitchell, A.H.

279

Moeesains

29,70,246,261

Molasses

11,13,135,136, ITT

336

324

Molly, heroine

202

Montreal, Bank of

288

Moody's Mill*

275,277

Moody, Napoleon

201

" Port

28,34,50,79,183,274

• Sue

19,20,21

" Tim (Yahmas)

58,64,145,155,186,201

" " Indian nomencla-

ture

223

Moodyrllle

79,102,160,249,250,271,275
19, 20, 544,64,161, 243, 252
167,168,169

" Sawmill

Moonmen at Nootka

Morley, Alan

111

Morton, John

48,221,231,233
228,229

" » First trip

" Ruth

232

Morton's clearing

232

Moss

39,239

Mother

51,52,64,70,74,101,149
166,172

"Mother of all Indians"

Mount Baker

84,85,166,172

" Pleasant

213

Mountain View

Mountains, Garibaldi

62,84,85,248

" Grouse

84,85

» Little

" Sakus

84,85
268

Mowich

Mowltch Jim

201,207,220,286

Mud

290

», blue

136

Mudge, Cape

180

Mules

107,251

Munn, Mr.

163

Murders

180

Murray, John

235

Museum

47,241,261,291

Music

293

Musical instrument

292

Muskeg

160

Muskrats

160

Musquesm

8, 34, 35A, 50, 51, 541,55,56, 94,

95,107,167,196,203,281

2,19,31,44,157,196,214,293

1,160,292

205,213

» Indians

■ Indian Reserve

" Indians, Protest of

Mustache

55,84

337

325

Nails 52,58,262

Name* 162

■ Chief* 159,160

Hanaimo 42,56,95,100,157,163,164,167,

175,176,188,260
" Baation 100

Harrows, First (Suns) 49,51,54A f 55.68,100,123,126,

156,191,200,230,258,259,280,286

" " Bridge

" " Water pi pea in

109,258
49,156

" Second

Narwaez (aee History)

90,122,125

Narry Jack

52,64,115,204,210,220,285

Meah Bay

128

Neil, Herbert

265

Nets, flan

Newman

" Billy

102

New Westminster

27,28,79,116,157,158,160,196,

228 , 229 , 231 , 233 , 234 , 238 , 274 ,

288,292

Nicknames

220

Nicomen

216

Nine o* clock gun

60,64,285

Nlta

273

"Nobby", a game

Nomenclature, Indian

159,189,222,223,226,229

" Hill Tout on

222 , 223 , 224 , 225 , 226

" Isaacs on

222

" Khahteahlano on

222,226,227

" Matthews on

222

• Paull on

222,227,229

" Tate on

222,226,229

Nooksahk

157,162,167

• Hirer

162

Nootks

167,269

" Indians

169

North American Boundary Corn-

mi salon

238

North Arm

64,89,187,192,193,196,202,

203,238,259,293

" » Road

160

Northern Indians

190,260

North VanoouTer (Us t lawn)

31,47,65,239,240

" " Mission

51,57,64,144,162,240,248
292

Nosey Joe

Nye, Alfred J.

835

338

326

Ocean Falls 167,173

Oetopl 280

Octopus 114

Ogden Street 64,71,73

0i * 33,63,138,136,176

• herring 239

" whale 210
"Old Chief" Capilano (aee C)

"Old Cronle" 47,49.544.

"Old Joe" 292

"Old William" 249

Onions 270

OOlichana 33,135,236

" , oil 136,176

Oppenhelmer, Mayor DaTid 19, 23A, 79, 275, 276

Orchard 6,45,94

Ottawa 241

Otter, sea 63

" garments 168

Oxen 4,107,257

Oyster Bay 271

Paapeeak (Brockton Point 25,64,184,273

Pacific Great Eastern Rly. 116

" " * train 44

Paddle 265

Paintlng(a) 23A,45,58,68,69,70,105,110,

132 201

Palnt(s) 37,62,264,266

" black 62

" blue 62

" red 62,264,266

" white 62

" yellow 62

Papoose 232

Parker, Rev. P.O. 229,231,233

Parsonage 82.157,235

Pasley Island 210

Paator 294

Pastoral travels 157,158,160,173

Paull, Andrew Uoltchetahl) 4,8,14,15,19,34,67,144,170,

182,193,194,213,214,215,216,
217,230,248

" " .genealogy of 186

" * , Indian graves 230

" " .Nomenclature 222,227,229

" " , Narrative 183 to 190

» " .Wife of 52

339

327

Peytsamauq

Peace, Indian desire for

Pemberton

Perob

Perkins

Pestle, atone

Pblbbs, J.C.P.

Phonetics

Photo graph(a)

•Pie Pace"
Pier, Ballantyne
Pigeons

Plfe»

Pintail ducka
Pioneers* Association
Pipe line road

Pipes, bag

" waterworks
Pitch sticks
Pittendrlgh
Plant, Addle (nee Young)

" Catherine

■ Delia
" Frank
" Jesse

• Lena

" LiMie

■ Mary
" Peter

Plates, tin

* wooden
Platform

"Plusrper". H.M.C.3.
Point Atkinson

■ , Brockton (aea B)
" , Ferguson

" Grey

" , Langara

• Roberta

a a

" , Boob

• , Watta

• , Proapeot

Indians

Folic

eaan, first

54A,144,188,216

264

224

1,19,29,47,48,53.69,79.82,

105,108,119,148,150,170,197,

199,275

286

284

52, 115, 117, 142

51,84,101,132,163,291

290

279

7,51,79,101,110,128,132,149,

246,258,259,263

293

109,258

258,272

182

79,94,102,208,275,277

277

102

79,102,275,276,277

102

102,277

102

102,103

64,79,102,114,208,275

168

38,39

200,269

50,54A,198,213

126,127,187,190,192,230,258

126

21, 22, 28,34, 35A.82, 83, 126,162,

191,193,253,257

100

3,14,74,162,196,197,279

293
189

100

1,3, 23A,26,31,49, 75,84, 91,126,

127,155,184,192,258

40,94

lie

340

328

Polly 112,117

Pookaloaum 133

Pookcha (Spanish Banks) 278
Poor, Indians 274

Po qui a in Indian Reserve 8

Population, Indian 10,11,12,23,31,141,159,184

Port Moody 28,34,50,79,193,274

Portugese Joe (Joe Silvey) 21.62,64,95,165,208,235,241,

28o

• " , three 220
Postmaster, first 225,226
Post Office 226
Posts 262

Potatoes 26,89,249,250,270

Potlstch 23,31,32,36,39,40,42,53,56,71,

118,140,170,197,203,205,206,
230,240,246,264,265,267
« gifts 170,200,266,284,285

* " .sewing machine 284

» house 1,3,42,44,94,125,126,156,158,

171,181,184,199,200,258,259,
266,284

" , last Indian 287

" , Bancherie 284

" , Seymour Creek 266
Poultice 142,173

Pow wow 56

» house 24,26

Powell RiTer 5

« " Indians 59

» Street 19

Prairie Indians 69,170,246

Praying 180

Preacher 157,158

preaent 170,187,200,266,284

Priest 62,64,65,66,83,116,148,149,214,

243,251,254

" , first 92

Princess 198,200,203

Privy Council 41,178

Prof. Boas 174

Pronunciation 9,34,35,44,50,67,80,86,140,

146 , 155 , 159 , 18* , 213 , 219 , 225 ,
226
Prophesies 116,183,198,293

Proposed fort 100

Prospecting 105

Prospect Point (Chaythoos) 1, 3, 23A, 26, 31,49, 75,84, 91, 126,

127,155,184,192,258

341

329

Protestant school 243

"Protestant hell" 243

Puckhale (or Puchahls) 25,165,241

Pudding 72

Punlahment(s) 121,172

Qpitchetahl (Andrew Paull) 14,15,183,186

Quain-nia 69

Qnal-kin 32

Quataalem 49

Queen Charlotte Island 30

Queen's Day 101

Question, land 177,178,194

Que-yah-chulk (Dick Isaacs) 14

Qullchena 226

Quileetrok 210

Quinah-ten 94

Qwahalia (Madeline) 209,272,273,274

Q»haywat (or Qwywhat) 1, 4, 7, 18, 45, 51, 74, 117, 118,

125,149

Raccoon Island

202

Race, horses

101

Rakes, fish

Railway, Canadian Pacific

225 ,2»«, 235, 272, 292

" Pacific Great

Ba stern

116

Raley, Dr. G.H.

59,82,136,281

Rancheris

144,235,284,287

Ranch, Kanaka

285

" Uaddama

290,291

" Milk, Seymour Creek

264

Handle, Thomas

Raspberries

116

Rat Portage Lor. Co. mill

55.244
248

RaTen

Raymer, James

Rededication of Stanley Park

275

Red paint

62,264,266

342

330

Reid Island 199,207

Relatives 261

Relics, Indian 238,239,244,260,279

Religion, » 62,89

Reserve, Capilano Indian 217

False Creek Indian 159,160,281

Kitsilano Indian

" ",sale of

4l;l94

Muaqueam Indian

1,160,292

North Vancouver

Indian

14,55,117,186,204,240,272

Point Grey Indian

196

Poquiosin Indian

Seymour Creek Indian

I 29,264,266

Skwamish Indian

213,217

" Songhees Indian

118,128,172

" Stamish Indian

Tek-waup-suBi Indian

Revenge

Rhodes, Mr.

216

Richards, Captain

50,54A,213

Ridley. Harold E.
Rifle (see Guns)

20,283

160

Right-of-way, C.P.R.

226

River

54A

" , Campbell

180

" , Capilano

■ , Fraser

28, 29, 50, 54A, 89, 157, 160,

178 , 182 , 187 , 195 , 196 , 213 , 214 ,

223,238,259,293

" , Nooksahk

162

Rivers Inlet

167,179,180

" , Mr.

Road

7,23A,26,27,29.51,79,101,110,
132 , 241 , 242 , 246 , 258 , 259 , 263

■ Alma

226

" Granville

20,55

" Logging

257

" Maggee

" Pipe Line

7,51,79,101,110,128,132,149,

246,258,259,263

" North Arm

160

Roaf, Mr.

264

Roast

•8,73

Roberta Creek

35A.90

Robertson, A.M.

" & Racket

254

Roberts, Point

3,14,74,162,196,197,279

Robes, embroidered

153

Robson, Dr.

294

Roch Point

189

343

331

Book, Seal

" Siwash (aee Siwash)

" Slalacua
Rock (a)

" slat*
Bod, Sturgaon
Roger a, Jerry
Boll, School
Roman Catholica

Bounce of Vancourer
Roof

* openings
Bookerlea, The
Roota

■ , dried fern
" , liquorice

Rope, cedar bark

Rouge

Roundhouae, C.P.R.

Rowla

Rowling

■ , Harry S.

* , Henry S.
Rowlings laland

* Landing
" Station

Royal City Pitting mils

* Engineers

* Humane Society, medal
Rugby

S56

73,75,109,115,136,127,166,

185,189,263,271

271

17,35.1,38,49,62,63

204

4, 32,45, 94, 107, 118, 255

102

116 , 148 , 149 , 214 , 241 , 243 , 248 ,

251

113

161,169,170,269,287

261,262,264,269

220

29,89,134,259,260,262,270

10,12,172

235

52,53,61,71,72,119,120,161

235,272

210

182

238

236

238,239

160

238

288

23X, 112, 149, 160, 238

202

195

Seffln, Kre. T.

Sahix .

Sahp-luck (see Capilano)

Sail(e)

Sailing ahips

Sails, deer akin

Saltupsua

Sally

Saloon

Salpean

245

189

104,106

Qi .03 .,167, 293

104,106

91,93,167,293

108,163,167,168

251

4 , 14 , 99 , 165 . 241 , 249 ,270 , 2(

2 3,i4,33,9Ll62,e7T,236,i

82.197,198,209

255

,270,284
286

344

332

Sandbar (Branville Island)

Sandflata

Sandstone

San Ftanciaco

Sardla

Saaamat

Sausage

Sawmill, Dominion

■ Jader Bros.

" Hastings

" • , storekeeper
" Captain Stamp's
" Moodyville
" Hat Portage Co.
Sawn boards
Scales, Logging

» Mr.
School (see Iducation)
" , Alexander
" , boys and girls
" , Haatings Sawmill
" , Protestant
■ roll
Schooling
Schooner (s )
3c junk

Scoalak, Chief
Scott, Charles
Scow

", Johnny
Sculptor (Harega)
Sea forth Drill Ball
Sea forth Highlanders
Sealing
Seal Rocks
Seals
Sechelt (Stawk-ki-yah)

« Indians
Second Beach (Staitwouk)

» Narrows
Secret order
Seoret Societies
See-ahm (a chant)
Seeyikclaymulk
Semelsno , Chief
Semiahao Bay
Sentell, S.B.,
Serpent, legend,

• slayer
Servants

,Oi,oa,oi,a<t,Da,

26,144,214,249,

,284,286,287,288

«T

19, 20, 541., 64, 161

287

15,18

163,164,252,290

290

173,174

102

243

102

183

91,100,180,210

90,153,201

128

105

290

163

185,202,223

210

258

42.56,260,261

5,34,35A.,90

27,31,101,136,184,265

173,174,175

287

50, 841

216

162

219

15,16

186

261

345

333

Settler, first at Snauq 3

Settlement, first Indian 1

Sewing machines 284

Seymour Creek (Chay-chil-wk) 29,31,65,118,144,157,161,162

" " Indian Reserve 29,264,266

" ■ Milk Ranch 264

Shakes, cedar 91,94,161,262,264,266

Shalal 176

Shap-luk 104,106

Shaughneasy Heights 226

Shawl 8,105,267

Sheep 51,132,163

Sheepshanks, Bishop £32

Shells (clam) 49,60,152,153,219,241,242,258

" " , mounds of 175,260

Shoea 246

Ship (a) (see Schooners) 93

" , First sailing 108,167,168

" , H.M.C.S. Discovery 154

" , Steam, Capilano 33

" , War 93,94,125,126,180,196

Shoot 74,91,92,93,101

Shooting 290

Shop, First butcher 82

Shot, Cannon 93

Siok 56,80,112

Silvey, Joe (Portugese Joe) 94,195,196,197,208,209,210,

211,220

" , Mary -Ann

(Khaal-tln-aht) 197,198

Sim-aah-mulla 73

Simmons, Joseph Silvey 195

Simpson, Fort 167,173

Slmson, Calvert 284,286,287,288

Singing hymns 180

Sister (s) of Khahtsahlano 4,8,94,132,165

Site, camp 241

Siwash Camp 219

" , Epithet 250,254,285,289

■ Indians 289

" Legend 253

» Rock (Slahkayulsh) 73,75,109,115,126,127,166,

185,189,263,271

" " , Wife of 75

" , The word 124,146,155

Skaslsh 263

Skakultum 541

Skate 61

Skaywitsut (Point Atkinson) 187

Skeletons 241

346

334

Sko-mush-oath
Skwa-lock-tun
Skwawaish Indian Reserves
Skwa-yoos, Chief

" (ritsilano Beach)
Slabs, cedar

" , making
Slahkayulsh (Siwash Rock)
Slail-wit-tuth (Indian River)
S la la cum Rock
Slate chisel
Slave (s), Indian
'Slawn, (North Vancouver Mis-
sion)
Sleep
Sliamson
Sling

Slippery, Dick (Supple Dick)
Small Bands, Reason for
Smallpox
Smamchuze
Smelts
Smith, Joe, (buried alive)

" , Harland,

" , Mrs. D.R.

" , Peter
Smoke

"Smoke got in my eyes*
Smoking
Snakes
Snauq. (Burrard Bridge)

Snow

Snowstorm

3nowa", "Two

Soap

Societies, secret

Songhees Reserve

• " , value of

" " , amount re-
ceived
"Sore Neck Billy"
Sores

Spackman, Her, F.S.
Spaniards
Spanish

" Banks

" Explorers

" " , Record

354.

187

217

137,253,255,357,268

138

24,26,44,45,58,61,126,129,

148 , 159 , 169 , 190 , 279 , 281 , 287

129

172,185,189

22,49

271

38,130

66,67,68,179,203,261,269

44,84,264,266

17,248

232

162

21, 23, 23A, 25, 241

5,354,190,254

2,4,8,18,33,191,217

159

211,285

32,64,201,210

261 , 264 , 269 , 281 , 284 , 287

287

293

41,252

1,3,5,7,10,23,31,40,44,45,

49,51,55,65,71,75,86,88,

118 , 140 , 149 , 167 , 171 , 176 , 181 ,

245,255,257,270,281,286

183

293

118,128,172

172

220

174

289

21,22

90,91

71,72,125,217,278

100,217

100

347

335

Spars
Spear (lag)

" (•)

• flint

" iron
Spectacle
Speech
Spelling
Split cedar

Splitting cedar, method of
Spoon (a)
Sprague, Jack
Spratt's Ollery
Springer, Ben
Spruce

Spuc-ka-naah
Squaw ( a )
Squamiah

Buildings
Dree*
Tlaga
Houaea
Indian Canoe

" Council
Indiana

82,270,271

27,30,33,46,52,63

100,143,177,235,21

279

100

"Squamiah Jacob"

" Language

" Maaka

" Northern boundary

" RiTer

■ Territory

" Tribe

• (Whoi-nuek)

Squatter(a)
Squirrel
Stable
Stage

Stait-wouk (Second Beach)
Stanish

" Beaerre
Stamp, Captain
Stamp 1 a Mill
Stanley, Lord

" Bon. Mr.

" Park

279

34,56

189

30,42,90,159,281

130

39,56

232

239

54a., 843

89,122

231,232,233,270

5, 7, 10, 12, 14,234, 25, 31,33,

44,47,49,62,66,68,75,81,90,

94,133,183,186,187,253,257

287

47,188

170

201,215,216

5, 17,18,351., 44, 50, 53, 63, 71,

108,113,162,173,187,213,215,

241

220,221

22,59

148

3,4,8,11,15,34

34,47

15,29,34,53,70,99,160,162,

186,215

66,99,185

150

101

266

31,32,33,51,136,189

81,91

99 250

1,26,79,149,263,275,276

276

1,4, 7,8, 14,19, 21,23, 23i.,85.

26,39,40,51,53,55,64,79,101,

109,132,161,184,185,201,229,

231,240,241,246,258,263

348

336

Stanley Park, cattle in 27,277

" " dedication of 1,79,149,259,275,276

" " driveway (see

road) 23-49.229,258
" " community bouse 159,161

" " , houses at 21,23,231,42,58,

• " Indians 157,160,162

" " , proposed fort at, 100

Indian village, 246

Starr, Captain

162

" Jim

162

Station, Bowlings

238

Staw-ki~yah

351., 47, 90, 201

Stawmass

186

Stay-meulk

140

St. Catherines Street

290

Steam bath

219

Steamboat

273,274

Steamer "Beaver"

155

" "Capilano"

Steers

101

Stephenson, Dr. F.C.

181

Sternwheeler

209

Steven's Ferry

160

Stereston

163

Stick, fire

Sticks, pitch

258,272

Stikine, Joe

261

Stoak-tui (or Stuk-tuks)

185

Stockade

187

Stogan, Chief

195

Stone

17,89

" Arrowhead*

" Anchor

71,72,73

» Chisel

29,61,89,148

83,86,291

232,233,234

" , fire

" , grind

" Hammer

29,30,61,89,148,291

" Knife

30,39,72

" , lacrosse

" Tools

235,236,291

Store

196

" , firs*

165,241

Stories (see Legend)

109,279

Storekeeper

288

" , third

284

Strangers

293

Stream

Street car line

226

349

337

Streets, Abbott

Balaam

Bayawater

Broadway

Gamble

Carrall

Cedar

Chestnut

Cordora

Cornwall

Cypres*

Denman

Georgia

Granville

Hamilton

Heather

Herald

Homer

Howe

Imperial

Main

McDonald

Ogden

Powell

St. Catherines

Trafalgar

Water

Tew

York
Stuckale (Greet Northern

Cannery)
Stuk-tuka (or 3 t oak- tux)
Sturgeon

" , fishing for

rod
Sugar

* Jake
Somas
Sum-kwa-ht
Sun, Vancouver
Sunnyaide Float
Sunz (Fir at Narrows)
Supper
Supple Dick, Chief (or

Slippery Dick)
Supplejack (Khay-tulk or

Hay-talk) (see

Hay-tulk)

,2*5,

156,160,294

226

226.290

82,87,215,259

5,82,228.235,272,286

1,6,45,70,245

44,45,71,73

19,56

156

64,118

228

19,160,254,257,

270

164

294

5,35A,254

122,125,126

160

107

64,71,73

290

226

82,197,246,248,266,294

45,253,255

226

90,91,173

185

10,237

71,72,73,204,257

204

10,12,164,279

220

107,204

113

26,49,75,109,223,263

232

1,4,5,7,8,20,23,63,84,86,99,
100,101,102,111,114,199,220,
249,258,275

350

338

Supplejack, grave (see mausol-
eum 1, 19, 23A, 26, 88, 132, 133, 258,
259,263,276
Supplien Guinne (French John)79,208
" " Genealogy 275

" " Mrs.
Supreme Slam
Survey
Surveyor
Susan
Swamp
Swanamia
Sweeny

Swet, Philander
Swhy-whee (Swywee)
SwiUamcan
Sword
Swymuth (New Westminster)

208,275

215

132,190

210

159,160,257,260,286

1,4,8,28,83,88A,153

288

251

69,239

255

293

172

Taat- turn-sum
Table
Talt, W. L.

" Sawmill
Tales

" , "Jlairy"
Talton Place
Tate, Rev. C. M.

" " , Autobiography of

" " , books by

" * , death of

" " on Indian graves

" " " Nomenclature

" " , memorial tablet,

" " , narrative

» " , pastoral travels,

Tay-Hay

T.B.

Tchwashins

Tck-qualia (Tck-Kwalla) (see
lacrosse)

Telegraph

Telford, Dr.

TsTshes

Tea

109,279,280

287

226

3,4,9,23,30,155,195,213,214,

215 , 240 , 255 , 260 , 269 , 281 , 294

163,164

181

230

222,226,229

156 to 180

157,158,160,164

23, 23A, 42, 49 ,118,199

142

293

80,245

196

116

10,12,56,158,279

351

339

Teacher, school

252

Teaching, Christian

174

Teal, ducks

290

Teeth

73,173

Tee-who- qwem- kee

Tender Jim

113

Ten widowa

118,128

Texada Island

Third Ayenue

Thit-see-mah-lah-mough, Chief
Thluk-thluk-way-tun (Barnet
Kill)

160,195,226

22,49

Thoaaa, Chief

160

" , Joe

203,204,210

Thompson, 7. J*

264,267

Thunderbird

137,289

Tide

52,284,286,290
280

" extreme low

Timber

Timber t Trading Co., B.C.

mils

288

Time, measurement of

Tim Moody (Tabmas)

58,64,145,155,185,186,

,201

Tin-tw-mayuhk

Toboggan, Indian

Toe-who-quam-ki (Tow-hu-

quam-kee), or

56,74,286

Tow-who-quam-kee

Tom-quam-kee

Tow-hy-quam-kee

To-who- quam-ki

Tooktakamai

3,14,49
1,149

Took-tpaak-mik

Tom, Alec

20,21

Toman, Tommy

273,274

Tom, Chief

Tomb

1 7,19,23*,

Tom-toms 231,264,267

Tools 130

" . stone 235,236,291

Totem poles 24,49,57,103,246,261,289

Tow-hu-quam-kee (see Toe-

who-quamki) or 42,45,73,94

Tow-hy-quam-kee

To-who- quam-ki

Tom-quam-kee

Tow-who- quam-kee
Tractor, stemm 107

Tracy, Col. 263

352

340

Trade
Tradition
Trafalgar street
Trail(a)

" , early

" , Indian

n , wagon
Train, first C.P.R.
Trapping

Travels, pastoral
Treasure
Tree, burial
Trees

" , abandoned

" , alder

" , apple

" , cherry

" , crabapple

" , cedar, falling

" , fruit

" , hemlock

" , maple
Tribe(s) (see Indiana)

" Nootka

" Skqomic

™ Squamish

" Yuclataws
Trim, Harry

», Mrs.
Trites, Mrs. S.E. (nee Madd-

ams)
Trotter, Quinton James
Trout
Tsa-atalum (Point Grey) or

(Tsa-taa-alum)
Tsaa-tsmat
Tsawnassen Beach
Tse-nark, Charlie
Tsimpseans
Tumbth (point)

Tum-ta-may(h)-tun (Belcarra)
Turner, Corporal

" ReT. James
Turnips
Tutamaht

29,255

84,183,184,292

226

23,25,44,101,160,175,185,

218,228,260,287

257

25,26,28,110,235,246,247

193

29 93

157,156,160,173

64,71

159,190,229,230

127

185

33,62

116

123,127

129,185,235

6,45,94

33,122

190

158,163,174,289

169

213

15,29,34,53,70,99,160,162,

186,215

34,68,175,180,189

201,210,211

211

290,291
248
10
22

193

279

102

176

22,49

218

157,239

,144,207

51,]

353

341

Ulkaen 213

Uncle 55

Undergarments, cedar 190

Union Steamship 33

United State* 102

Ustlawn (North Vancouver) 31,65,272

Uthkyme 252

Valdez 193

Vancouver 41,115,193,248,265,267

" . Capt. 5,21,22,23A,47,50,54A,68,

107,144,183,184,188
" i " Excerpts from

Journal 191,192

" , City Archives 275,276,279,291

" , Harbour 12

" , Hotel 19

" , Island 212,289

" , North, (Ustlawn) 31,47,65,239,240

" , " , Mission 57,64,240,248

" .Pioneers Assoc. 279

" .South 238

" Sun 113

" , West, 93,129,189,218

Vegetables (see food) 26,27,39,89,270

Cabbage 270

Carrots 26

Onions 270

Potatoes 26,89,249,250,270

Turnips 27

Venison 38

Vietorie 21,30,32,42,101,118,151,157,

163,167,177, 180, 195, 196, 288

■ Indian Mission 163
Village (see Chaythoos)
" False Creek
" Settlement
" Snauq.
" Yekwapsum

Villages, Indian 279

Voigt, A.J.Julius 213

Virgin Mary", "The 220,287

354

342

Walker, lira. James

Graves

,father
, Genealogy
,Indian

Narrative

Wagon
Walls
Warrior (s)
Warships

" , Better Than

" on English Bay
Wash

Washington State
Water

» , fresh, creeks

" pipes
Waterfowl
Water street
Waterworks, Capilano

" pipes
Watson, Jim

■ , Bohert
Watts Point
Wealth
Weapons
Wedding, first
Wells, Mr.

Wesleyan Methodist Church
West Coast Indians
West find
Westminster

" Avenue
"Westminster to West End"
West Vancouver
Wha-halia
Whale oil
Whales
Whaling

Whalwahlayten (Watts Point)
Whee-why-luk, Chief Johnny
"Where is Hell"
Whetstone
Whiskers
Whisky
Whi tenon, before

" , coming of
" , first

94,107

206,209

204,208,210

230

195 to 201, 203 to 212

49,286

262

175,187,215

93,94,125,126,196

180

15,17,39,40,124

157,166

1,3,10

192

109,258

184

197,246,248,288,294

109,258

156

100

79,102

171

163

167

44,45,160,218,228

21,28,32,65,92,101,158,163,274

257

228

93,129,189,218

208,209

210

32,210

210

100

204,205

207

279

5,47,198,293
5,10,11,47,50,54A,107,115,192,

213,223,25V»3

355

343

Whltemen, bouses of

* , Indian wires of
White paint
Whoi-nuck (Squamish)
Whol-Whol (Lumberman* s Arch)

Wbonnock

Why-wat

Wicks, Thomas P.

Widows, ten

Wild animals

Wilfred

Wilkie, Otway

Willahmcan

William", "Old

Williams, Alfona*

" , Mrs.

• *

Willie Jack

Willis, Lieut.

lilson, Ben

Winter

Wise men

Witeh doctor

Wires, Whit eaten* s Indian

Wolf

WolTSS

Women

Madeline

Wood, firs

Woolen cups
" dipper
■ plates
" spoons

Wool

Work, Indian

272,273,274

2,8,56,70,71,92,118,143

45,58,70

165,288

101

108,288

101

51.76,84,167,183

261

64,94.199,201,209,210,251

47.230,254

261

8,12,15,36,51,58,74,89,94,118,

120,136,142,175,179,240,243,

249,260,263

84,87

39,

38,39

39,56

170

29,53,289

Tahmas (Tim Moody)
Tale, "Port")

" Indians
Talmn (Jericho Core) or
(lyalmu)

274

157,167,171,178,195,196,209

196

122

356

344

Yekwaupavua 4

Yellow paint 62

Yew street 45,253,255

Ye« 48

Yho-whahl-tun 116

Ykhopaln Reserve 2

Young, Ada (Addle) 79,94,102,208,275,277

Yukite 81

Yookwits 91

Yucklataw Indiana (Yuclataw) 34,68,175,180,189

"Zambeai" 288

357

358

Umi QT IHDIiM PKR30SS

COMFIUD 1ROM C0MYHBSATI0H3

1951-1940

Major J,8. Itrtthw. T. D.
City ArehlTft.

YaneouTar. B. C.

359

360

IHDII

NAMB3 Of IHDULH PSRS0N3 WHO LIVE) OH

BOHRAHD IHUT AMD NORTH ABM. TRASBL BlVffi

(Prior to 1900)

Ayatak 6

Aht-aolka 10

Aht-aulk 10

Ca-qual-lia

CtltMlit 8

Ca~whahl-tun t

Charlton 10

Cka-arhl-tnn 13

CUulMt t

Chilahminat 11

Chllwlohtun . • t

C MbImJi ••••••••••• «»*B

Chip-k*ay-« 1,14

Cho-fcah-mai 14

Caiaa qnaht 9

Chants 10,12

Cbupaylna IS

Dtatichhookahnan 4

Staa , 5

Qahlinultoowh 7

Gaargaa S

Barton 1

Hay~aaeh-tua 15

Jow-yak .8

Ka-ak-aala It

Kahn*kul-tun 7

Kanaohmok 14

Karaak 4

Kayalah T

Kay-ya-yoyt-kin 11

Ksa-ah-plah-noo 4

raa-olat 1

Khaal-tln-aht 6,9

Khan-nay 1

Khahta-aahlano 1

Khahtaahlanough 1

Khar-Ink 1

Xhay-kail-tun 7

Xhay-tulk 1.2

Khy-nook-ton 14

Kl-ap-a-la-no 4,6

ELa-o-aaht 15

Ko-ko-hah-luk It

Kftanatan 15

Kwa-hoa-aah 10

Kaa-ah-kulton 9

Xfta-yab-ohnlk 11

Bra-al-am IS

Lay-klya 6

Lahwa 5

Lanwh-loat i

Lay-hn-latta 1

Lay-uoh-loat .7

Lohta-kvanaaht IS

Lok-y-lok 5

Loav-tin-aht 8,9

Manatlot 8

Hon-atal-ot *

Man-ah-tla 8

■ah-hay-naa It

Fap-qualk 144

Payta-aa-a a nq, 4

rai-kvay-lwa It

361

Qoit-che-tahl 11

Qnal-kln 111.

Quataaylea 1

(>iil-«at-rok 6

feilt-aay-aot 13

Qpa-hay-Ha 11

Qahy-wat 1,2

Bowla 8

Sahp-lok 7

Saita-kul-tun 14

Salp-oan 14

Satahaia V

Baa-aa-la 12

Saa-klk-klay-cittlk ....9
Saa-yow-khwa-lia ......

Samllano 15

Sklab-lapt-ohan ..... .4

Skwa-loek-tun 12

Skwloh-ah* .8

Sqoalth-kain ..5

Stanialaa 2

Stawnae-qjii-ya 4

Suk-aay-kloat 2

SttB-ksaht 9

Swanaaia 2

Svlllaaoaa 14

Tab-hay 16

Ta-outs 6

Thelka 6

Thltsee-uah-lanough ..15

Total-aaut .13

Tow-hu-quan*-kaa 14

Tse-all-ia 6

Taamalano 15

Tokut 15

Tul-ain-auat 16

Tuaah 5

Tu-tah-aabt 5

Wal-wai-ken 15

Whal-aptaa 4

Whae-why-luk .........15

Vbel-tuB-tun 12

Vlll-ahav-oan 14

Wla-chay-lia 13

Yahaaa 5,5, 11

Taaaehoot 14

Tbo-whabl-tun 3

362

KHAHTSABXANO (Kltallano)

INDIAN wy ^t
Quat-aay-lwa

ENGLISH
None

BTCT.ATIONSHIP

lather of Qvhy-what, wife of
August Jack.

(Authority - AJK Oct.8,1939)
Corrected June 12, 1942.

Khaht-aah-lanough None

Son of Chief "Old Han"

Ehahtaahlanough .

(Authority - AJK July 7,1932)

Cbip-kaay-a

Chief George Brother of Khahtaahlanough

(Authority - AJK July 7,1932)

Khay-tulk

Supplejack Son of Khahtaahlanough

(Authority - "Karly Vancourer",
Vol.2, p.14,40,42)

Kee-olat

Peter

Brother of Khay-tulk.
(Authority - AJK Apr. 20, 1939)

Khar-luk

Brother of Khay-tulk
(Authority - AJK Apr. 20, 1939)

Khah-ny

Slater of Khay-tulk
(Authority - AJK June 2,1939)

QHhy-wat

Sally

Wife of Khay-tulk
(Authority AJK Aug.8,1932)

Haxten

Mra .Harriet
George

Slater of Qwhy-wat
(Authority - Andy Paul,
Jan.10,1933)

Khaht-aah-la-no August Jaek

Son of Khaytulk k. Qshy-wat
(Authority - AJK Hot. 23,1936)

363

Li.

tot huk rrrsiujjo and khahts-sab-lah-ho

I have always claimed that the true meaning is "Man
of the Lake", i.e., aa we use title* Prince of Wales,
Cake of Connsught, larl of Derby, etc., etc. The fol-
lowing more or less confirms it. from

TBAYXL AW) ADYBITORE IN ALASKA." . 1868 . by Whymper,
Copt in City Archives, bine binding, gold letters .
Page 47; The Indian name for Cowiehan Lake Is

isstsa".

The Cowiehan Indians and the Indians at the mouth of
the Trsser Hirer were closely allied. If then •lanough*
or *lano* means •man*, then ESatzalanough, and Ihahtsah-
lahnoough are so similar ss to be indiatingoishable when
converted into letters of the Jtagliah language alphabet.
Besides, no two Indians pronounce their own words exactly
silk*.

J. 3. M.

364

t«>ta» gym
Khsytulk

BBfflmBJB (r 1 *» U«ao) cont'd.
XNGLXSH

Willi* Jack

BKLATI0H3HIP

Son of Khaytulk at Oshy-wat
(Authority - AJK Hot. 23,1936)

Mariaa

Wife of August Jack

Khahtsahlano.
(Authority - AJK July 7,1938)

Chll-wioh-tum

Wilfrad

Son of A. J. Khahtaahlano k.

Swanaaia.
(Authority - J3M Umo July 1930)

Suk-say-kloat

Iran*

Daughter of A. J. Khahtaahlano

ft Swanaaia.

(Authority - JStf Ifeao July 1939)

Qwhy-wat

Louisa

Daughter of A. J. Khahtsahlano

flt Swanaaia.

(Authority - JSH Memo July 1939)

Chin-al-set Jerieho Second husband of Qwhywat.

Charlie (Authority - AJK Hot. 23,1934)

Menatlot

(Mea-atel-lot)

Jirat wife of Shinaotaet (Chin-al-set)

(Authority - AJK July 16,1940 &
Baptismal certificate 1879)

Men-eh-tia, aaaeuline
of Men-atel-lot

Cs-whahl-twn

Celssslst

Doalnie

(Authority - AJK July 16,1940)
Son of Chin-al-set and Qwhywat
A wife of Chinaouaet (Chin-al-set)

Stanislas

A son of Chinaouaet and Celeselat
(Authority- Baptiaasl cert. 1869)

365

tow w tf rt

Gaorga*
Tho-Wiahl-Tun

tw^to^ht jjuq (Kits llano) cont'd,

BJGLI3H

RgT.^TTOWSHTP

A son of Chinaouaet and

Celeaalat
(Authority - Baptiaaal cert.

1669

A Squaniah chief on reaerra 85
Miles up Squaniah Hirer .
(Authority - UK 0ct.24,18*0)

366

COMVIBSATIOH with August Jack Ihahtsahlano, my old Squamish

f£ !?. ?I r 8 *** 5 ^ J. 8 *^}?" 11 """"S greatest liYlng authority
•a the history of his tribe—who does not read nor write—

J&w*!! 1 *??*?? th « ^P 11 "© In*i«> Beserre, Horth Vancouver,
with hie little wife, Mary inn, or Swanamia, a demure lady,
now the only Indian woman in these parts who continues to old
Ctt,to * of wearing a shawl. I respect and admire August more
and more the longer I know him; a kindly man, and wise. This
KSE'X.f* °* Ba "trolling into my office, the City ArehiTes.
City Hall, to see mm; nothing especial on his mind.

May 16th 1949.

AUGUST JACK Major Matthews; "What does this
mean? It says here on this bap-
tismal certificate of yours, sign-
ed by lather Jregonne in 1879, that
yon are the son of Shinoatset,
When you Were a small boy, dldn»t

(Chinalset) end Menatalot.

they call you Menatalot, because you were a baby, and had not

been named.

n»eht«jih-iiinr.| "I don't know posi-
tively who Menatalot was; she must have been my godmother; if
so she must hare been a Sechelt woman. When I was a very lit-
tle boy I was oallsd Manatia; Man-at-ia. Menatalot mirfit have
been a half sister.

.bout tw.lwe, they e.ll you Sta^S?^ '*"*' *** »" ™

Ihahtsahlano; "That's right.

Major Matthews ; (endeaTorlng to copy
August's pronunciation) "Stay-Sulk; Stay-maugh; Stay-mauehlk;
(impetuously) "Oh, I give up". ^^

. A Khshtsahlanot "Tou»ll have to get

your tongue set right. So that it will click like mine,
(finally, and almost exhausted, the best Major Matthews oaa do
"Stay-mmulk".) "So, after a time, my peoples say to me, 'Ton
go* tired of that name; tired of Stay-maulk; we give you another
name. So they had a potlatoh at Snauo., (False Creek Indian Be-
serre) and call me Khahtaahlano* (see "SiBLT VANBOUVBt," Vol. 4;
page 10 It 11, Matthews. "Hamlng of Khahtaahlano".)

■• Oo>

367

it HOMPLcmanr

EK2.ISH

RJCATIOHSHIP

Vhalaptaa

■on*

He had eeren mbs and alx dau-
ghtara; his fifth child was
Staw-aeyqni-ya, a If a of Peyt-
eaaauq, half brother to Chief
Ki-ap-a-lano , and grandmother
of Andrew Paul, at Uatlawn, 1940.

Ste m ■ — '-qnl-ya

Fifth ehlld of Walaptaa, and
grandmother of Andrew Paul, North
Vancouver*

Mclah-lapt-ehea

Yarloualy apelt "Sehalehptun"
and "Cheekulkaaan", father of
old Chief Ki-ap-a-lano, and hla
half brother Payteaaauq..

Ptatlohooi*ahn—

■one

Another father of Kee-ah-plah-noo,
or Ki-ap-a-lano, and hla half
brother Paytaaaauq.
(Authority J. J. C.Bell, Indian
Agent latter, Sept .£1,1937)

Kl-ep-e-la-no

Mono

Chief Kl-ap— a-la-no, or "Old

Chief Ki-ap-e-lano, aentloned

by Capt. Hlcharda, diapatohea,

1059.

(Authority - "torly Tanoourer",

Tol. 8, p. 50.)

Keeahplahaao

aa Capt. Richard' a
Kl-ap-a-la-no .

(Authority - JJC Ball, Indian
Agent letter Sept. £1,1937)

Payf-oa- a ana.

■oaa

Son of Sklah-lapt-ehen, and
half brother to Chief

Ki-ap-a-la-no, 1859.

(Authority - "IARLT VANCOUVER",
Tol. £, p. 50)

368

AT HflMDL nffpnp ( apnt'd) .
EKSLISH

IHDIAH HAMB
Lok-y-lok

KEXA.TIOHSHIP

Bon*

Wife, from Cape Madge, of
Paytaamauq..

Lahwa

■one

Son of "Old Chief" Kl-ap-a-lano ,
who, as Chief Lahwe, be
sueoeeded. He lired at Homul-
eheaun, First Harrows.

Squalth-kain

■one

Xlder brother of Lahwe.
Also apelt "qual-kin"

Ta-tah-maht

Mrs. Chief

Dau. of "Old Chief" Klapalano
by hie Sliamon wife. Tu-tah-maht
waa full aiater to Chief Lahwe,
and half slater to Ayatak*a
father Kar-nuk, all three were
children of old Chief Kiapalano*
(Authority - Sled on or about
Sept. 24,1923, and monument in
North Vanoourer Indian Cemetery)

Tehama

Chief Tom Tatahaaht*a husband. Bat after
Chief Toa*a death, Tim Moody
assumed Tahaaa. See below.

Chlm-hah

Mr a. Chin-bah

Daughter of Tatahmaht.

They were both of same family.

Itas

Mrs. Toaab Daughter of Mrs. Chinbah, grand-
Johnny daughter of Tutahmaht.

Tamah
Ta

Tumah Johnny
Tim Moody

After Chief Tom's death, Tim
Moody, last Indian with flat
head, aesumed "Tahaaa". He died
22nd Dec. 1936. (See aboTe).

369

il HOMJLCP fgfTH fft.rmtM),

Kar-nmk

HJGLISH

Charlie

PWT^-rrnwafflp

Sen of "Old Man" Chief

Ki a pa lane.

(Authority - A.J.K. June 25,

1942. Auguat said "Son of "Old

Man" Chief Kiapalano".)

Ayatak

frank Charlie

Son of Charlie Kamuk of the true
Cepllano family at Muaqueam;
Prank Charlie' a father was half
brother to Tutahmaht, who waa
full slater to Chief Lahwa.

H-ap-e-la-no

"Young" Kiapaleno, son of "Old
Chief"; he llred at 'itaaqueam.

Te-outo

Hone

Son of Paytsamauq & Stawmequlya;
a child of hla (Te-oute) family
waa "Big Sam" of Powell BlTer.

Thelha

Mrs. Christina

Jack

Daughter of "Narry Jack" (John
Thomas) pre-empto.r West
Vancouver, and his Indian wife.
(Authority- Mr a. Alice Crakan-
thorp, conversation Jan. 8, 1944)

Ta*-all-ia

(Mrs.Jobnay Baker
(Mrs. "Squaaish
Jacob."

Ancestor, et time of death Apr.

4,1944. of 194, deacendants, see

"Baker's Clearing*, Stanley

Park*

(Authority- "Province", Apr. 5,

1944, and Pile "Baker, John.")

Lakeya, or
Lah-klya

■one

Another aon of Patsamauq.; think
half brother of Te-outa; he
waa a murderer.

370

AT HOUOLCHKSUH (cont'd) .

INDIAN NAM!

ENGLISH
KAMI

RTCT.AfTnMgpp

Khay-kail-tun or Nona
3kha-»kul-tun, or
KabukultuB

Son of Payte-sa-mauq, and
father of Agnes, coaannly called
"Mrs. Mary Capilano", wife of
Chief Capilano Joe.
(Authority - UC Ball, Indian
Agent, letter 3ept*21,1937)

Gehlinultoowh

Squanieh Son of Kahukultun, and siater
Jacob to Lauwhloat.

(Authority, FJC Ball, Indian
Agent, letter Sept. 31, 1937)

Lay-hu-lette or
Lauwhloat, or
Lay-uch-loat

lira. Mary Daughter of Kahukultun
Capilano. Daughter of Khay-kail-tun.
Also "Old Mary" Wife of Chief Capilano Joe;
Also Agnea. conaonly called "Mrs. Mary
Capilano."

(Authority- T. J. C. Ball, 21/ 7/37.
A.J.E. 30th June 1939)

Sahp-luk

Eyaa Joe,
Capilano Joe,
Chief joa
Capilano

Husband of Lay-hu-lette , or
Agnea; father of Chief Mathlaa
Joe.

Kaya-lah

Chief Mathlaa
Joe

Son of Chief Joe and "Mary"

Satahaia

KLlen or Helen

Wife of Chief Mathlaa Joe of
Capilano .
(Authority - AJE)

371

muajua

AT H0MOI^ F|«nft ( cont'd).
BIGLISH

RSUTIOMaffTP

Skwleh~ah«

Buffalo

Son of Chief Methlas Jo* and
Satahaia

Qnil-eet-rok

Son of 'Old Chief Kl-ape-la-no
of lluaquean and Honulchesun.
(Authority - Bra. Jasea Walkar
nae Elisabeth SilTey Sapt. 23,
IMS)

Joe-yak

Susan

Ildeat daughter of Quil-eet-rok

Ihaal-tin-eht

Mary Ann Saoond daughter of Qiutil-eet-rok,

and nothar of Marian Elizabeth
Siirey, eldest child of Joseph
SilTey, or 'Portugese Joe* of
Oastown.

Bowls (pronounced
ss in tttow' or
»•)

Third daughter of Qull-eet-rok.

tin-aht

Louise

Toungeat daughter of Qail-eet-rok.

(i.s. the four daughters of Quil-eet-rok, all granddaughters
of 'Bid Chief* Ji-ap-a-la-no Mentioned by Cspt. Richards, of
H.M.8. 'nonpar'' in his report about 1859 of his Yieit to
Bnrrard Inlet.)

372

AT WBOI-WHDI YILULGI

IMDIAM HAM

INGLI3H

BILAII0H3HIP

aua»k*aht, or
Oa f fat

Hon*

Wife of Squamiah who waa son of
Old Chiof Xlapalano, 1850, and
Mother of Ihaaltlnaht and
Lontinaht

Ihaal-tin-aht

nary

flrat wife Joseph Sllrey,
'Portugese Joe, Ho. 1*, full
•later to Lom-tln-aht, both
granddaughters of Old Ohlef
Klapalano, 1869, and mother of
MT a. James Walker.

(Authority - Mrs. James Walker,
Aug. 17, 1939.

tln-aht

Louise

Sister of Xhaaltlnaht, and Aunt
of Mrs. James Walker.

Kwe-ah-kultun

Brother to Suakwaht, and a chief
at Whoi-Whol.

(Authority - Mrs. Janes Walker,
Aug. 17, 1999)

3eo-ylk«4aay-BM lk

Oldest women, and the only woman,
liwlng at Whol-Whol, 1886; all
the others gone away.
(Authority - A.J.I. 15th Apr. 1936.
"larly ▼aneourer," Vol.3, p.7)

See-yew-khwa-lla
or Ce-oual-lia

Had one of the houses at Whol-
Whol in 1886.

(Authority - A.J.I. 19th Hot. 1937.
"larly Vaneouwor", Tol.3, p.7)

373

AT WHOI-WHPI VILLAGE (cont'd)

IGLISH

WTeT^TTOWHTTTP

Aht-Sblka or
Aht-eulk

Had another of the laat houaea
at Whoi-Khoi in 188ft.
(Authority - AJK Not.19,1937,
"larly VanecuTer", Tol.3, p,7)

Ckuntfc

An old Indian man who occupied
a third Indian houae at Whoi-whoi
in 188ft.

(Authority - AJX 19th Nov. 1937.
"Early Vancouver", Tol.3, p.f)

Aunt Sally Mowitch Jia«» wife, ahe died

April 1983.

Mowitch Jla Aunt Sally* a husband

Pra-hee —A

Lney

Seoond wife of Joaeph Sllvey, or

"Portugese Joe", but ahe waa a

Seehelt, and mother of Kra. Mary

Bona.

(Authority - Mr a. Mary Busa,

June £9, 193ft)

374

THnTip am
Kwe-yah-chmJbk

AT U3T-LAWH (TOg VAHCOUVER)
BTOLISH

RELATIONSHIP

Sick Isaacs LiTing in 1940.

(Authority - "Early Vancouver",
Vol.2, p. 7, and AJK Deo. 29,
1930)

Qua-nay-lia

Madeline Living in 1940. Second wife of

John Deign ton, alias "Gassy
Jack" of Gastown.
Died Aug. 10, 1946.
(Authority - Mr a. James Walker,
April SO, 1940)

Tab-ass

Tim Moody The last flat head, died Dec*
22x4 1938 (About).
(Authority - "Early Vancouver",
Vol.2, p.7)

Chil-lah-minat

Jim Frank Living in 1940.

(Authority - "Early Vancouver",
Vol.2, p. 12, IS)

Chil-lah-minat

Hone

Jim frank' a father.

(Authority - "Early Vancouver",

Vol.2, p. 12)

Chil-lah-minat

Hone

Jim Prank's grandfather.
(Authority - "Early Vancouver",
Vol.2, p.12)

Kay-ya-yoyt-kin

The legendary father of the
legendary Qpitehetahl. Said to
be great grandfather of Staw-me-
qui-ys, grandmother of Andrew
Paul. Staw-me-qui-ya was fifth
ohild of Whalaptsa.

opit-che-tahl

Andrew Paul Living in 1940; Ust-lswn Indian
Reserve, Horth Vancouver.

375

U3T-LAWH (NORTH TAHCOUTBO cont'd.

ENGLISH

IHDIAH »*» ^
Ko-ko-hab-luk

Skwa-lock-tun

MOM

IMk-uU

Lizzie

BKLATI0N3HIP

In Indian beauty, and captive

"princess".

(Authority - "laxly Vancower",

Vol.2, p.56)

Squaaish Indian warrior. Ha
fought tha raiding northern
Indiana near Pt. Atkinaon.
(Authority - "Barly Vancouver",
Vol.2, p.56)

Capt. James Tan Bramer'a Indian

wife.

(Authority - "Harly Vancouver",

Vol. 4, eonYeraatlon, Bill

Nahanee, 12 Sept., 1941)

Whol-tiia tiiii

See->ea~la

George

Nab-hay-nee

Chun-th

Pul-kway-lt

Jo*

Jo* Thosaa

Second husband of la-ak-aala.
(Authority - "Barly Vaneouver",
Tol.4, conversation Bill Hahanae,
12 Sept., 1941)

Mary lilra Mother of Bill Nahanee, wife of

Joe Kahanee.

(Authority - "larly Vancouver",
Tol.4, Convereation, Bill Hahanae
12 Sept., 1941)

Husband of See-en-ia.
(Authority - "larly Vancouver",
Tol.4, conversation Bill Nahanee,
12 Sept. 1941)

An old Indian who died at
Squaalah about 1930.
(Authority - A.J.Khahtaahlano)

Indian aged about 85 at North
Vancouver, 1946.
(Authority - Capt.Chas.W.Cates,
Aug. 13, 1946)

376

AT P3T-LAWN. (or 'Slawn'). NORTH VANCOUVER (oont'd)

ENGLISH
INDIAN g|B Wfli» RELATIONSHIP

Qult-aay-aot

The Mlaalon"
Family of Dominic of 'Slawn* .

Grandfather of John Antona
Dominie.

Che-arhl-tun
Chu-pay-lum

John Antona
Dominie

lather of John Antone Dominie.

Lire* No. 27 Cottage, aaya he ia
80 now (IMS)

Kwe-el-am

Elizabeth

Wife of John Antone Dominie.

Totel-amut

Mra.Juatina Kelly, Daughter of
John Antone Dominie.

Lohta-kwa-maht
(Pronounced with
Tery ahort *kwa*
almoat *lotaq.-maht*

Wia-chay-lia

Slater of lira. Kelly, Daughter
of John Antone Dominie.

An old deaf lady, who Uvea
with Dominic. Hia mother died.
She ia hia atep-mother.

(Authority - John Antone Dominic, himself, with the aid of thoae
wboae names are herein shown, who were preaent while I waa,
with their help, struggling to convert their utterance into
worda. All whoae names are shown were preaent, and moat
helping aa beat they could, during Tiait, aocompanied by Mrs.
Alice Crakanthorp, and her daughter, Miea Muriel. 11 Sept., 1942.

J.S.Matthewe.

"Slawn" waa the way Dominie, or John, pronounced it, though really
I think it ia "Datlawn".)

377

AT SNAP. VILLAGE

INDIAN HAKE
Tow-hu-quam-kee

ENGLISH
_HAJOS_

Jack

RBLATI0H3HIP

A paddlemaker, father of Chief

JlMXT Jl*»y.

(Authority - C.T. P. In. 28.
"Early Tana»u*er", Tol.S, page
150)

Will-ahm-can or
Swillaaoan

Chief Jinwy Jlany'a father.
(Authority - "Early Taneouver",
Tol.S, p.16)

Taw-schoot

Mary

A baaketmaker, aether of Jimmy
Jimmy and slater to Chinalaet.
(Authority - C.7. P. In. E8)

Cho-hah-num
Khy-nook-tun

"Old Cronle" (Authority - AJE. Aug.16,1935)

"Old Cronle* a"

father (Authority • AJE. Aug. 16, 1935)

Kana-chuck

Think brother to Chip-kaay-m.
(Authority - "Early Vancouver",
Tol.S, p. lft)

Saita-kul-tun

"Fie faoe" He lived on Inlae Creek Reserve.

(Author! ty-Calvert Simeon,
Dec. 16, 1938)

Salp-can

lira. Salpcan May be his wife.

(Authority -"Early Vancouver",
Tol.S, p.16)

Chip-kaay-m

Chief George Brother of Chief Ehahtsahlanough
(Authority - AJE July 7,1932)

378

™"" w tfff

atmusopeam
English

RELATIONSHIP

TMt-Tirit iih k nrnicji

A chief at Muaqueam about 1680,
or earlier.

(Authority - »Barly Vancouver",
Tol.2, p.33)

Seotilano, or
Taa-M-lano

Chief "Stogan" of Muaqueeue;
living in 1939, aon of Tukut.
(Authority - "Early Vancouver"
Vol.2, p.51)

Tukut
Whee-why-lrak

johnny

Father of Semilano of Muaopieam

A chief of Muaqueam who went to
•ee King Edward Til.
(Authority - Mr*. James «alker)

Kle-o~saht

lull cousin to Khaal-tln-aht.
(Authority - lira. Jamea Walker,
Aug. 17, 1939)

Wai-wai-ken

Chief Henry Either hia Indian name or that
Jack of his reserve.

Kwanaten

Charlie He was an Indian dancer, died

at Muaqueam, Jan. 9, 1934.
(Authority - "Early Vancouwer",
Vol. 3, p. 2)

Kay-nuch-tun

Hay-mich-tun, Charltun, Tow-hu-
quan-kee, and Chinalset gave a

Seat potlateh at Jericho,
uthorlty - AJK. "Early Vancouver"
Vol.3, p. 150)

379

foont'd)

Tffl?Tltt MM1

HJOLISH

Charl-tua

Old Tom (Authority - AJK "Early Vancouver",

Vol.3, p. 150 aad conversation, 14
Oot. 1941)

Tul-ain-auat Charlie Had a taouaa at Snauq, olrea

1690.

(Authority - UX. "lerly
Vancouver", Vol.3, p. 15 J)

Tab-hay

Polleeaan Indian Beaerve police.

Tom (Authority - UK "Sarly

Vancouver, Tol.3, p.l5J,
conversation 14 Oot. 1941)

380

16 A

suppLfflflgrrjLL

ENGLISH

BT^^TTnwawrp

Elder brother of Lahwa,
same as Squalth-kaln.
A.J.Xhahtsahlano in "Early
Vanconrer", Vol. 3, p.l3A:
"Then they hold a potlatoh
at 3teit-wouk (Second Beach);
Qjual-kin gave that pot latch."

Pap-qualk

A.J.Khahtaahlano in "Early
Vancouver", Vol.3, p.lOL:
"Qnawklka, i.e., New Brighton.
▲ little bay and creek on
the vest side of Gambler Id.
An old Indian, Tom Cell or
Sell— he Indian name Pap-
quelle, liTed there".

381

INDIAN VILLAGES AND I-A^mM^Rira
BURRARD INLET AMD HOWE 30UHD

"Before the Whltemans Came."

NOMENCLATURE

The Whltemans' tongue cannot always echo
the sound of Indian speech. Succeeding
generations,— grandfather, grandson—
have Taried pronunciations. "He's got
no pencil." Ehahtsahlano.

"This part (names) of our history had
been lost."

Chief Mathias Joe,
Capilano Indian Reserve*

"One or two names may have been missed;
not many"* Khahtsahlano.

Compiled 1931-1937, with the aid of August
Jack Khahtsahlano, born Snauq, False Creek,
1877, who cannot read or write; grandson
of old Chief Khahtsahlanogh — no English
name—, and other Indians of the Squamlsh
and Musqueem tribes. See "EARLY VANCOUVER'
Vols. 2 and 3, Resolution of Squamlsh Ind-
ian Council, January 13th, 1933.

Major J.S. Matthews, V.D.
City ArchlTlst
Vancouver.
1948

382

NOMENCLATURE

INDIAN VIU^OES

AND LANDMARKS.

BORBARD

INLBT .

&ND HOWS SOUND

Ahka-chua

Kae-kharl-atutt

51, 57

At-aa ym-kwuB-kwua

Kew Baacta

Aun-mayt-aut

Kha-kow

A-yul-ahun

Eha-nah-ffloot

46A.72A

Ay-ay-yulahun

Khahta-nioh

Kharl-kum-atauwk

Khay-kul-hun

47,72
58
69

Burrard Inlat

Khul-kaloa

Klakaa

Kl-ap-lan-ogh

49,72

Cha-hai

,57

Kltailano

Chant*

Kl-wah-uaka

Chaich-ph

Koi-yok

Charl-kunch

Kbh-qwot-kum

Charl-aum

Ko-koh-pal

Chay-chul-wuk

K»pul

Chay-thooa

KUl-ate-atun

Chay-whaa

KUl-la-kun

Cna-ahtun

KUm-kum-lye

Cheakanus

71A

Kwa-hul-cha

Ch«~ohe-yoh-*e

.71

Kwa-layt-kum

Chea-aypk

KSrum-kwum

Che-ahy-u-hai

Kwumch-nam

Chet-eha 11 -nun

Ky-oo-ham

Che-woat-aun

Dry-yowka

52,71

Chlt-chul-ayuk

,40

Chulka

,56

Chulwhahulch

•*•

Lock-low-kala

Chu-taum

Luck-lucky

B-ayalmu

Mah-hum

B-yalau

Kably

Sya-aycha

Kusqueam

Bat-afal-tohk

Naych-cbalr-kun

Haah-ugh-nah-moot

Nay-naych-kwa-laytkun 65

Haata-nloh

,72

Boak-pua

Ho-aaakh

Oak-wum-ugh

Boaulcheaun

,49

Homulaua

Baay-qwt.h-lahun

Pah-pea-ak

Bup-taah-pai

Pahpi

Hupha-pallth

Fook-eha
Puok-ahla

Puapua-ko-ae

29
45
65

383

Qhat-aay-kee-awk

Stoak-tuka

51,57

Qbut-ehat-aoat-aln

Stuk-tuka

Quawklka

Stuck-ale

Quin-aca

Swanch-niM

Quoi-yu-quol

Swah-ko

Q»el-hooat

Swuapua-tah-quinaee

Quteh-tinlm

3wy-awth

Swy-wee

Sy-lta

Sahlx

Sahunz

40,71

Saita-ea-kan

Tay-hay

3elta-ao-aua

Tay-tum-eun

Saita-up-»u»

Thla-hocai

Saaamat

Thluk-thluk-way-tun

3c Junk

Thowk-tich

3a e- yah- tun

Tbuk-teyn-ua

Sal-taaa

Thum- t hum- qua

Shuk-uk-aen

Thu-thowt

Slm-aah-ffiula

Tla-ta-aayuhk

SkaeTaE

Tlndall'a Creek

Skay-*lt-«ut

51,56

Tlath-mahulk

Skoa-alah-oath

Taa-atalum

Skul-ow

Tum-ta-fflayh-tun

52,72

Skunk Core

Tumth

52,57

Skwa-chlce

Skwa-yooa

31orak-ea«

Ulk-aen

Skwa-lat

Uth-kyme

31all-wlt-tutb

Oat-lawn

Sla-kay-ulah

Un-w ith-apa t-aim

Saaaapt

Snaa—chuza

Smla-inua-Bulch

Wahk-woak

Smul-laqua

Whal-wha-layten

Snauq

Whau-cha-ha

So-aah- latch

Wha-whe-why

So-yat

Whin-noa

3puka-nay

Whob-nuek

3puka-nah-ah

Whol-whoi

3qut-aaha

Whul-un-yoa

Sunz

40,71

Why-klt-eun

52,71

Staw-ki-yah

ffuk-wuk-kua

Stafa-pua

Stalt-wouk

Tay-kim

Steeta-e-oah

Tung-quawkl-ka

384

ikdian villast 1 A 7™ ligayBB

BPKBARD INLET AKD ENGLISH BAT.
Before the Thlteman Came to Ulksen

The populous Indian communitlea of the Musqueam and
Squamiah tribes, resident before the advent of the whltemans upon
the ahores of English Bay and Borrard Inlet, and adjacent waters,
had numerous appellations in their own tongue for localltiea within
their territorlea; a practice no leaa necessitous to reaidenta in
a land clothe* with foreat than are the name of streets in a city
to us.

Theae Indian place names, once ao numerous, have
fallen into almost complete disuse; one only, the Indian village
of Muaqueam on the north arm of the Iraaer Biver, flrat mentioned
by Simon Traeer in hla Journal of the exploratory expedition down
the Iraser in august 1808, as 'Misqui8me», survives to be used by
English speaking people as the designation of a place within the
11ml ta of the city of Vancouver. The names Kitallano and Cap-
llano are founded only in Indian names.

Excepting the more elderly Indians, now numbering
probably ten or a dozen only, and aurvivors of pre-railway days,
together with two or three white pioneers, all knowledge of the
sixty or more place namea In and about Vancouver Harbor appears
to have been lost. A few of the younger Indians are aware of
one or two namea; even among the older Indians none can give a
complete list. The following list waa prepared by the City Arch-
ivist, Major J.S. Matthews, after diligent enquiry among a large
number of Indians over a period of months; the proper spelling
was not known by any peraon, Indian or white, and, as recorded
here, was adopted after many conferences with the more elderly
Indiana In company with Andrew Paull, (Qoitchetahl), secretary
of the Squamiah Indian Council of Chiefs. Prof. Chas. Hill-Tout,
and Bev. C. M. Tate alao lent their aid. Aoknowledgmenta are
also made to I.J.C. Ball, Esq., Indian Agent, Vancouver, August
Kitsllano, Chief Matthiaa Capilano, Haxten, Tahmaa, Queyahehulk,
Ayatak, and Chlllahmlnat.

In commenting upon the effort, Chief Matthias
Capilano said "That waa a part of our hiatory which had been loat;
we have it now". A reaolutlon of thanks to Major Matthewa was
passed by the Squamiah Indian Council.

The preservation of these Indian namea is largely

due to , *ho suggested that the archivist be

requested to furnish a list of pioneers of very early days
to be guests of the city at the opening of the Burrard Bridge.
The archlviat included the name of Auguat Jack, otherwiae Auguat
Kitallano, born under the bridge about 1878, and in conversa-
tions with this Indian, a man of ajlendid charaoter and commanding
stature but not of chief's rank, waa told one or two of the old
Indian names, and this led to the completion of the list at the
end of nine months endeavor.

Kitallano Beach "J- S. Matthews-

March 17th, 1933.

385

LOCATIOB IMP SP «rpptt
TMPTAM TTT lM fiy AWT,

•rFiTTM?T»Jll

rd Inlet and Aagllah Bay
Is.

H IJBJfi by the Chief a of *f»j jgaMw awi Indian Council

msKrivo or tbi sqjamish ihdiah couhcil hkld

AT OmCI 0T InDIAM AOKT. 203-6 BOORS BLDO. ,
TA MggjTW B. B.C., OB THIDAT, JAMOART 13, IMS,
FBXSBT, J. J. C. Ball, president of the Council,
Secretary, Andre* Paull.

Councillors, Matthias Joe, Oaorga Williams, Qua
Band, ■»••■ Joseph, Jimmle Jimmle, Henry Jack

Abaenteee: Idward Joaeph, Danny Paull, frank Baker.

bbsqiptiom

Moved by Cottnolllor Go* Band.
Seconded by Councillor Matthias Jo*.

Tost th* manuscript submitted by Major J. 8.
Matthews, arehlTlst, giving the Indian nana* of
oertaln placea around th* City of TanoonTar, b*
approTed by th* Squamish Indian Council on behalf
of tha Sauamlah Tribe and that the apelllng of the
names be eonaidarad satisfactory aa It la impossible
to express than in Ingllsh, eapeclally in view of
tha fact that even among the Indiana themaelTea,
there la a variation in the pronunciation of soma
of the names.

CABBIE) tnUHIMOUSLT.

I hereby certify that I was present end presided
at a meeting of tha Sauamlah Indian Council at which
tha foregoing resolution waa umanimoualy paaaed and
carried

Trea'k J. C. Ball
Indian Agent.""

*$m ihp pygyt 8 . , ^ T , n

Chief Matthlaa Jee, Capilano,
Chief Oeorge William, Kowtaln. Chief Qua Band,
Chaakamua. Chief Hoala Joseph, Horth TaneouTer.
Chief Jimmle Jimmle, Skowlahnn. Chief Henry Jaok.
Skaimaln. Chief Idward Joaepb, Poquiosln. Chief
Danny Paull, Seymour Creek. Chief Frank Baker,
Chaakamua. (Three vacant ehlafahips also exist).

386

CHIPS APPBOVK

gPWT.T.TWft P.TV^t

1MCIMT HAMP

Squamish Indian Coanoil, comprising the
t«n chiefs of the Squamish tribe, has given
unanimous approval to the spelling and loc-
ation of sixty-five Indian names of villages
and landmarks which existed on Burrard penin-
sula before the arrival of the white man.

The names have been compiled and mapped
by Major J. S. Matthews, city archivist. A.
resolution of thanks was adopted by the chiefs
st their council meeting in the department of
Indian affairs office, Sogers Building.

Chief Matthias Capilano paid the compiler
a compliment when he remarked: "It Is a
story of our history which had been lost and
is now largely recovered."

Major Matthews has been six months in
the preparation of the map and dictionary.
He visited and interviewed many aged Indians
and white pioneers and searched early maps
and old manuscripts.

From an undated newspaper clipping,
probably the "Province", soon after
January 13th 1933.

387

NOMENCLATPRl

INDIJ M VTT.T^P .MS j MT) T^.HHUHB

Burrard Inlet and BnKllah Bay
Before the Whltemans Came to Ulkaen

A* adopted by the Chief a of the Squamiah Indian Council.
13 th January. 19537

MOSqrjBAM

MAHL T

CHJ-AHTUN

KT-OOHAM

H01IDIS0M

BTPHAPAILTH

KULLAKAN

CHITCHOLAYUK

TSA-ATSLUM

POOKCHA

KOKOHPAI

KYAUtO

B-KYALMD

3DS3AHUPL3

3KWAT00S

SNAUQ

AUNMAYTSUT

KIWAHU3K3

SEWACHZCB

3MAMCHUZK

AT-AYUL3H0N

AYOLSHBN

STAITWOUK

3LAHKATOL3H

SAHUNZ

CHAYTHOOS

AHKA-CHD

WBOI-WHOI

PAAPM-AK

SQPTSAHS

CBBLWHABULCH

POCKAHLS

H7CKLUCKY

EDHKDKLTI

CHBT CHAIUCN

HJJPHAPAI

3TEETSBCAH

CH AYCHUJra Pg

WHAWHBWHT

KWAHPLCHA

TTTH-KTMS

SAHII

B3TAHLT0HK

USTLAWN

•Hating Tillage

» a

a boulder, legendary

'a place of cedar trees'
a boulder, legendary

'a cool place'

'floating sandbar'

'crabtree', a bay

'good oamping ground*

•another good ground*

'tool aharpenlng atone'

Kltallano Beaoh

a former Tillage

'commit suicide*

'two points opposite'

'deep hole in water*

a former core

'another soft under feet'

'soft under feet'

•mud for white pipe clay*

'he is standing up*

a boulder and oaTe, legend

a boulder, legendary

'high bank*

•a little lake*

•masks'

Brockton Point

'an island*

'dry passage*

'white rocks'

'beautiful growe*

'maple trees*

a group of boulders

'a place of cedars'

a former Tillage or camp

deriTed from 'near*

'little place of masks*

Lynn Creek

'snake slough'

'a point or cape*

'large pretty house'

'head of Bay*

TLAIB MAHPU
H0MPLCH B3PH

awyw n

CHUTATJM

SMULLAQPA

3TOCKALS

SXAYWITSOT

CHDLKS

KSB- KHAA LSOM

3T0AKTOI

CHAHAI

TDKBTH

ULK3HJ

STBSTCHB

•saltwater c .
a former Tllls&e
a lagoon
a point

'tragedy '.a bay
'bad smell'
'go around point*
'stone in sling'
'gnawing'

'rocks all cut up*
'sizzling noise'
'paint* for faos
'knoll* or 'nose'
'sheltered waters'

KWY-Y OWKA

WHYXITSBI

SteTeston
Terra Nora Cannery

CERTIFIED AS CORRECT.

Qpitchetahl
(Andrew Paull)

SQDAMISH INDIAN COUNCIL
Jan. 13th, 1933

Ired'k J. C. Ball
Indian Agent

President

388

REVISE) aPPUMC (Dee. 8th. 1932,)

as approred by Andrew Qplchetaal, (Andrew Paull)
Secretary
SfflJAMISH INDIAN COUNCIL

MDS<&JEAM

UAHLT

H0MUI30M

CHK-AHTUN

KT-OOHAM

HUPHAPAILTH

KDLLAKAN

CHITCHULAYUi:

T3A-AT3IK11

ULKSSN (Point

POOKCHA

KDKDHPAI

BTAIilO

B-BTAUIO

SIMSAHMUL3

3KWAT003

aMADq

AUNMAYTSUT

KIWAHU3KS

SXWACHICE

SMAMCHUZK

ATAD L3HDH

AYOL3HUN

3TAITWOUK

SLAKATULSH

C HANTS

SAHDNZ

CHAYTHOOS

AHKA-CHOA

WHOI-WHOI

PAE-PKB-AK

SQJJT3AHS

CHUXWHAHDLCH

P0CKAHL3

IECKLUCKY

KDMEJMLTK

CHETCHAILUUN

HUPHAHPAI

STKETSEMAH

CH AYCHILWH DK.

WHAWHEWHT

KWAH ULCHA

UTHKYME

SAHXX

USTLAWN

TLASHKAHDIJC

(Point Grey)
Grey district)

HOM0LCHESON

SWYWKB

CHDTAUM

3MDIXAQJJA

STDCKALB

3KATWIT3DT

CHUL KS

KEE-KHAALSUM

3TOAKTOX

CHA HAI

ETX-8YCHI

TOMBTH

Supplementary

OAKWOlaUGH 'a Tillage*
SLAIL-WIT-TUTH 'Indian Hirer'
KWT-TO WICA Steveston
HHYK1T3BJ Terra Nova Cannery

389

ami

of the promontory of Point Grey froa Its wester*
extremity la aa easternly direction for alios alone
the English Boy •hare, as also the north Am of tho
Irsser BiTar.
Ul k - s en ( Htll-TOnt ) aaanlng » point', radical for •nose*-

Pt. «oy. ' —

Andrew Panllt Ul-I-son, knoll. Point Grey.
Diet ieal"oT "(i»e~yah~ohulk); tutsan,' far •way', protruding
frank UnarTle (Ay-st-ak), Moaqueaa: All Point dray
teal of laf^ole aad False Crook; all belong to ausquoaa
Indian. All Ulkaen belong to Musqueaas, not Squaaish.
Squaaish live away oyer mountains l w eat Vancouver).
Masqueaa go Pales Creak sandbars to fish loag before
Squaaish aove down Barrerd Inlet and hngllsh Bay*
Squaaish Juat ooao down to eaap summer tine, eoao
down Squaaish t» work is Heatings Mill. 'Old Chief*
Capilano home at Manly; he have another hoao at Bas a l"
chesun. Manly belong Musqaeen, not Sqasalsh. Capilano
Hlvar Musqusaa, not Squaaish (territory). Squaalah aad
Musqueaas alwaya good friends, alao Seohelta; only those
orssy fellows froa north want to fight; they fight
about anything or nothing— Mov . 6th, 195* at Musqusaa.
Tia Moody (Tahaas) Horth Vancouver: Ulk-son. Spreading
hi a hands over entire nap froa Point Grey to Kltsllsno
Beach, over land aad water of ahore line, ho ssid:
'Ulkson all saao Vancouver. Old Indian up Sqaaalah, I
say I go Skaywiteut, I go Point Atkinson. I ssy I go
ulkson, I go anyplaoe", sad swept his wrinkled hand
over the Point Grey-Kit a llano ahore line. 'Sen* aeans
oape or proaoatory. "TJlkson any plaoe Masqueaa to
Sanaa.". Tahaas, lsat flathead Indian, died about BSnd
Dee. 1996.

Hot. C. M. Tata . Indian Missionary: It ahould bo
Sulksen; but frequently they leave the •a* off.
August Jack (Khahtsshlano) . The old people used to
talk a great deal about the coaing of the whlteman; I
waa young, and did not pay attention, but one thing I
aa sure they ssid that there were whiteaea up at Sons*
alah before Mr. Vancouver came to Bnglish Bay. Tho
Squeal ah Indiana did not understand the language of tho
Seohelta, but aauld make thaaselvea underatood. The
Indiana at Powell Biver had atill another language to
the Seebelts.

390

a&a.

A..T. Juliua Voight, well known pioneer, wrote to the colonial
QortiBMBt in r.b.isfiOj

PJPfLAiDu n, crmxj. »i bore Uttfl on the eoaat of B.C. for
MALB . nearly a year and a half, my houaa balng

ELlHO. naar the ranohery of tha Sqaamlah Indiana

HifFtT oalled "Malee"; half a alia north on tha

ooaat from tha northarnaoat mouth of tha
Iraaer HlYer".

"that through my inflaanea orer tha
Squaadah Indiana, and with the halp of thair Chief Kleoplannah
laat summer, (that would be 1889 at tha time when H.M.S.
•Plumper" waa aant orer to Inweatlgata a reported diaturbanee
but found none) I did prerent an attack of those Indiana oa Mew
Weatmlnater, whan aewaral of them were taken prlaonars for an
outrage on whit amen near Hew Weatmlnater."

391

MraqHAM The alte of this ancient village on the Muaqueam Indian
Reaerve which adjoins the weet aide of the Point Gray
Qolf Club property, D.L. 31*, la given by Frank Charlie
(Ayatak} a very old Indian who nay* my grandfather tell
me he aee first white nan cone down Preser; Just one nan',
aa a slightly elevated piece of river shore on the last
aide of a anall sluggish creek which enters the Preser
river alnost directly sooth of Caaostm street produced.
It is the only Indian place nana within the boundaries of
the present city of Greater Vancouver which has survived
the advent of the white nan. It Is first mentioned spelt
'Mlaquiame' by Slaon Praaer in his Journal of his explor-
atory expedition to the Psolflc Coast, August 1806. It
Is a "River" Indian Village.

Ayatak, or Prank Charlie, or Prank Capilano, of
Muaquean, an aged Indian wno oan neither read nor write,
who ssys he Is 'about 80' told ne, Hov.9, 1832, that his
grandfather was *01d Chief* Capilano, and that his grand-
father had told his that when he was 'a big boy he asw
the first whits nan cons down Praser River. 'Him just so
high, bout five feet, Just one son cone, cone fron east,
my grandfather tell ne, Old Capilano live be about one
hundred, then die. His first hone at Mahly; then he go
Capilano River. Chief Lsh-wa (who succeeded Capilano as
chief) my uncle. nuaqueam here. 'Here* being about £00-
300 yards east of the present double towered Indian Church,
and aay, 100 yarda east of the creek.

Bev. C. M. Tate; Leave the spelling as it is, you cannot
change it now, but I should have apelt it Muthaqueam.
Andrew Paull . Secretary, Squamlah Indian Council of Chiefs;
don*t know literal meaning; if it has any.

maht.t. Hill-Tout. Mah-lse. Paull. Ifahly. Dick Iaaaca . Mah-lee.
Prank Charlie , Mali-lee"; Tate . Mahly.
Paull; If it has any literal meaning I don't know it.
The little oreek which runs weet of Muaqueam runs
east of Ifahly and aaparatea than. Prank Charlie says
•Mahlee about nlddle Muaqueam Indian Reserve, chinamana
garden there now, no water, Just well; creek oross Marine
Drive bad water now, oil fron motor car make no good now,
water dirty. Ifahly belong Muaquean Indian, not Squamlah.
Ifahly waa 'Old Chief* Capilano hone one time. Old Capil-
ano my grandfather; he Squamlah Indian, he marry Muaqueam
woman, afterwasds go Capilano to lire. Chief Lsh-wa his
son. All Kngliah Bay and Burrard Inlet belong Mue queens.
Squamlah live way over mountains; Juat come Engliah Bay
to camp, get food. They come down Squamlah work Heatings
Mill. Capilano river Ifttsqueam land. Squamlah man marry
Ifuaqueam girl, by and by give hin place down Mahly; way
down by beach, not up river by Muaquean. My name Ayatak*.

CHB-AH-TOH . Prank Charlie t *Big rock, little way east of Homul-
mm. 0M sand him same time send Bomulsum; turn Into

stone. I never aee Cheshtun, him on beach somewhere long

there, my mother tell me*.

392

KT-OOH-AM. Frank Charlie (Ayatak) t A stone on beach west of Che-ah-
tun; It IS a dog; God send his same time as others, all
sane dog's howl. (Ayatak opened south anu howled ky-ooh-
an) I never see his; my father tell me. Mra. Frank Charllt
nodded approTal; she is a grandmother.

HpiPLao-M

PJT.Tf^^W

▲ large done shaped rock on the north Arm shore Line of
Point Corey. Hill-Tout i Humul-sos. August Khahtsahl anoi
Husulsome. Paull . Hcina i e s nl -sus. Tate ; 'I think PanTl
Is nearest correct in sound'. Hoa-ul-son, says Tin, Moody
(Tehmas) and adds 'Two miles west of Manly, big rock
standing in water, at high tide in water, at low tide dry,
about Polnt-Ho-Point'. Dick leases (&*yahchulk) 'Bast
of Kullakan, means 'nice plaoe and good things*. 'B«»
la-aos, say Prank Char lis, who has lived all his life
close by at Musqueem, and adds 'Big rock there on beaoh,
Qod make his before he make Indian, little round rock
just by; little rock Is bowl or basin in whloh nam la-son
wash fees. Indian wash fa.ee with hands, so. God send
eight men there to start Indian peoples, then turn them
into big roek Httm-la-sos, high dose ahape, bout five feet
high*.

Hill-Tout . Eulla-khan; Paull. Khul-khan 'refers to a fence
or something whlsh looked like a fence or aerred as one*.
Hot. CM. Tate; 'Sounds like 'a fence' to me', from
Indian word Kul-ha-hean, a fence. Dick Isaacs; 'Big
stone in water on beach at Point Grey, nloe beach at low
water.* Frank Charlie , Musaueam: 'Big atones, creek there*

The location is on the south shore of Point trey east
of Chlt-chul-ay-uk. (Point Grey).

Bew. CM. Tate ; 'In time of war they might have put
up e barricade on the beach to obstruct the northers
raiders: in Sagllsh we would call it 'defence*.

Andrew Paull ; There la a legend that the big rocks
at Kullakan were playing ball when petrified.

Dick Isaacs : Name ia derived from Indian word for
fence; something there must have had the appearance of a
fence.

HOPHAPAJITH Hill-Tout . Whap-wha-pailthp 'plaoe of cedars*, Point

wr ^ grey. Paull nomp-khup-way-llth. 'Little place of cedars'.

An area of land of undefined boundaries on the south
shore of Point Grey approximately between Hosulsos and
Kullakan where the growth of oedara ia prolific In odd-
itlon to being a most useful timber for canoes, house build-
ing, the Indian people also made under garments from cedar
and the sol* downy lining of infant 'a cradles. Frank
Charlie . Musqueem: Hot know Ruphapailth, know Buphs,
lois cedars, lots cedar trees all along high bank, high
up, low down, no particular place. Au gust Khahtsahlano t
Used to be SB old log shuts down the cliff there.
Ses also Hup-hah-pai, or Cedar Cove, on Burrard Inlet.
Bev. C.M. Tate: 'lip' signifies *a tree*, any kind of tree*

'Uokhpai* means 'the cedars*.
(Hill-Tout *hspai*).

393

M
flgfcflBlrtldK;

_j>t Bl( **«k there one* i
was earning. Indian start to pre-
para to atrlka grant men. Ha gat ready to aaka big wind
blow alow grant man away. while he naa working to aaka
tba big wind tka grant ann comae. Whan tka graat nan
comes ba says 'What nra yon working at?*. Indian aaya
•Great Man coming, I blow bla away, anting graat big wind
to blow graat aan away. Didn't know ha naa talking to
tho graat nan himself • Tka graat nan told tka Indian ha
would have to atay there , forever , ao that to tha laat
ganaratlon It ahoold ba known that ha had triad ta atrlka
a graat nan. Than ka torn him into atone and ha bean
there ever alnea."

•It la tha biggaat rook on the Point Carey shore*.

The tree significance of all theae Indian legends
la a aoaewhat erode ayatan of morality Tailed in allegory*
The actual purpose of thla legend la to taaeh the folly
of jealousy.

Bar. CM. Tato l Tha flrat two syllables ahonld bo •Tsit-
sil 1 ; the latter part »uk* aaans 'head' of something,
probably the headline of Point Grey; similarly •ChlUl-
wayuk* ( Chilli waok) aeana 'through to the head*.

Paull :

Chit— ehul-ay-uk, nt Big Book.
dj i Chit-ehil-ey-uk, right at point of Point Qrey

extreme western point of Point Qrey, wind nil time, one
man standing in water just like 31 wash Book.
frmnf rhyii*. amsqueam: Chit-ehll-ay-ok, Big Book,
right 1m watlr, perhaps six feet high, five foot wide,
juat below wlreloaa a tat ion maata.

P00g-CB> . Paull. Jan. 10th. 1933. Pookeha derivee ita name from a
low hummock or lump on tha aand flat a at the northwestern
extremity of Spanish Banks, which rlaaa out of the water
soon after the tide commences to abb. Ita literal mean-
lag la *a book (aa of a whale) floating up above tha
surface', which, aa the water reeedea, Pookeha preaanta
tha appearance of* Ox Pouk-ohs.

Dick Isssest Pook-ehs. Place west of Jericho, where it
geta dry wnen tha tide goaa out; Spanish Banks.

Pook-oha. share Spanish Banks goes away out

"western and wideat part of Spanish Banks.

Pook-oha. Great bar of ssnd st

394

so
WdOKUL

gaull: Tea-etalum, or Tea-taa-thumb. A point on the
Spanish banka shoreline almost duo north of the main
Univeralty Bldgs*, near a ravine oroased by a bride* »
approximately directly below the cable hut, where a cool
water aprlng cornea out of the ground. 'Cold place*, sand

oaring in bank there. Iran* Charlie , atoaqueem: "Cool
place" hot day cool breezea come. Tim Moody ; Little
hole in cliff on Spaniah Bank ahore, the place where ravine
la; where cable atation la. Call it »Taaata-lum. »
Hill-Tout ; Tlay-at-lum. Auguat Khahtaahlano : Sate ei— .
Tate t Ebn't know word or place.

The B.C. Telephone Co. abandoned their cable hut on
the beach approx. 1980-1985, and built a little atucco
hut on Marine Drive above. Previouely the polea ran down
the cliff to tbe hut on the ahore. They did not move the
location of oablaa under aea. XUat buried the cable, aa
far aa Marine Drive, up the cliff.

koh(long)-- pal, aa in pie, or by. Part of Locarno
Beaoh. Ko-koh-ple, aaya Tim Moody, at Spaniah Bank*.

a enolt

Long ago Indian go there oat oh ameTta, no oreek, little
aprlng of water come out of cliff. Meens crab apples;
drab apple treea uaed grow there. Ko-koh-patea, aaya
Aaguat Khahtaahlano . nice little bay, lota of aand, near
boundary of univeraity land. A little oreek ooavea down
the hill and emptiea onto Spaniah Banka near boundary of
D.B.C. Jim Franks : 'Where the atreet oar coaea down the
hill '(Sasammet STT)'

(aee B-eyalmu). A former park like Indian camping ground,
weat of Z-eyalmo, approximately the weatern end of Jericho
Beach, and at the foot of Imperial atreet.
Auguat Khahtaahlano : Talmoo, where the air atation la.
Tate t I like Talmo, or Xyalmo, better than Xyalmu.

A aplendld Indian camping ground at the eaatern end of Jeri-

oho Beaoh, almoat exactly where Hie Jericho Country Club

house atanda, but to the weat of It.

Paullt Aae-al-mough, 'good camping ground'.

Hill-Tout i KB-al-mough la Jerioho.

Dick leasee : A-yal-mouch. 'Jericho'.

Jim Frankf ~(Chil-lah-minat) 'Little cove at Jerioho.' 'Ay-

yal-moue

Tatet I like K-eyalmo beat.

Auguat Khahtaahlano t Aye-yal-mough, or Ayalmoo.

Frank Charlie and hie wife: aay Se-yal, not Ay-yal.

Thla cover la shown on the aurvey by Corp* Geo. Turner of the
Admiralty Heaerve, Tab. and Mar. 1863. Survey poata of brass with
imprint of crown on top were found at corner a of this reaerve
eerly in 80th cemtury. Turner's original field notes are in Court
Houaa, Vancouver. Ha marked across them 'berry bushes* *

Barly Admiralty charta ahow 'logging oamp* with logging roads
leading there from eaat aide of cove. Indian village on west aide.

395

*~TTiL TJ ^ continued. 31

lUBjgi Dfhteahlano : 'My stepfather *•■ Jerlobo Charlie;
he need to work for Jerry Hogere out at Jericho (Jerry**
Core). Jericho Charlie had a big canoe, would carry •
ton or store, and I remember how he used to go out from
Hastings Hill to Jericho with the canoe loaded with hay
and oats for the horses and oxen working at Jerry Roger's
logging camp at Jericho.'

-MUL3

afeent on 'ssh'.

Tim Moody ; Slm-sah-muls. Dick Issaos : Slm-sah-muls;

by old English Bay Cannery.

August Khshtsahlsno : It means 'tool sharpening rock',

it means the beach or place on the Kitsllano shoreline

where formerly a creek emptied into English Bay Just

west of the foot of Bayswater street, close to the old

English Bay Cannery (see 'Early Vancouver*, Matthews, 1931).

"Along the beach from about the foot of Balsam street
to the foot of Trutch, one layer of sandstone overlies ,
and another layer underlies, a layer of soft shale. This
sandstone", says Professor S.J. Sohofleld, professor of
Geology at the University of British Columbia, "is pecu-
liar, in that its grains are angular, showing that it
has not moved much; most sandstone grains are globular."

(On being shown an oblong piece 2* x 1" z S" of
sandstone found eight feet beneath the surface In the
Traeer Midden, Marpole, one side smooth from abrasive
use, probably, centuries and centuries ago). *Tes, that's
it, that's the kind, would be very suitsble for sharpen-
ing Indian implements of bone or stone'.

A. large clam shell midden formerly existed 'a few
feet, say 100-200 feet west of Bayswater atreet, north of
Point Grey Road. formerly there was a little beach there,
and the cliff diminished in height to almost nothing at
all as it reached it. (See Mrs. J.H. Calland in 'Early
Vancouver', Matthews, 1931.

3KWA-T003 . Chlllahmlnat . Mar. 2nd, 1933: 'Oh, I remember, make canoe
~ on hill above Skwayoos. Loggers Just take out fir, leave
cedar, sty fs.tb.er make canoe up hill, I go see him, meet
oxen come down lagging trail, I little boy, frightened,
run away from oxen feet. My father have iron chisel made,
made out Hudson's Bay file, stone hammer; make canoe up
hill, then bring canoe down, go Point Grey, hook sturgeon;
great big sturgeon, twelve feet, that thick— about four
inches) very heavy, tow him to beach, turn canoe over,
take stakes (cross pieces out) out, slide sturgeon in
canoe; turn canoe over again.*

•My father tell me be see first ship up Squamish.*
'Logging road, Skwa-yoos, oh, two log road come down Skwa-
yoos, one come one way, toother other way, little swamp
up top hill, logging road go round swamp*.
Hill-Tout: Sk-wai-us. Skwy-use, August Khahtsahlano.
Tim MoodT t Skwy-yoos. Paull: Skwa-yoos, no particular
meaning. Just a name. Rev. C.M. Tate : »yoos* ending is

396

3CTA-TO03 . continued.

more Ilk* it. 'Yoos* la flash, a abort way the Modern
Indian saya Slave is Squeus, that ia 'flesh of a slave',
or *alave*. 'Skwy-ua', says Jjm Pranks. »I waa born

there*.

Prior to 1880, an Indian hut atood on the Kltallano
Beach at the foot of Ten Street. It waa owned bk Charlie
and presumably waa the only but. Auguat Khahtaahlanp .
who aaya hla atep-father waa 'Jericho Charlie' aaya that
San Greer bought it, and there waa afterwarda a lawsuit
over the payment for lt'„ which Charlie wen. (See 'the
Tight for Kltallano Beaflfc', Matthews).

Jim franks. Indian nana Chil-lah-mlnat. Sot. 80th. 1938 .

*I waa born at Skwa-yooa, right here, down by the
corner there, foot Tew atreet, behind bathhouse, where
the beaoh turns (weat). My father waa Chil-lah-mlnat,
come down Squamiah with people to get amelta, about thia
time, fall, lota amelta here Skwa-yooa. My father have
little hut down there at corner. Squamiah peoples come
down here to Engliah Bay to get food, go back Squamiah
for winter. My father Chil-lah-mlnat too, make canoe all
life, chiael, chiael, chlael, big atone for hammer; make
canoe down Skwa-yooa.'

Note:- Assuming that Jim Franka, Indian of the North
Vancouver Reaerve waa, as he aaya, about 16 yeara old
when, on the day of the Great Fire in Vancouver, June IS,
1886, he waa working In the Haatinga Sawmill, then he
must have been born on Kltallano Beach about 1870— he
claims to be older than 68 or 64, but does not look it.
He saya he remembers August Jack (Auguat Khahtaahlano)
aa 'a little boy*; Auguat Jack ia hla nephew, Auguat 'a
mother being Jim'a aiater. Auguat ia 54 or 55.

Bobert Preaton waa intereated in pre-empting lanA
at Kltallano in October 1871, but did not complete it;
Samuel Preaton, his brother, pre-empted it in April, 1873,
but never received deed. Mrs. J.Z. Hall, daughter of
Sam Greer told me ahe had been told there were aeveral
'housea* located on the site of her father'a plone«
home. Sam Greer bought the 'improvement a* of the Indiana
from them in Nov. 1884. Sam Greer 'a home we a burned
down by the Canadian Pacific Bailway after and during the
celebrated lawsuit. Presumably the * aeveral houses'
were Indian huta. (See Tight for Kltallano Beech').

Mrs. J.Z. Hall narratea that her father ahot a wolf
one night in their garden, and speaks of the myriads of
smelt* William Hunt also mentions how prolific they
were* The writer recoils, even in 1918, raking them
ashore with a garden rake; they aeem all gone now (aen
'Barly Vancouver, 1931*).

Jas. A. Smith, moving picture cenaor, ahot ducka in
the lagoon at the back of the beach in 1888. The laat
muskrats caught in the awamp about Creelman Ave. were
caught by the Matthewa boys in 1913 juat before the aand
frost False Creek waa pumped in to fill, at Maple atreet
and earline, to a depth of thirteen feet. Coon were in
to Indian Reserve at this time. William Hunt apeak* of
an old *elk yard* near Whyte and Arbutus 3ts.

397

SHAPa . An Indian village formerly standing on the Kits llano Indian
Beeerre. The principal part atood directly beneath the
Borrard Street Bridge. It had a large community honne,
seTeral IndiTidnal houses, an orchard, and a grave yard near
the foot of Fir atreet. There were alao one or more houses
a few yards eaat of Ogden street on the reserve, and ease
fruit trees. Jemmet's survey (in possession Andrew Paull)
of Indian reserves, 1880, shows a trail from village to Skws-
yoos passing east and west about McHicholl Ave.
Hill-Tout; Snauq. Paull: Sna-auk. Tate: on Vancouver
Island 'pipe clay* is called Stauq, it would be easy for the
Squamish to change it to Snauq; I don't know what it means.

August Thuhtih iiinn: »i was born at Snauq; see Vancouver burn
from there when I was a little boy. When grendfather Heataa-
lah-nough from Squamieh River go to Chaythooa in Stanley Park
bis brother Chlp-kaay-am go to Snauq; he first man settled
there. Indian used to catch flam in big traps wmere Gran-
ville Island Is now. The big bar was twenty or more acres
in extent, dry at low tide, end the Indians had from time
very long ago had fish corral there built of two converging
fences in the water, made of brush fastened to hurdles,
sharp stakes driven in mud to guide the flounders and smelts
to the narrow part where they were trapped. The brush fenoe
was built of vine maple; the small fine nets were made from
the fibres of the stinging nettle.

•After my father died, my father Hay-tulk, we move from
Snauq. I got no schooling, cannot read or write, had to
look after my mother, e widow, sometimes I go to Qastown to
aearch in ruins for nails* When we went to Gastown we went
by canoe to Royal City Planing mills at south end of Carrall
street, and oross to Burrerd Inlet on rough sort of trail.
I don't remember a trail from Smam-ehuse (foot of Howe St.),
what would be the use of struggling through the bush when
it was so easy to paddle. Note:- Generally speaking, no
Indian would walk If he could paddle). Masqueama used to
come to Snauq long ago; before Chip-kaay-am come, but they
never settle there. Chip-kaay-am, old Chief George, first
settle et Snauq. My mother afterwards marry Jericho
Charlie*.

The Indians moved away from Snauq in 1911, and the
remains of those buried In the graveyard close to the bound-
ary of the reserve, opposite about 1600 block First Ave.,
««r« exhumed and taken to Squamish. It was about between
the foot of Fir and Cedar streets. The orchard went go
ruin, the fences fell down, and the houaes destroyed, s few
hops continued to grow until 1930, when they were destroyed
by the building of the new Borrard Bridge opening July 1st,
1932. Mrs. H.A.. Benbow (see 'Fight for Kitsileno Beach*)
saya she witnessed the last Indian burial, supposed to have
been in July 1907. The Bet Portage Sawmill closed down for
the services.

Be v. CM. Tate : *The population about 1880 was about fi*j7«
There is no 'I* in Hastsa-lab-nough. •Lanough , or »lanoch»
means *the place of* or *the property of», let»s see, the

398

SHAPQ,. oontlnued.

whole word would mean 'the place of lakes*. 'Heats*' is
lake or swamp. The proper way to spell It Is Haats-sah-
lan-ough; the terminal is pronounced as in English 'cough' •
Hill-Tout ; The suffix lanough means 'man*; i.e., Ka-
lanough, the first man.

frank Charlie. (lyatek) of Muaqueam. 'The fishing on the
bar (Granville laland) was done with hurdle nets made of
twisted vine maple and sharp stakes so made as to form a
hurdle, end the stakes driven in the mud so as to form a
corral with the widest opening at the western end, gradu-
ally tapering down to narrowness at the eastern. The
hurdles ran for hundreds of feet In the water. The fish
came in with the tide, entered the wide mouth of the corral,
and were caught when the tide receded'.

Mrs. J.2. Hall, nee Greer of Oreer'a Beach. (See 'Early
Vancouver, 1931) speaks of the 'noises and howls' of the
Indiana at their ceremonies and potlatches which she heard
as she walked hone from Gestown to Greer's Beech, over the
C.P.H. trestle bridge.

J.3. Matthews; In 190S or 1903 I used to cross from the
old cannery about the foot of Burrard street— Burrard
street was just a stream rutted trail down to the shore-
by Indian canoe to the Indian Reserve, and my children
would play with the Indian children; usually on a Saturday
afternoon, or Sunday morning.

Mrs. (Capt.) Percy Hye ; In 1891 False Creek wes so quiet
on a Sunday that we could hear the Indiana singing at their
services on the reserve as far as our place at English Bay;
we used to sit on the shore and listen.

Hote:- Residents of Vancouver who arrived aa recently as
the first decade of the 20th century, but particularly those
about 1900-1902, can recall the enormous number of water-
fowl and fish available for food on False Creek. Duoks
rose in clouds as recently as 1900 from False Creek, and
in that yeer, 1900, the big salmon year, hundreds of thous-
ands of salmon were caught on the Eraser River, nould not
be canned, drifted ashore on the beaches of English Bay,
and absolutely prevented bathing for a few days. In the
early yeara of the 20th century salmon atill swam up the
creek as far as Ceder and Third Ave., trout were caught
where the Henry Hudson's School stands, muskrats were in
the swamp around Laburnum street, and smelts could be raked
up Kltsllano Beach with a atick. William Hunt gives an
Interesting account of catching them with his hand, half a
dozen at a time. (See 'Early Vancouver, 1931'.)

Chll-lah-mlnst (Jim Franks) conversation, Dec. 10th, 1932,
in my kitchen over s cup of tea.

"My father's name Chll-lah-mlnst, my grandfather Chll-
lah-mlnst, too. My fsther make canoe all his life, he
make canoe several plaoes; one place down Skwa-yooa, foot
Tew street, Kitallano Beach, make canoe all his life, just
canoe, his trade, when he get old I be Chll-lah-mlnst, I do

399

SNAPtt . eont lnued . 35

work, take my father's name, ju»t same you do. One time
logger take out fir tree, leave cedar, cedar not much good
for logger, but logging road make easy get cedar tree out
to Skwa-yoos beach for make canoe. My father all time
chisel, chisel, chisel, big round stone In hand for hammer,
make canoe, then burn him out with pitch. I Jim first,
when I get married North Vancouver priest give me name
Franks."

"Chief Chip-kaay-am of Snauq very good man, very kind,
very good; that's why him family make him chief". Note:-
see Ray. CM. Tate , who speaks so highly of 'Old Chief
George * .

Query: Do you know who the Indians Swillamcan, Kana-
chuck, Mrs. Salpcen, who sold their improvements* on Kit-
silsno Beach, were; who were they?

•Will-ahm-CBjn is Chief Jimmy Jimmy's father; not sure
but I think Kanachuck brother to Chief Chi>-kaay-am, maybe
Mrs. Salpcan was his wife, don't know. We leave Skwa-yoos,
go Hastings Sawmill to work, people at Snauq sell 'improve-
ments* to Greer for I think #100."

"Jericho Charlie my uncle, Frank Charlie (Ayatak) of
Musqueam, my cousin. Jerioho Charlie die long time ago,
fell off C.P.B. trestle bridge across False Creek; he live
Jericho, Just by slough, on bar in front of Jerry Roger's
logging camp there. Jericho Charlie may have had a place
at Skwa-yoos, I don»t know (August Khahtaahlano says 'yes
he did'). Frank Charlie (Ayatak) live Musqueam now.

KITSILiHO . For the name KITS1LAH0, see index and elsewhere, and
the »Legend of Haatsa-lah-cough'.

400

AOS-MATT-SP T. 3«

T5e exact location not quit* identified, but either the
foot of Ash street, or the foot of Gamble street South,
or both, on False Creek. Two moderately large creeks
came out at each of these points; the largest at the foot
of Ash. There was a third still farther east; Just east
of Csmble.

The manager's house, manager of the Leamy and Kyle
Sawmill, the first mill on False Creek, was built at the
foot of Ash street on a little clearing on the eastern
bank, and by its appearance in 1900 when the writer first
saw it, it had long been occupied; perhaps it was chosen
by the manager on account of its having been an old
Indian settlement*

On the day of the Great Fire, 1866 the men clearing
the C.P.B. Roundhouse aite were driven by the fire into
the waters of False Creek, and were rescued by Indians
in canoes from the direction of Aun-aayt-sut; they were
in camp on the shore opposite the fire; about Cambie or
Ash street.

Paull says: 'The word means 'commit suicide'; and
probably someone killed himself there.

Tate says: •Kysit', to kill oneself. Paull corrects
this To'Qpitsut, or ^>l-it-sut* meaning 'commit suicide*;
and adds Hr. Tate's pronunciation may be effected by long
association with the Fraser Valley and Vancouver Island
Indians.

^^ Main street or formerly Westminster Avenue.

Paull: Place of narrow passage, literally 'two points
exactly opposite'; 'usks* as itf 'tusks'. August Khahts-
ahlano , He-whaasks.
Tim Moody : He-wha-usks .

At least aa early as 1880, a bridge, the False

Creek bridge, crossed at this narrow point; to the east
was the great shallow mud flat extending as far as
Grandvisw; now almost entirely railroad yards. The
lagoon was dry at low tide save for the water channels
carrying away fresh water from streams.

Two protruding points of land Jutted out into False
Creek. The southern one was on an angle north-north-
east, and the highest ground ran in that direction; hence
the forest trail from Gastown to Fraser River, via False
Creek bridge and North Arm (Fraser Ave.) Road ran on the
summit of that ridge, and is accountable for the odd
twist in Main St. at that point; another Instance of the
tradition that a calf gambled away from its mother, the
cow followed, a man followed the cow, and finally they
made a paved street of it, and pieced traffic signals to
control the congestion.

SKWA-CBlCfi^ ^ of ^^ hMd of False Cre-k eaBt Qt j^^ atree t,

at one time, a great mudflat, much like a great circular
pool in the forest clad hills surrounding; now filled in.

401

MBteflBfflU continued. 37

'Skwa-chlce, no more Skwa-chiee', aaya Dick Isaacs, 'they
fill him up now, nake C.N.R. Yards, big hole one time,
where we used to get the sturgeon all the time. Great
big deep hole, very big, up head false Creek, tunnel
under creek, fresh water come up, come from Lake Coquit-
lam (probably meant Lake Burnaby, but clearly aaid Co-
quitlam). The way they know, Indians find salt water aea
weed up Lake Coquitlam; that's the way they tell, sea-
weed gets up there through tunnel under Skwa-chlce'.

Geologists assert that false Creek is the prehistoric
bed of the Iraser Hirer, and that seepage through gravel
from Burnaby Lake to Skwechlce is quite possible.
Hill-Tout ; Swat-chais 'Deep hole in water*.
August gSahtaahlano; Squaw-chlze.
Tim Moody: SkwacaTce.

Paull; "akwa-chlce. 'Water apring, or water coming up from
ground beneath.

Mrs. Sanderson . Indian, North Vancouver. 'Water coming
up out of the ground from beneath, rising up from the
bottom, don't know why it does.

aOM-CHDZk .

(Smam-kuuih) August Khahtaahlano . who as a boy lived at Snauq,
directly opposite was the only Indian who knew the
name. August Ehahtsahlano pronounces "Smam
(short) - Kuush". He says: 'A little cove, formed
by, winds into a cove, a sandbar, which, afterwards, was
crossed by the C.P.H. Trestle bridge, and was at the foot
of Howe street produced. It implies a little island with
a bit of grass on top, some grsves or a little graveyard
and then the action of the tide washes grass, graves and
island sway.

Jim franks ; 'I think one time little Island there, may
be two or three crab trees on top where always dry.
Indians put dead man there so wolf not get him. Indians
always put dead man In trees so wolf not get him*.
Paull: 'Don't know literal meaning. The Indian system
of Burial progressively changed. Tree burials may, at
one time, say 100 years ago, have been the only system,
and on an island whenever they could get one, but, in
1907-8 or 9 I saw, for instance, bodies laid on the bare
roek on the tops of those two little islands just west
of Point Atkinson, bare solid rooks. The bodies were
simply covered with split oedar slaba, about three Inches
thick, eight Inches wide and five feet long 01 w, held
in place by their own weight, and no other covering to
the remains. Defence Island, near Squamish, an island
of half an acre, was a favorite burial ground.
Mr. Dickie, of Dickie and DeBeek, Barristers, Jan. 30, 1933.

"When I was a bit of a boy I used to play there; we
used to call it 'the island*. There was a little, low
island just a few ateps east of the Kits llano railway
bridge. I am fifty now, so that must have been over
thirty-five years ago.

About 1910, earlier perhaps, but no later than 1911,
a small sealing schooner owned by a Mr- Chapman was warped
into this cove beside the bridge, its owner, a recluse
artist, hss lived in it alone ever since (now 1933). The

402

CHPZK . continued

C.P.B. has unsuccessfully endeewored to make him remove
himself, hut he claims hs sailed In there, tied up, and
is still at anchor In the waters of raise Greek, st the
time he went In, under Dominion control* Actually he is
high on dry land which has been filled in around hie
weasel, the •Siren**

iqir fsali t j^*.^ togli- i b.^ literally 'another aott under
foot*

' place, a small sandy beeoh which was formerly run-
ning along from about Broughton and Kicola streets.

AT-TPIr-SHPM . Sngliah Bay Bathing
Hi ll-Tout ; Hail-shan, «
under feet*.

Beach,
sngllsh Bay bathing beaoh *aoft

ull aaya *Ay-ul-ahun t Bngllsh Bay, good under feet*.
t Khahtsahlano t I-ail-ahun, Bngliah Bay bathing

beach

j>«ach. Ay-yul-ehun, aays Dick Isaacs . Jim Pranks :
Ale-shun. Tate: *Ay» la good, 'shun* menas feet*;
spell it Ayulshun.

The sngllsh Bay bathing beaoh was formerly very
much less eztenslTe than in 1932. It consisted, in
eerly days, of a abort stretch of sand, perhaps one
hundred yards long, extending eaat from a small creek at
the foot of Gilford street. At both ends were clusters
of boulders of considerable number, but of moderate aim,
but there were two huge onea under the cliff at the foot
of Denman street (See 'The First Settlers on Burrard*s
Inlet; Matthews, and Mrs . Capt. Percy Nye, •Early Yan-
oourer*, 193S).

STAlT-gQPK . Second Beech, Stanley Park, where a small ereek enters
the sea.

Hill-Tout : Stay-tookq. August Btahtsablano: Staa-wauk.
Jim Pranks : State-wok. Dick Isaacs : State-woohk.
Paul aaysT '3tait-wouk» is a mud substance which, Interp-
reted would be probably equiwalent to what you call
pipe clay. It was the place, the only place where Ind-
iana could get that particular kind of mud, right at the
little ereek at Second Beech. They gathered the mud—
I think from the bed of the creek— rolled It into loavea
about the alee of breed loares, put the roll against the
fire, and the mud would get ea white aa chalk. Thia
white powder was used to dust upon Indian Blankets, made
from the mountain goat's fur, to gire the blanket a
white appearanoe. The mud substenoe is called "Stait-
wouk".

"I can quite understand that Capt. Vaneourer, in his
journal, reports Stanley Park as an island blocking the
channel; for In the earlier days I oan recall the waters
of Bngliah Bay almost flowed— at extreme high tide prob-
ably did do so— serosa from Second Beach to Coal Harbor."

403

3LAH-

39
wash Bock* Accent on 'Kay*.

11-Ton t i Skalsh. Siwash Book, means 'standing up*.
~\i Slah-kha-ulafc or Skay-ulah. It means 'he la stand-
up*. Ha was an Indian before ha waa petrified into
atone.

a: Skay-ulah, 'Indian Book*.

Skay-ulah. Jim Pranks ; Skaalah.
alah seems best.
Better apell it Slah-kay-ulah, they*lllahorten it.
h-»lnst: ( Jla Pranks ) '3iwaah Rock waa once a man.
I think one man make the world, but Indian any three mas.
These three men, they go out the sturgeon bank, out Point
Grey; they wash themselves, wash themaelTea, wash then
selTes, make themselves very clean, keep themaelTea very
clean, they get Tory powerful. Theae three men go all

around the world making It; their namea were

If they find people poor they give them stuff, educate
them, ahow them how to do things, so they be able help
themselves, and be no more poor. If they find people too
amsrt, too clever, they say *you go to hall, we no bother
about you*. That's how Siwash Bock came where he is; he
too smart; they turn him into a rock so people see not
much good be too smart." (See his further interesting re-
marks, under his own narrative.)

In the "Romance of Vancouver", a review published by
Post No. 2, native Sons of B. C, 19S6, Chief Ustthias
Capilano refera to Siwash Rock aa *T*elch', he relates a
legend of similar character, but different detail. He
stated the supernatural men turned the Indian into atone
because he was the first man he had met in their travels
who did not want anything, waa not greedy.

Moat writers In dealing with Indian legenda appear
to give theae legenda a covering of mythological romance.
Prom many conversations with Indians I have concluded
that thla is the wrong interpretation. The Indian was
highly moral in his ambitions; he knew right from wrong,
was proud of his blood and prowess, conceived it ss his
duty to educate his children. They are not legends, as
we understand legenda, but are tales to illustrate and
Illuminate morality; the rocks are the symbols just as
s square and compass is a aymbol to a freemason.

CHANTS. Paull l Chanta la not only a big sandstone rock covered
with water at high tide on the beach, aymbolically Siwash
Rock's fishing line rolled into a ball, but ia alao a
big hole in the cliff nearby— viaible aa you come In by
Victoria boat — where he kept this fishing tackle and did
his cooking. It is a round rook prominent on the shore
between Siwash Rook and Proapect Point, traditionally
representing a ball of thick fishing line — such aa used
by Indians before they got whitemans fishing lines— belong-
ing to the fiaherman Slahkayulah, and likewise turned
into stone. The Indian fiahing linea were thick, almost
as the little finger, on account of the material from

404

CHAHTB . continued. 40

which they were made. The line is supposed to he rolled
up, in a ball, or on a stick, hence Its representation
as a round stone. Up on the cliff is the hole where
Skahkayulah kept his fishing tackle.

August Khshtsahlano ; Chant z, a sandstone sticking out on
the shore perhaps 150 yards north of Si wash Bock, covered
with water at high tide. August Jaok, Sept. 12th, 1940,
Chantz la a natural fish trap; when the tide went out it
left pools and the fish got caught. That's what Chantz
means; not fiahing lines.

Matthias Capllano i Chance. 'Chance means cook fish, seal,
ducks, where Slah— kay-ulsh roasts them; it is the hole.'
Tim Moody ; Schanze.

Si wash Rock's wife, also turned into stone.
Hill-Tout ; Suntz. Sunz, Matthias Capllano .
August BEahtsahlano: Suns, a little rock a few feet east
of the light house at Prospect Point. Siwash Bock's wife*
Dick Isaacs; The little rook, perhaps a few feet inside
(east) of the lighthouse.

Tim Moody ; Sunze. A woman's name, a kneeling woman. The
steps down Prospect Point from the signal station almost
touch the Sunze rock on the shore. The rock is Siwash
Book's wife; his second wife, his other wife, is right
behind Siwash Bock.

Paull; Sahunz, Siwash Bock's wife, also petrified, a
little low rook on the shore at Prospect Point. (Andrew
Paull publishes "Sun", Jan. 22, 1936, magazine section,
page 6, a story about the rock with tree on top and gives
a different interpretation to the legend; same general
idea, three powerful men (Gods), Indian washing and to
make themselves clean; impertinence totthe Gods).
Baatsalano: (Khahtsahlano ) , insists "Sunz", and says, 'there
used to be a little tree on ounz, but somebody chop it
down.
SUNZ Conversation, August Jack Khahtsahlano, 12th. Sept*,

PBOSPBCT POINT 1940. "Sunz is not Siwaah Rook's second wife; ho
«nt> kiant didn't have two wives; Siwash Rock's wife is right

Chlt-chulayuk beside him; about 80 feet away. Sunz is that little
rook inside Prospect Point with tree on top (see
photo. Sunz waa punished too, like Siwash Rock, and
Chit-chul-ay-yuk at Point Grey. She was washing her hair;
she had evil in her heart, too, and got turned into stone
for punishment". See "Barly Vancouver", Vols. 2,3 and 4.

CHA.T-TH003 . .. M ^ „

Paull; Chay-thoos, a small clearing on the First Narrows
shore almost exactly where the uapilano Pipe line reaches
Stanley Park. Meana 'High bank', referring to Proapect

Point. .**.*..

August Khahtsahlano ; Chay-sloos, or Chay-cluse. A little
clear space at tne end of the pipe line road through Stan-
ley Park. Where my father Supplejack, lived and died.
His Indian name was Hay-tulk. Chief Haatsa-lah-nough
went there to live once. (See August Khahtsahlano »s long
narrative re Uhief Haatsa-lah-nough, or Kltsilsno). Much
earth fill has altered the site. Hay-tulk* a grave was

405

CHAT-TH006 . oon tinned. 41

where ro«d atarta to rlae; about 80 feat waat of present
boat houae.

Chief Matthias Canllano : 1932 'In front of Chay-thooa,
Jail eaat or Sunz, eaat of Proepect Point Lighthouse,
llTaa— ha la alive and atlll there — e great big cod flah
Uvea; the father of all. codflah'.
Tate ; Chay-thooa la the beat spelling.

Bearer Lake, and the email stream which flowa out of It.

Means 'little lake*.

August ghahtaahlano ; Ah-hach-u-wa, 'little lake*, in

Tin Moody: Ah-ha->ehu 'Little ereek out of Bearer Lake,

pronounced aa if you were sneezing.

Frank Charlie. Musqueam: Hach-ha; it aeana 'lake*.

The Indian word for lake la 'Haataa',(or 'Kaataa').

• Hkachu, aeana 'lake, a lake of some size; 'ahkachu'

It tie lake*.

Bote by J.3.Matthewa , 1934 . A atone arch bridge now
oroaaea the atreaa (Stanley Park DriTeway).

1H0I-WHDI . The former aite of a very large, and also a prehistoric
~ Tillage, now the site of the Lumberman's Arch, and Juat
behind the bathing pool in Stanley Park. A great deal
of information la available connected with this place,
called by Qoitchtahl ( Andrew Paull ) the moat historic site
in all Vancouver.

l-Tou t: Whol-Whoi mesne 'Masks'.

There flrat ceremonial masks were made; where
the Lumberman* a Arch is. Spelt Whqy-Whqy or Whoi-Whoi.
lok Iaaaea : Whoy-Whoy. Jim rranka : Whol-Whoi.

-uh-hol .

taahlano: Hoi-

Converaation, August Jack Khahtaahlano .
ARCH 18th. Sept., 19101 "So; that'a all

TATHAT wrong, Whoi-Whoi, not where the firet

masks were made; where the flrat maak
waa found, it waa found inaide a big oedar tree; when
they were cutting it down to make it into a canoe, and
they found the maak inaide; that waa centuriea ago.

Paull : Capt. Vancouver reporta that he waa received with
civility, and that presentations were made to him. I
will explain to you the true meaning of this; alwaya
hearing In mind that it waa the duty of the eldera to in-
struct the young in hiatory; that la how I have come to
know.

'It seems that it waa a tradition among the Indiana
of early days that a calamity of some sort would befall
them every seven year a; once it we a a flood, on another
ooeaaion dlaeaaa wiped out Whol-Whoi. The wise man had
long prophesidd a visitation from a great people. It
ao happened that Capt. Vancouver's vlait in 1798 coin-
cided with the seventh year in which aome calamity waa
ezpactad, and regarding the form of which there waa specu-
lation, ao that whan strange men of strange white
appearance, with their odd boats, etc., appeared the
Indiana aaid 'This may be the fateful visitation', and

406

«HOI-wM 01 continued.

took atop* to propitiate the all powerful vialtora.«
'Ob feative oecaalona, ceremonials, feaata and
potlatehaa it waa toe custom to decorate or ornament the
Interior of the festival or potlateh house with whita
down feathara, the eoft eiderdown feathara from balow too
eoaraar outer feather of waterfowl; theae wore aeattered
or tkrowm about, ostensibly to placate the apirlta, a
preetlce not diaalallar to Chrlstnaa tree daooratlona
with white eotton wedding anow decoration.*

'da Vancouver cane through the Tirst Harrowa the
Indiana In their oanoea threw theae feathara In groat
handfula before him. They would of course rise in the
air, drift along, and fall to the ear face of the water,
where they would reat for quite a tine. It sunt hare
boon a pretty scene, and duly lnpreeaed Capt. Vancouver,
for ha speaks moat highly of the reception ho waa
aeoorded* .

Prof. Hill-Tout; "Mot only waa there a tradition of a
groat flood, and of a great deeelnation by diaeaae, but
there waa that of a groat anowatorm of continuoua un-
broken duration of three month*. It covered the whole
land, and eauaed the death of the whole tribe aaTe one
man and hla daughter. The full account la In my atory
to the Royal Society of Canada, I think, 1696, long ago,
anyway.

Motet larly Admiralty charta ahow •Indian Sheda* at
Whoi-Whoi. Corp. Turner* a map of 1863 ahowa
Stanley Park aa *Coal Peninsula*. The offloial
map adopted by the Mayor and Council of Vancouver,
1886. ahowa Stanley Park aa a government reaerre,
but inaide City Boundariea. Capt. Vancouver re-
porta 'theae good people*, received him with
•decorum*, 'civility*, *cordiality* and 'reapect'.

Rev. CM. T a tet * I think that when the driveway around
Stanley Pari waa cut, that the poata of the Indian
houses ware aawn off level with the ground; the stumps
would be in the ground yet; I presume they would be
cedar, and very rot resisting.'

mm^ -

Potlatehaa were held there after I oame

407

PAA-Pkg-AK . 43

IIlll-Tout : Paa-pee-ak, where lighthouse stands , Brock-
ton point.

Ti» Moody; Paa-pee-ak, name so old no one knows what It
■Sins! all Stanley Park.

Paull ; Tim Moody wrong; just an Indian way of saying
park.

JMgUJ fhf htsahlano ; Paa-pee-ak refers to Brockton
Point; there is, as far as I know, no name for all Stanley
Park.

Paull ; Old Man Abraham, a very old Indian, gave evidence
before the court at the time of the ejection proceedings,
that Stanley Park was known as Whoi-whoi; I am very dear
on that point.

Chief Matthias Capllano i Burrard Inlet was a great home
ror serpents. when I was a little boy the old people
used to sea thai- little serpents — Just like a snake
floating. A big one had his pillow— a big atone on the
beach just west of Brockton Point Light, and his other
head, they here two heads, one at each end, used to rest
by the racing canoes Just in front of the Indian church
at North Vancouver; the old people used to see him in the
tide rip; there were little ones too. The last one, not
the serpent killed by Qoltchetahl (Andrew Paull's ancestor)
up the Squamish river, but another one, was killed by a
powerful man up above Dollarton, North Arm, Burrard Inlet,
in front of the B.C. Electric power station, where the
water coses down from Lake Beautiful (Bautzen); the paint
put by the Indiana on the rocks of the opposite shore is
there yet, I think. One hundred and fifty years ago there
were lots of serpents in Burrard Inlet.
Hote: Some authority has told me that there were five

lumber camps in Stanley Park at one time or another.

See Mrs. Bully Eldon, W. H, Bowling, in "Early

Tanoouver").

SCPTSABS. Deadman's Island.

Rev. C.M. Tate ; Squth-aha, It means 'an island'.

Paull ; Squo-taaha or Sqpot-saha, called Deadman's Island

now.

Dick Isaacs : Skoot-saha. Tim Moody : Scoot-aaha.

In 1862, Corp. Turner, R.I. surveyed Burrard Inlet.
His field notes in Court House, Vancouver, show in island
without name. In 1880 W.S. Jemmett'a map of Indian re-
serves, in possession of Andrew Paull, shows an island
marked (government res.) »G.R.'. In 1885 H.B. Smith, sur-
veyor, who made map of Vancouver adopted by first City
Council ss •official' , shows an ialand 'Government Reserve'.

It is conjectured that the appellation, Headman's,
arose in part at least from the Indian custom of speaking
of 'deadhouse', 'whitemans', *deadmans*. It was formerly
a burial grove for Indian trse burials. Of the known
whites buried there there is the McCartney baby, the Swede
who committed suicide at UoodyriUe, and whose skeleton
was set up by Br. Langis for instructional purposes (see
'Bsrly Vancouver'), the man drowned off Haatings Mill,
some Chinamen, and those who died of smallpox at the
pest house there.

408

i§?j

SQPT3AH3 . continued. 44

rof» Hill-Toiit: In 1890, or about, I aaw several tree
?lala, twenty or thirty fsot up in the fir trees; the
Island was known at that time aa Deadmana Island.
William Walton ; pioneer of 1885. "After the fire, I

built a Snack there. One day I came home and found aoae
one had burled a chinaman near, and a month later they
planted another dead man near my shack. I aald to my
partner 'I'm going to get out of thla; thia i» a regular
deadmana ialand.* 'Good name for it' he replied. When
the Chinese riots took place in Feb. 1884 they wanted me
for a wltneaa, but I had gone to my ialand to look at
some traps I hed aet for coon. They asked my partner

where I was. He aald 'Deadmana Ialand*. They said,
'Where' a that?' He told them, and the name stuck.
Joseph Morton , son of John Morton, first resident of
Vancouver: 'lather told me that when he first settled
on the Inlet in 1863 he went over to Deadmana Island, and
found Indian coffins in the trees and also fallen to the
ground; their fastenings having rotted.* Hiss Bay, a
nieee of John Morton, says she heard him say that on one
occasion he (her uncle) had poked at a coffin in the trees
with a atlck, the fastenings were decayed, and a ahower
of bones fell; he slipped off lest the Indians might see
him there. Joseph Morton's comment on this, "Ho, the
coffins had already fallen, and were on the ground when
f ether examined them."

Ex- Alderman W. H. Gallagher: "Brighouae himself told me
that, when the man who waa surveying their pre-emption (The
'West Bad') wes laying out the boundaries, he said, 'I
will put the islend in your pre-emption for five dollars".
Hailstone aald 'Don't give it him, we've enough atuff al-
ready", page 870, 'Early Vancouver', 1931.

CHUL-WHAH-ULCH .

August Khahtaahlano: Chol-welsh, Lost Lagoon.
COAL HARB5S Conversation, August Jack Khahtaahlano,

LOOT LAGOON 12th. Sept. 1940. "Chul-welsh; that

CH0L-WAL3H means, 'the bay what goea dry'; that's

DEAHfANS ISLAND Coal Harbor."

Tim Moody : Chll-whalsh; south end of Lost Lagoon, means
'dry', 'passage'; gets dry at times when tide goea out'.
Dick Isaacs: Chul-whalsh, right up south end of Lost
Lagoon, up by narrow neck of land between Second Beach
and Coal Harbor.

Andrew Paull : Chul-whah-ulch, means 'gets dry at times,
when tide goea out.

Mrs. Robert Strathle . later Mra. Emily Sldon, wife of an
early pa»k superintendent, or 'ranger'. 'The first bridge
serosa to Stanley Park waa a fallen tree across the water
at the point where the bridge, and later the cauaeway was
built (See "Early Vancouwer".) Ceperley and Ross map ahows
the first entrance to Stanley Park, before the bridge was
built, as a trail along the southern shore of Lost Lagoon,
or Chul-whah-ulch.

Joseph Morton: "See 'Early Vancouver' or 'The Tlrst Sett-
Tera on Burrard • a Inlet' for narrative of hanging of
Indian woman by her own people at the entrance to Stanley
Park. She had murdered her child.

409

TfflEiU/a agog.

Bract epelling unknown. Jo— ah Morton ,
»ye that his father told kla that Mi* mum of ttaa creek

oa which ho located kla eobia about 100 yarda woot ef
Barnard Street waa known aa TjaUll'a Crook, or Tladell'i
Crook. There io another lnatanoe of changed arook ■— I
Jenaett'a Indian reaerwation currey Bap 1090 ahewe Lynn
Croak at 'Fred'a Crook*.

Location approximately of tbo proaoat C.P.B. etatlon
docks.

X Diehtafhlano: Paekaala. C.P.B. Dock, piar »D*.
: Fuekaals.

loot of QranTillo at. where C.P.B. atatioa
a. lota - big troaa there, lota boakaa, lota aha da, not
one?, analight; thoro aaa a cliff tbara, aad above Tory
baa- r tiabar. White roeka thoro.

Panll i Paok-ahlo or Puck-able, it aaana 'white roeka',
WE era the big brewery waa. M otet the old Bod Oroaa
Brewery, roaalaa of walla of which at ill ataad jaat be-
aide the entrance t» the C.P.B. toanol; oa Bhatiaga Ot.
oeat; atood at the aoath of the oreok boaide whleh John
Morton had hia cabin. It drew ita water froa a daa la
the crook.

•The white rock* referred to weald appear to bo a
Ugh* colored ahaka rook whloh la to bo aaoa expoaed by
the ozeawatloaa of the railway below 'The Bluff, that
oliff deration ruaalag between OranTille atreet aad
Barrard Street.

(Oa back of p. 46 la Major Matthews'
handwriting. )

MICH or HAA3BB-MICH.

~~m Oct. 15, lw5l, Capt. Chaa. W. Catea tela aa that Pul-
I*ay-lua, or Joe Those a, bow dead, bat about OT whoa ha
died recently, told hia that the aaao of the Mo. 3 Indian
Boaerre at Seyaour Creek waa aa ahown la aargln.

J. 0. Matthewa.

410

UCK-LPCP. 46

frjffMrt ""fctsejflypr.- Luk-luk-kee is soma place rat
or .rttm-jttm-iee, i don't know just where.
fU Franka (Chll-lah-minst) sejrs: Luek-lucky is Old Oes-

D lok Iraw means s grove of nice trass'. About tba
sua of old 'Qastown't probably the famous 'Maple Tree*
of Carrall street waa one of thorn. They stood between
Portugese Joe's shack (at the foot of Abbott street) and
the Sumnyside Hotel, foot of Carrall St. They stood some-
where In the little eurre of the shore, and about the
point where the Indian Church and Methodist parsonage
atood. Very pretty*.

Tate: (who helped in the dedication of the first church,
at the foot of Abbott St.) 'There were a lot of pretty
maple trees about there.

Paullt It means 'grove of beautiful trees'. Luek-luek-eo'
is the pronunciation.

KQsVKPsVL'Tj . August Khahtsahlsno; Kun-kum-lee , means 'Tine maple' j
the place Is the point on which the Hastings Sawmill stood.
Pick Issaos : 'Kum-kum-lye. Point where the Hastings Saw*
mill wss; there were a lot of maple b reee there.*

ttll ; Kum- ktm i lye is better than Kon-kum-lai, it means
pie trees', not vine maple'.

CHmT-CHA UfMOT . A. number of smooth rocks or boulders grouped to-
gether on the shore at the point where the B.C. Sugar re-
finery now stands, up which the seals used to clamber,
beak on the summits in the sun and sl'ther down again in-
to the water. Location about the foot of Baymur Are.
Hill-Tout! Chet-eheal-men.

P*'1f 1? Cnu-ohael-men, st sugar refinery, foot of Baymur
lreTT don't know literal meaning. Where the seals used
to come s shore.

piok Isaacs: Chet-ail-men, west of the sugar refinery,
lots of sesls used to come out of the water there, and
get on the big rocks.
Tim Moody ; Chet-ale-mun, 'mun' not 'men*.

""T-flmff-f II Paull: Hup-hah-pai, or pie; the early settlers called
~t 'Cedar Wove', at the foot of the hill on Powell street;
s large oreek entered Burrard Inlet there; it mesns 'lots
of cedar trees there*.

August Khahtaahlano ; Hupup-pye, or Hup-hup-pii, old
'Cedar Core'.

Compare Httphapallthp (Muaqueam) with Huphahpai (Squamiah),
both refer to cedar trees.

BPBRARD IHLBT . The strstch of inland water known as Burrard Inlet
seems to be without name. Tim Moody, aged Indian with
forehead made flat by former Indian practices on babies
to accomplish this, ssys, and Andrew Paull says contrari-
wise, and thst Tim is unreliable, that 'Slall-wit-tuth'
includes the entire channel faom the Narrows eastward,
and that it means 'go inside place' out of English Bay.
Paull ssys this is a confusion of location cauaed by the
marriage of a Coquitlam Indian to an Indian River Indian.
The Coquitlam Indians came down to Port Moody on their

411

46A

rH*-H^H-^ooT. x smell creek mouth, now at the foot of Windermere

street, which formerly supplied the townslte settlement
of Banting*, and of subsequent year a known acre par-
ticularly a* tha stream which ran through th« "BAVIKI"
in Bastings Park*

Ob Fab. 19th 1953, Captain Charles Warren Cates,
well known, told no that Joe Thoaas, Squamlah Indian,
of "The Mission" Indian Beserre, Borth Vancouver, who
died in 1951 at the age of 90, told hln as follows:
"At one tine a small atreanwanded its way down
through the woods from tha direction of Burnaby
Lake, and emptied into the sea where Bastings
see pagos Park Is now. One day a nan and a woman ap-

72 peered from out the creek waters; it is supposed

T3 that the flowing water ooncelTed them* lbs

for continuation descendants of this man and woman llred there
of coast line until the coming of the white man, and their

Tillage of cedar slab huts on the shore at tha
mouth was known as "CTA.-HAH-M0OT". Appar-
ently the word interprets the story.

On Oct. 25th 1951, Captain Char lea W. Cates told
me that old Joe Thomas, or Pulk-way-lum. now dead,
told him that the name of Ho. three Indian Beserre,
between Second marrows and Roche Point, was as shown,
see pages Khahta-aieh.

46*

412

wrop tf p Tity continued. 47

*ay to Indian River, and the nana attached itself to tha
upper and of the inlet. Properly It ahould be spelt
•Inlailwataah' and refers to Indian Biver Indian reser-
Tstlon. Paull knows of no nans for the inlet.

SSESrUSsS' Oleic Isaaoa r An old channel, onoe a stream of Sey-
■our Creek, now dry, a mile east of the main part of
Seymour Creek, and onoe part of it. The dry old channel
is said to be atlll to be aeen, Just west of the Seymour
Creek pipe line road, where it leaves the main channel.
At one tine Steeteemah waa a very popular reaort for
Indian flaherman, lota of crab, flah, salmon, etc. caught
referring to it aa a flahlng ground*

Tin Moody : Little creek eaat of Seymour Creek; lota of
aslaon, trout, crab.

|U|Bft th« Msshlano ; Don't know neanlng, ahall have to
ask old people.

PjajLlt Hot sure of meaning, it nay be it means something
about »llttle river'.

-WTO. Seymour Cream.

frLt Chay-chil-whoak or Chay-ohil-whuk, derived frosi
word for *near« or *narrow», perhaps refers to Second
Harrows, but it is the name of Seymour Creek.
Hill-Tout ; Chay-chil-whoak. Tim Moody ; Chay-chll-whak.
August Khahtaahlano ; Chay-ohil-woak, Seymour Creek, Just
a name, no meaning.

WHA-*mfr»WBJ . A location on the shore between Seymour Creek and
Lynn Creek, eaat of a email slough.

Dick Isaaoa: *The little place of masks'; It is dlmin-
utive or Whoi-Whol, •masks' in Stanlsy Park.
Paull; Whqa-whi-qwa. It means 'the little place where
masks were made. A ahingle mill stood there on the Sey-
mour reserve.

Tstei 'Swhy-whee', that la really the name of the mask
itself. Whenever an Important person died they performed
the swhywhee, or death dance.

IWA-HOL-CH A. Lynn Creek, alao shown on Jemmett's Indian Reserv-
ation map of 1880 as 'Fred's Creek*.
Hill-Tout: Whoal-cha. August Khahtsahlano ; Hal-cha,
Juat a name. Paull; Khe-ul-cha. Dick isaaca : Hahrl-cha.
Tim Moody; Harl-eha.
Tate ; KhaaTcha or Xhauloha ia beat spelling.

UTH-EIMB . A email slough at the foot of the hill eaat of Moodyvllle,
crossed by a concrete bridge now.

Disk Isaacs : Uth-kyma, snakes there, lota of them. Indian
no use for snakes. When white man come they all go away.
Hill-Tout; Whal-skyme, means 'serpent pond*.

Whath-kyme, a little slough east of Moodyvllle.
TJth-kyme, not Whal-skyme; snakes,
a-ka-yum, Snake slough, where the concrete bridge
is east of Moodyvllle.
Tate ; *Uth» means 'snake'.

413

8 AHTT . a point of land where the Moodyville Sawmill stood.

inm it Khahtsahlano : Siox, It means 'point of land*.

flmMoodrT 3ah-yiz. pick Iaaaca : Sahix.

Paull : Sahix. Not a headland, although ita appearance

auggeata a hold bluff rising out of a low shore spreading

from the Pirat to the Second Harrows, hut literally, a

•cape* or 'point*.

Tate : Don't know word.

B3T-aht*-T0HK . Location almoat at ferry Landing, North Vancouver,
hut a little to the eastward of Lonsdale Are.
Paull : Sstahltohk was at the mouth of a small creek which
emptied into Burrard Inlet healde McAllister's Mill, now
gone, Just eaat, about 100 yards, of the ferry landing
at North Vanaaurer and a few feet east of Wallace's Ship-
yards. It means *a pretty house is built there'.

The little harbor and creek around which is now gathered
the North Vancouver Indian Reserve and church; otherwise
the mouth of Mission Creek.
ill-Tout: Stlawn. August Ehahtaahlano : Sla-han

Ho?

Moody : Oatlaun.
ih vanc<

-forth vane out er Indian woman: Ua-alawn, not Slawn.
Dick Isaacs : Slaan, right here where I live, a little
harbor and cove used to bs here*

Paull; TTs-tla-aun, the little creak where the Home Oil
flo* a. "tanks are now at the foot of Bewicks St. it means
•hesd of bey*.

TT.*th-ii.h-ulk . Hill-Tout: It means 'saltwater creek'. Tlas-tl
mough.

Paull t Tlath-oah-ulk or Klath-mah-ulk, Mackey Creek.
Augiat Khahtaahlano : KLaa-malk or Klaamauk, exactly where
the fiapilano Timber Co* a mill is at the foot of Pemberton
Ave. It meana 'saltwater'.
Tim Moody : Tlaa-maulk.
Tate: Klaamaulk la the beat spelling.

H0-M0L-CEK-3UN . The name of the village and fortified huts which

formerly stood on the east bank at the mouth of the Hom-

ulcheson Creek, now called the Capllano River.

Paull : Homultcheson, just a name, no meaning.

gJTIProut : Homultchiaon. Khahtaahlano : Homultohiain.

Bick laaTcs : Homul-tchlt-son; used to be Indian Houaes

there.

Rev. CM. Tate : I doubt whether the village waa palliaaded

(see Hazten, aged Indian woman interpreted by Andrew

Paull) more likely the huts were loop holed, that is the

only form of fortification I ever saw anywhere. The Indiana

cut holea in the cedar walla and when attacked retired to

their houses, and ahot their arrows at the enemy through

those holes (see drawing in Capt. Cook's Voyages at Nootka).

Inside the earthen floor was frequently two or three, or

even more, feet below the bottom of the wooden wall, and

thus gave edditlonal protection.

Tor CAPILANO refer narratives. For the story of Kokohaluk,

see Andrew Paull's (Qoltchetahl) narrive, The Burning

of Homulchesun, etc. etc.

414

PROSP ECT PO INT. 49

HDMOLCHESOH. Conversation, August Jack Khahtaahlano, 12th.

CAPILAHO. Sapt., 1940: (see page 475, "Coaat Indiana" (blue

P«l»n. bound book, small). Hill-Tout»a report, 1900, to

"British Association for Advancement of Science")
"Klaken, i.e. paliaade, or fenced Tillage, a place on Burrard Inlet".
August :- "He must mean the time the Fort Rupert Indians came to re-
capture a woman (see Story of Kokohaluk, in "Early Vancouver".)
The Squamiah stole a woman, and the fort Rupert Indians came to get
her, but she did not want to go; that waa where they put polea
around stockade and she oame out and told the Fort Rupert Indiana
to go away or they would all be killed, and they would have to
fight if they atayed where they were aa there were a lot of men in-
aide, but ACTUALLY THERE WERE ONLY FIVE WOMEN. So they retired
serosa the Narrowe to Proapect Point, and that was where the
Squamiah men were in hiding; and the Fort Ruperta ran into them,
and they all got killed". (Still another veraion of the old tradi-
tion).

STY-WEE . Dick leases: Swy-wee, a slough or legoon a short distance
weat of mouth of Capilano River, and approximately at the
foot of Eleventh atreet produced.

Si^J^Sg.*^ •■>■*••• August Khahtaahlano : Swy-wee.
Hill-Tout : Swai-wl.

f* a ffi Swy-wee, a name which indicatea a species of
amelta, and poasibly refers to where the Indiana caught
tnem. I think the name la derived from Sway-wee, i.e.

Tate: 'Swse-wah* or oolichan fiah, are very much like
smelts, and no doubt all thoae inleta were at one time
infeated with thoae fiah. I know aaveral which were, but
no longer are.

W.3, jreoaett»s survey of Indian Reservation on Burrard
inlet, ate. 1880, in possession of Andrew Paull, secre-
tary Squamiah Indian Council, ahows 'graaa' around the
slough, and "beaver dams" at ita head inland.
Tradition aaya Indiana spread nets or fish weira. hurdle
nets etc., aeroas the mouth of the alough.
??! t -? an f OT f Tar S^* 1 *"*- Tim Moody saya there ... never
any apeciai name ror the West Vancouver shoreline aa
there waa for Point Grey (Ulksen).

CffiflfcAat. Marry Jack*a Point, Weat Vancouver.

S ill-Tout : Kitch-ahm.
lck Isaacs: Kitch-ahm, a point which sticks out west of
Swy-wee.

TM*¥ood y t Chid-aulm conalderable difficulty in inter-
preting sound, sometimes seemed like tal-ahm*.
Paull : Chut-alm or Chut-aum.
Tate : Chutaum is a good way to apall it.
Auguat Khahtaahlano: A point, Navvy Jack's Point. Means
■ "■Ixup w ; The tide flowing, and the back eddy along
the shore meet at the point, and cause a choppy water.
i.e. "mix up*. Pronounce "Cha-tahm".

HllL-Tout: Smul-lah-kwah.
1 ok Iaaaca: Smua-lah-aua r a little bay weat of Chutaum.
~uU: Smul-lah-qua, a place west of Dundarave.
ck Iaaaca: adds, »a little eupped bay, two miles east

415

SMPL-LA-qPA, . continued. SO

of Stuckale, mall creek there.

Jim Franks: Old people go there get Mbwieh (food) niee
quiet place, little bay high rocks on bank, a littls
gravel beach, only three quarters all* eaat of Stuckale*
Not so far as Dundarave. Matthias Capilano's
people ga there long time ago.
Tate ; Smullaqua is good spelling.

August Khahtaahlano : 'A lot of people, I think, killed
there, something terrible, maybe eight or nine men, per-
haps in canoe, all killed one time, in fight or war; not
by accident, or drowning, but killed*.

Paull : It may be that it is some reference to the fight
for kokohaluk, the noblewoman. 1 don't know.

August Zhahtaahlano: It means "a thigh" (upper part of
leg) . I don't know why.

STOCK-ALE . Where the Great North Cannery Is at Sherman.
Hlll-Tout t Stuck-hail*
Tim Moo ay ; Stuck-ale.

Pick Isaacs; Stuek-hail, now Great Northern Cannery.
August KhaSTaa hlano : Stuc-k-ail. 'Stuok' is a rude word
forsmell. — That's why we say 'Stuckale', a> our children
not become rude. A bad smell, such as made by a skunk.
Skunk Cots (Caufield's) not far away. Terrible bad smell.
Paull ; Stuck-ale, it means literally expelling human gas.
jryritoble. friend of Indiana, Standard Bank Bldg. 'There
II a man living back of Caufields who has for years been
lighting his house with natural gas; I wonder if that
seeped out and created a smell which the Indians thought
very bad'.

Tate ; Stuckale is good spelling.
WBT VANCOWBT. lest Vancouver Hollyburn Oil Co. Ltd . (grill for
3TUCKAL1. petroleum, 1914 . A para, in the proapectua of

Mi HB rrewxr. this company I see docket) read: "Per more than

twenty years, oil seepages hare been known and

reported by old timers aa occurring in this district. Seven years
ago, George Marr, a homesteader on D.L. 815, attempted to sink a
well for domestic use, but states he was compelled to abandon and
refill it on account of the too abundant gaa and oil seepage. This
Distriot lot is Included in the Company's stakings. Upon a por-
tion of it occurs a phenominal seepage of black crude oil or pet-
roleum, located by Mr. Albert R. Whieldon, a practical oil man of
■an y years experience in the Pennsylvania and Ohio oil fields, who
will now assume the active management and supervision of the com-
pany's operations. A sample of the seepage petroleum on D.L. 815
West Vancouver 1* laptha 84.71; Burning oil 35.08; Lubricating oil
80.02; Bssldue 80.19—100. Assayed by G.G. West, Provincial
Assayer. The prospectus is dated June 84th, 1914.

STOCXAL1. The Indlsn name for tho location of the Great Northern
Cannery? at Sherman, Weat Vancouver, Is Stuckale. "Stuck" la a

rude word for amell; such as mads by s skunk. "Stucksls" means
"terribly bed smell".

In, or about 1931, J. P. Noble, a friend of the Squamish Indiana,
office in Standard Bank Building, told me, (See "XARLT VANCOUVER",
Matthews, Vol. 2, ps.be 30). "There is s man living back of Caulfield*
who baa, for years, been lighting his house with natural gms; I
wonder if the t seeped out and created the smell which the Indians
thought very bad".

416

SKAY-WIT-SPT . 51

Point Atkinson. Accent on Skay.
Hi 11-Ton t ; Skay-awat-aut. Point Atkinson.
August Khahtaahlano : 3ka-whut-aoot .
Dick IsaaciT Skay-wit-sut.

Tin Moody ; Skay-wit-aut, meana 'going around point*.
Jim Franks ; Skay-wit-aut.
Tate ; Skaywitsut ia beat spelling.
Paull t Skaywiteut, means *go around point*.

CH0LK3 . Paull t Kew Be a oh, Chulks.

August Khahtaahlano ; Erwin Point, Chulks north of Point
Atkinson, south of Eagle Harbor, where there is, on the
southern tip, and in a crerasse facing south, a huge
rock or stone five or six feet in diameter. It means *a
■ling with a atone in it; it is the one which the Gods
threw at Kt. Garibaldi, and which missed the mountain*.
•A big rock stuck in a crack", says Khahtaahlano.
See long narratiTe by August Khahtaahlano on this legend*

e Harbor.

111-Toutt Ke-tlala»m, i.e. *nipplng grass* so called
e cause the deer go there in spring to est the fresh
grass.

Dick Isaaca ; Kee-khaal-aum, Eagle Harbor.
A ugust gEantaahlano; Ke-earl-eum, Eagle Harbor. It means
▼cook fish 1 , you know, Indians cook f ism with stick split
down from top little way, slip fish in silt, stick other
end sharp stick in ground, toast fish in front of camp
fire.

Paull; Khahtaahlano is wrong. It is s nice little bay,
anall creek Kee-khaal-aum, bear and deer used to go there
to gnaw. It means, well, you know what bearer do, gnaw,
chew thinga. The animals used to go there to gnaw, prob-
ably grass and young buds in spring.

3T0AK-T0X . 'Stoaktux* , says Paull, »mean» "all cut up", that la, the

rocks are ail cut up in channels, fluted, a little bay,

picnic ground, ferry runs to Bowen Ialand from there.
Stuk-tuks is too abrupt; abruptneaa deatroys sense of
root from which it is derired. Stoaktux is better; It
meana that the rocka are all cut up into ehannela along
the shore. riaherman»a Cots* "'Stuck-tooks,* saya August
Khahtaahlano, "on Howe Sound, north of Point Atkinson,
big dance hall there now". The aouth western tip of
Whytecliff Point, and nor. nor. west of whyte Island. It
is shout 150 feet aouth of a house which stsnds there.

SKDHK COVE . Au gust Khshtsahlsnot It must hare a name, but I don*t
know It.

KVW ° r "go naaa*7"aays Khahtaahlano, "Indiana burled mead on
lnalde ialand. Used to be a tree on it, and, nearly
always, an eagle on top of tree".

417

Horse Shoe Bay.

CHA-HAI . Horse Shoe Bay.

? Ill-Tout: Tchakqai
la Moody ; Che-hye.
Dick Isaacs : Cha-hye.

August KhaEtaahlano: Cha-hy. *A big bay facing north,
Horse Shoe Bay. It means that peculiar sizzling noise,
similar to that made when frying bacon in a pan, but
which is made by myriads of small fish, -smelts do it —
moYing in the water*.

Note: At one time this faint noise could be heard almost
any summer's evening at Kltsilano Beach. It la made by
shoals of smelt swimming in the shallow water on the
beach; it is said to be caused by the wriggling of their
tails.

Paull; What August Khahtsahlano aaya may be true. Be sure
to make it *Cha», (to distinguish it from Mr. Garibaldi),
"Cha-hai".

TOMBTH . Hill-Tout : means 'paint*.

Paull : Tumbth meana the red paint with which warriora
and maidens adorned their faces for war, ceremonies, dan-
ces; maidens for beautiflcation, warriors for war and
ceremonies. White woman do it, too, only pay big price
at drug stores for same thing in fancy boxes.

STfcSJ-I

" Paull :

which :

The general term applied to 'Protected water',
it means, inside Passage Island and between Point
Atkinson and Gibson's Landing. It means 'sheltered water',
Khahtsahlano : "Eye-sycbe" is any "protected water"; in
Fmglish "a channel". There are several "eye-syche" in
Howe Sound; channels between islands and mainland.

Supplementary and unverified

KWT-TOWHKIt

Steveston, B.C.
August Khahtsahlano :

Qy-youka, or Kwy-yowhk.

Ferra Nova Cannery, south end Sea Island.
August Khahtsahlano : Why-kit-sen.

Chief Matthias Capilano; Tumtemayhtun was an Indian place
afterwards known to whltemen as 'Old Orchard*.
Khahtsahlano : At Balcarra, not loco.

CHB-CHJC-TOH-KK .

Khahtsahlano:
twins.

The Lions opposite Vancouver, meaning: -

418

53
BICBBPT3 - "Burly Vanoouver". Vol. 8 - page 7 .

Memo of conversation with August Jack Khahtaahlano . (Kitallano,
Sob of Khay-tulk, ana grandaon of Chief Haataa-lah-nough of
Chaythoos) at City Hall, Jan. IS, 1934.

Auguat Jack (aon of Supplejack, or Khay-tulk) was born under
the present Burrard Street Bridge, the then Indian village of
Snauk, and aaya he la now 59. (See "Early Vancouver", Vol. 2,
Matthews) .

-WHO I Query: "How many families were living at Whoi-Whol

"PARK in Stanley Park when you were a boy?" (about 1881-

1886.)

August Jack: (After reflecting) "There were eleven
families. That»a a long time ago. There waa old 'Chunth' in
one house, then there was Ce-yowcihwa-lia in the next houae, and
Ahtsulk was in the next; then there were eight families more;
there must have been more than 100 Indians all told living in the
four houses. These man's names have no meaning; just names. I
forget all the family names; it's such a long time ago."

INDIAN H0U3BS . Query: 2How old were thoae Indian houaes?"

August Jack: "Oh, very old, there long before me.
Tou know the Lumberman's Arch in Stanley Park. Well, the big house
was about 200 feet long, and sixty feet wide, and it stood right
equa»e in front of Lumberman's Arch at the foot of the trail
from the Japanese Monument. That waa the 'real' pow-wow house.
The name of it was TAT-HAT, no meaning; just name, amd six famil-
ies lived in it.

"Then, to the west of it, waa a smaller house, about 30
feet front and sixteen feet deep with a sort of little kitchen
at the back; I think two families lived in that."

"Then to the weat again was a smaller houae, about twenty-
four by sixteen feet deep; one family lived in that, and on the
extreme west wss another pow-wow house—It waa measured once,
and I think the measurement was ninety-four feet front by about
forty feet deep; the front waa about twenty feet high; the back
about twelTe feet. Here two families lived."

■All these houses stood in a row above the beach, facing the
water; all were of cedar alaba and big posts; all built by the
Indiana long ago."

(The picture "Before the Pale lace Came" (Illustrated by
John Innes, prepered by J.S. Matthews) waa hanging on the wall as
ws conversed. It records the Indlen plsoe namea of Burrard Inlet
and Sngliah Bay.) "That's not right," ssid August Jack, pointing
to the hut. "That roof got two slopes, Squamlah Indian hut only
one slope, from front to back, and the posts are always outside,
snd" (pointing to roof beams) "the top part stick out; see the
ends of the timbers, so" (drawing with pencil on piece of pepsr).
"The door always In the end, one at eaoh end. of house, right in
oorner under highest part of roof, not in the middle of end. Hole
for smoke? Bo hole for smoke; just poke up with stick and slide
boards off hole In roof, not like northern Indisn House. Light?
Ho windows, but holes in side along front of house; mot very big

419

PCgRPTS - 'Barlr Van couver*. Tol.3 continued - page 8,9 54

* ISA
no lea, not very many, in big pow-wow house (800* X SO') perhaps
maybe, four; no glass for window; Just cover hole with something
when no light wanted or to keep out wind. The aide and all the
walla just eedar slabs on aide; cedar alaba on roof; the beans
stick out all round Just under roof."

Query: "How about posts for support of sides?"
*?*¥** J *^ kt ***** •*■• «•• «nds, only smaller. Cedar slsbs
dropped in between posts, and posts fastened together with little
eedar bougha twiated together. Posts only tied in two or three
plsoss up and down; windows, night be four windows In the 200
feet *Tay-hsy»; they don*t put in much (for light). No holes to
shoot bow and arrow through at enemy; use windows; when they as
light, Just open it; they had something to coyer window over w*&n
want to. Tes; the floor was esrth."

IMPT ^ff PaWIf- *i«ry: "Any totem poles?"

August Jack : "Ho, not outside, but might be
cerved on post inside house."
Query: "Any canoes?"

August Jack: "Tes, on beooh, lots canoes; some men got three,
some men two, bigger canoe, smaller canoe.
Query! "Any dogs?"

August Jack: "oh, yes, lots dogs, Indian dogs, not whltemena
dogs."

Query: What about water? There's no creek at Whol-Whol."
Auguat Jaok: "Ko creek there; have wall; Indian dig him; about
six feet deep; uae eedar board bueket.

CHIP HAAJgi-T^raTrngta HOBB. "Our house beside a little creek

at Chsy-thoos, you know end of
pipe line rood; just where you start to go up hill to Bunts."
Query t "I though Suntz waa at the bottom of Proapect Point, a
rook on the beech by the lighthouae?"

Auguat Jack: "Tea; that's right, but Suntz la all the wey up the
hill, too: up top too; all Suntz" (motioning from bottom upwarda
with hand).

,um of ConTersatlon with Auguat Jack Khahtsahlano . November

IMDIAHS, number before whltemen came.

Query: " Bow many Indiana do you suppose lived around Borrard Inlet

and mgliah Bay before the whltemena came?*
August Jsck: (exaggerating): "About a 'million*. There waa a
settlement at B-yal-mough (Jericho), another at Snauq (Burrard
Bridge), at Ay-yul-ahun (tngllsh Bay Beach), at Stait-wouk (Second
Beaeh), at Chsy-thoos (Proapect Point), at Who! -Who! (Lumberman*a
Arch), at Bmmuleheaun (Cspllano), at TJstlswn (Berth Vancouver),
at Chsy~ehil~wuk (Seymour Creak)— there waa nothing at Lynn Creek
—and more aettlementa up the inlet besides the one st KUm-kum-
lye (Bastings Sawmill)."

MJSQUSAIB. Query: "Boa la it that the muaoueama claim that

Bhgllam Bay and Burrard Inlet la their territory and
that it did not belong to the Squamlah? All the mamas for the
places on Bngllsh Bay and Burrard Inlet are Souamlah names, but
the muaoueama say that the Souamlah did not live down here until

420

EXCERPTS - 'Early Vancouver'. Vol. 3 continued - 55

page 13A.14 fc 15
the Haatinga Sawmill atarted, and that gave them work.
Auguat Jack ; (amlling) - "Muaqueam'a got no claim. They claim
Snauq, hut they've got no righta. They not build a houae there;
Squamish build houae there. Muaqueama juat come round from North
Arm to fiah on the sandbar (Granville Ialand) and up False Creek,
and then they go away again, but Squamish build houae.

POTLATCH "Jericho Charlie (Chen-nal-aet) , my atep-father, he

build big house, thouaand feet long, cedar alab aides,
cedar ahake roof, out at B-yal-mough, he hold big potlatch, great
big potlatch, that before my time.

Memorandum of Converaatlon with August Jack Khahtsahlano. on a
special all day trip from Vancouver to Squamlah on the Union
Steamship "Capllano" for the purpose of having him point out
location of Indian pieces of Interest, November 28, 1934.

Query: "Why did the Squamlah make their home at a point like
Squamish? Squamish is not as nice a place as Whol-Whoi, Stait-
wouk, or Syalmo; anywhere on English Bay or Burrard Inlet?*
Khahtsahlano: "Squamlah their home; lota salmon, deer, beaver.
In the summer time they go down English Bay and Burrard Inlet to
get email fiah, amelta, herring, oollchana, and dry them, and get
clams, get berrlea; lota summer food down Burrard Inlet. Suck
easier to get at English Bay than Squamlah. Indian catch duck at
night, apear them; go out in canoe; put cedar alaba across canoe,
mud on top, then put fire, pitch stick ao not make noiae when
burning (crackle) on top mud; when duck see light of fire in
dark, he get curious, oome nearer canoe, see what it is. Man in
bow have apear on end pole twenty feet long; man in canoe peddle
aa hard as ha can. Canoe for (hunting) duck apeclally built;
very narrow, very awift. Paddler in atern not ralae his paddle;
keep it In water aa much aa he can, so aa not to scare dudtj he
make canos go fast; that' a way get near duck at night with fire
in canoe.

SgJAMISH TERRITORY According to Khahtaahlano, the boundary of

the territory of the Squamlah people extended
over the entire area of Howe Sound and Burrard Inlet. On the
weat, their territory commenced near the point known as Gibson's
Landing; to the north of Gibsons, lived the Sechelts, In whose
language the Squamlah could not easily converse. The Squamish
Country extended aixty miles up the Squamish River to the Shovel
Nose Indian Reaerve (Spring Salmon Creek). Eastwards it included
all English Bay, and Burrard Inlet up to Indian River and Port
Moody. Khahtsahlano aaya its southern extremity ended at the tip
of Point Grey (Chit-ehil-a-yuk), but others ssy at Mahley, Just
west of Muaqueam. The probability is thst Khahtsahlano is correct.

Khaht sahlano aaya : "Capilano whitemana word; not Squamish; no
*cap* In Squamlah; whitemana ssy »cap»llano. Indian word »Kee-ap-
ee-la-nogh.

421

INDIAN VILLAGES AWT) T,ANDMARKS

HOWE SOUND AND HURRAED INLET.

Before the Whltemana came to Tln-ta-mayuhk

aa narrated in converaationa with, and spelt from the pronuncia-
tion of August Jack Khahtaahlano, (grandson of Chief Haatsalanogh,
after whom Kitailano is named), born at the Indian village of
Snauq, Falsa Creek, about 1876-8, the locations being pointed
out by him on special trips to Howe Sound for the purpose in
1934-5.

J. 3. MATTHEWS

TIM-TA-MAYUHK

Khahtaahlano ; "Means 'my country', that la, all of the terri-
tory occupied by the Squamish Indian peoples".

SKO-MISH-OATH

Khahtaah'lano : in 1934: "It Is the name of the country or
territory of the Squamish Indian peoples, and includes all
Howe Sound and Burrard Inlet, (includes English Bay) fro*
Staw-ki-yah, a creek west of Gibson's Landing to the tip of
Point Grey; all the land in between belongs to the Squamish".

Note ;- Other authorities (Indian) say to Mahly, just
west of Muaqueam, and that Mahly was Muaqueam territory
"leased" to their friends the Squamish; Khahtsahlano thinks
Point Grey was the territorial boundary; Ayatak, (see "Early
Vancouver", Vol.2, p. 7 and 8), says False Creek and English
Bay belonged to Musqueams, and adds "Squamish and Musqueana,
alaa Seehelta, always good friends". On the west, Staw-ki-
yah, near Roberts Creek, was the boundary beyond which Ehaht-
sahlano says "Squamish must not go". Skomiahoath included
Port Moody, and Indian River, and extended many miles up the
Squamish River, ( JSM) .

HOWE SOUND

EAST SIDE

SKATWITSUT

ahtsahlano:
lill-Tout:

Skaywltsut.
Skeawatsut.

Point Atkinson.

Meaning: "Go around point." (See 'Early Vancouver', Vol.2)

Chulks, i.e., "stone in sling".
Stcilks, i.e., "sling".

Actual location Irwin Point*
(See 'Early Vancouver', Vol. 2.)

ihtsahlano ;

Bill-Tout ;

Kew Beach:

422

Pg BEACH 57

OnTouth aide; a boulder about fifteen feet diameter; resting
in the top of a great crevice, thirty- five feet deep about;
tapering from twelve feet wide at the top. An Indian God was
whirling the boulder in a sling; gathering speed to throw at
Mt. Garibaldi for the purpose of knocking off the top which
waa considered to be too high; and his arm, touching a raven
(or a slave), his aim was spoilt, and the boulder missed its
mark, and fell at Chulks, or Kew Beach; and still remains there.

KEKCTTART-STIU

""" JLhahtaahlano; Kee-kharlsum, i.e., "gnawing".
Hill-Tout ; EeElalsm, i.e., "nipping grass".

Eagle Harbor: (see 'Early Vancouver', Vol. 2.)

3TUKT0K3

itaahlano ; April, 1937. Stuktoks, i.e., "rocka all cut up
into grooves, or ribbed", i.e., "rocks all cut
up". "Supposed to be a sea serpent, he has bit-
ten the other sea serpent; two of the fight;
one bites the other, and cut him in two, and
the Indians call the place Stuktuka, which means
"all cut up ". (Fluted).
Hill-Tout; Stoktoks.

fisherman's Cove: Actual location — The aouth western tip of
Whytecliffe Point.
(See 'Early Vancouver,' Vol. 2.)

"ahtsahlano : Cha-Hai, i.e., "sizzling noise". As when frying
bacon. Caused by myriads of small fish wrig-
gling on surface of water.
Hill-Tout : Tcakqai.

Horse Shoe Bay: (See 'Early Vancouver', Vol. 2.)

IT) MTU

htsahlano :
1-Tout:
aoichetahl :

jpi«ht.«nh1i»nn;

[htsahlano :

Tumth, i.e., "red paint for faces".

Tumtls, i.e., "paint".

Tumbth.

"Two and one half miles north of Horse Shoe Bay.
Supposed to be a red rock. A white house there
now, near the gravelly beach, but I don't know
where the red rock is now; perhaps once upon a
time they got red paint there".
It is south of a line drawn east and west
through the southern point of Bowyer Island.
Tumth is the mouth of a creek which runs through
D.L. 2365; today there is one dwelling north, and
one dwelling south of the mouth of the creek.

Pahpk, i.e., Just a name. Significance: "A
white head." A grey white, irregular, but
generally triangular, bare spot high up on the

423

PAHPt - continued.

mountain aide, visible for miles from the see.
It la approximately a mile north of a line drawn
eaat and west acroas the north end of Bowyer Is-
land. Trees cannot grow upon the triangular bare
apot aa the alope la too ateep. There Is a rook,
white-washed by engineer* or surTeyors— a surveyor's
location nark or leTel— on the beach below Paphk.
Just past Tumth, about due weat of 1ft. Strahan, a
"white" rock about 1000 feet up the Mountain aide;
big bare kind of rock, like a elide. I think it Is
reached by going up Newman Creek.

Ifahl t Means "It looks white"; swat be aoaething white
on mountainside; I think word la derived from
"white" which in Indian is "puck."

.taahlano'

•hid Tin

hlano : Eul-ate-atun, not mi-*te-taun.
Bulatsen.
: KUt-ate-tsun.

Khshtsahlano ;

A bay with good camping beach, gravelly, and s
creek; little ahaok there now. Alberta Bay Is
south of Kul-ate-atun and north of Paphk. Bal-
ate-etun la slightly aouth of about due west of
1ft. Brunswick. A long, low, flatlsh mound of
groan between forest and shore; the gravelly
beach next, north of Alberta Bay; the low green
mound of the point, Kulatestun, is Immediately
north of the gravelly beech. It is on D.L.1B15,
north of the point, but aouth of the aerosk.
There is a cottage there.

Moaning: "Soma times they fight", i.e., war,
battleground; Indian fight.

ffjMe

JS©.:

Kharl-kum-atauwk. Decks Creek. A creek, which
comes down a ateop tunnel-like ravine, and
reaches the sea on a narrow rocky shore. Nothing
also there; a aolltary apot below a wild mountain-
side. About three miles aouth of Porteau, about
due east of Centre Island; a creek.
Meaning: "They claim it la aoaething which is
bad; everubody seared of it; sometimes s kind of
big flsn come out of the water; word means some-
thing people are aeared of." (and adds) "Andy
Paul! is wrong; •Stahl-kum-etabwk" is not the
woy to say it."

Copt. Charles Warren Cstea, of C.E. Cates fc Sons, North Van-
couver, came into the City Archives, searching for material
about Indian place names up Howe Sound. Capt. Cates speaks the
•quamlsh language, more or less proficiently.

424

KHABL-KUM-STAPTO continued

Capt. Cates : n I was talking to old (an Indian

at Squamiah) , and be was tailing me about tbat place (Kharl-
kum-atauwk) . He said tbat tbere was an old Indian witch,
and sbe bad a basket, made out of snake skins, and sbe used
to catch Indian children, and put them in the basket, and
afterwards eat them, and the people did not know where the
whildren were going to, or disappearing to. Then one day,
when she had a little boy in her basket, the sun got got, and
the snake skins stretched, and the little boy in it, squeezed
out and ran home and told the people. (I did not quite catch
the connection, as Capt. Cates continued); there are seven
rocks there; each one represents something bad, like devils;
seven devils".

Kharl-kua-atauwk, as August Jack Khahtsahlano tells in "Sarly
Vancouver", must be something which is very bad indeed; no
wonder people are scared of It.

SHDK-qK-SBH

Khahtsahlano;

Hill-Tout:
itchetahl:
ahtsahlano;

Shuk-sen. A bare point of rock rising in huge
steps or benches and a few scattered fir trees.
There is a nice place at the foot, a little bay-
not shown on small scale maps — "just large enough
to fit a canoe, a little bay about thirty feet
wide and a gravelly beach."
Skutukaen, i.e., promontory,
a promontory, but doss not know location.
Half a mile north of Kharl-kum-stauwk. It is a
point of land about due east of the south end of
Anvil Island, and on the shore about the middle
of D.L. 8937.
Meaning: "A flat nose point", a nice place.

WgAU^

sahlano ;

Whau-oha-ha. Approximately Porteau (Schooner
Harbor); a gravel pit and a gravel crusher there
and a number of abandoned buildings. The exact
location ia a oove heltered by a tongue of land,
at the south west corner of D.L. 1748.
Meaning: "Little Sturgeon".

""'" gaSsa^

fr>ltchetshl:

Un-witn-spat(or spaht)-kun. The flat place on
the left or southern bank of the mouth of lurry
Creak, a mile end one half mile north of Porteau.
Viewed from the aea, this place eppeara as a
few aersa, mora or lesa rising from the shore,
and covered with alder and such trees. The
southern shore of D.L. 1290.

Meaning: "A little preirie," nioe little place.
Un-with-apahthk-kun. (Khahtsahlano disagrees,
and inaiata "spaht.") •Spahthk-kun" means a
place where there ia grass when the tide spas
out, but covered when the tide ia in; "un-with"
meana "middle" or "centra".

425

3Y-ITS

"Khahtsahlano ;

KHUL-KALOS

Khahtsahlano ;

Hill-Tout t

WOK-WtH-KPM

Khahtaahlano:

Sy-its. Furry Creek between Uh-with-apat-kun
and Khul-kalos, nothing there now other than
a creek. Ho meaning, Juat a name. Sy-its
is the mouth of Furry Creek.

Khul-kaloa. A perpendicular flat face of bluff
about 300 yards north of Furry Creek, a bare
face of rock, about 30 feet above water; (Loa
aa Sigliah 'dose'.) It ia Juat inalde the bay
which facea couth and to the east of the point
pointing south. It ia on D.L, 2018.
Meaning: "Painted with streaks", aa of streaks
of red paint on faoe, from noae across hori-
zontally aa in Indian adornment. They claim
that when the big tide came, some fellow painted
the bluff to see if the tide was going to stop;
the paint is there yet. When the tide was coming
up the man painted horizontal bars across the
rook so as to mark the place where it stopped.
Paint marks are there yet. Viewed from a pass-
ing passenger steamer this rock appear a as a
perpendicular face of rock and the streaks ap-
pear yellow and perpendicular rather than red
and horizontal. It is conceivable that the
waters of a tidal wave might have reached this
rock. The Squamish have a legend of a "flood",
qilketoa, i.e., painted.

A lot of square blocks of rock on the shore; a
white man would call them trunks or boxes. They
are just outside the point which points south.
Wuk-Wuk-Kum is due west of Khul-kalos and on
D.L. 2018.

Note by J-S.M. The blocks of stone are by no
means exactly square; rather they are very
angular and lie one upon another in a cluster
on the water's edge north of a rock crevaaae
in which a number of small fir trees grow, and
a rock bluff above. There are two such collec-
tions; Wuk-wuk-kum is the more southernly.

THP-THDWT

ijhtsahlano:

Thu-thowt. A bluff near the edge of the water,
about 100 yards or so north of Khulkalos.
Meaning: "Herrings", i.e., the bluff looks
like a lot of herring. To see the "Herrings"
which are in the face of the rock a few feet
above the water, it ia necessary to approach
very close. From Brlttanla Beach dock, Thu-
thout appears as a bold headland to the south.
When passing in a passenger steamer it appears
thus. (It is on (about) D.L. 2934).

426

Qoltchetahl:

WHOL-UM-YOS 61

Khahtaahlano : Whul-um-yos. North of Thu-thowt, a long rock
about £4 feet long lying on top of the bluff
about 90 feet above the water. "Tos" pron-
ounced similar to "dose".

Meaning: "He was a man looking down the bluff".
Whwolumyose .

Note bT J.3J. A rock; plainly Tisible, but
bard to locate among many others on a rooky
eminence If Its exact position Is unknown, ly-
ing apparently balanced, beside a telegraph or
electric power pole* It is on (about) D.L.
2932. "He was a man, lying on his stomach,
looking down orer the edge of the bluff".

Note by jAM» Xnul-kalos, Wuk-wuk-kua, Thu-
thowt, and Wnul-um-yos are all within a distance
of one quarter of a mile.
TAT-irnf

Z large, Irregular rock, very Irregular, at the water's edge,
three hundred ysrds north of Whulumyos. It is perhaps thirty
feet long, ten feet high, flatish on top, and sits on the
beach with its irregular sharp-looking edges overhanging.
Pronounced as Tea", alternative for "Yes". Khahtaahlano says
it means "something about sharpening (tools) right on the edge
of the water". , (A huge stone). Location— believed to be (on
shore) of D.L. 4011, but not yet verified.

Huey-quah-lahun. A. good, sheltered ibay with
gravel beach and creek, a mile south of Brit-
annia Beach. A dozen or more small cottages—
shacks— ranged in a row along the shore between
an extensive grove of alders and the water.
The exact location of Huey-qwah-lahun is where
the creek empties Into the see. Immediately
to the south is s small knoll. It is on D.L.
2925. Meaning: "A lot of little trout".

SWAfi-

ahtsahlano:

An enormous smooth surface boulder, or rock,
light grey, large as a house, within a few feet
of salt water beside a gravel pit, bunkers, and
cottage— perhaps four hundred ysrds south of
Britannia Beach Mill on D.L. 2001
Meaning: "A loon* (species of wsterfowl).

Legend (Khahtsahlano): "An Indian fellow
(recluse) lived at Swah-ko. He have loon for
pot. He don*t like peoples come too close his
place; he wants people stay away; he hates
peoples go close. So, when peoples come by in
canoe, he lets pet loon go. The peoples see
loon, snd go after it, they ohase the loon, but
Its hard to oatch, they can't catch It. The

427

3WAB-K0 continued

Khahtaahlano :
CHB-SHT-P -fTAJ

BBSBBam

Hill-Tout ;
Ihahtaahlano :

Hill-Tout:

LOCK-LOW-1

taahlano :

loon goes too fast for any kind of canoe. By
the time the peoples est tired and give up the
ohaae, they have been drawn far away from Swah-
ko; then the loon cornea home*

It was a aubterfuge to get the peoples
not to come and stay near his place. The
who owned the pet loon lived at Swah-ko".

Britannia Creak*

It muat have a name.

but I never heard it.

Che-shy-u-hsi. A little island north of Brit-
annia Beach, about three quarters of a mile,
not shown on some maps but ahown on charts;
about 150 feet long, and eighty feet wide.
Meaning: "Where they keep the dead." English
•Graveyard".
Cicaioqpi.

Salts-sa-ken. Watts Point — a point of bare
rock and some fir trees. Meaning: "Tall bunch
grass growing there in the water"*
Cetsaken.

Lock-low-kala. Hart point north of Watts Point.
Three rooks ait there olose to the water.
Meaning: "There waa Indian peoplea from Pen-
barton sitting there".

The legend la that the three rooks 'a it ting
on the beach' at Lock-low-kala were three Indian
parsons from Pemberton, wailing to get a ride in
a canoe to Squamish. Khahtaahlano aaya; "They
did not know if anyone was psasing in a canoe,
so they were just waiting in the hope that aome
one would come along and take them m Squamish.

Whal-wha-layten . A point pointing north on map.
▲ big round white rook, may be 14 feat high on
beach, almost due south of Britannia Wast.
Viewed from Squamish dook, this rook shows up,
clear and distinct, as a bar*, grey-white rook
lying one hundred and fifty yards along the
shore against s green background of forest*

Seanin/c : "That's where the schooner anchored
ban the first whlteman come". That's why thay
oall it that. In Squamish language Indian is
"atal mough", and a whlteman Is "lha-layten" .
Whayimten moans "one whlteman", "thal-wha-lay-
ten" means "lots of whitemans".
Kal-kaa-leith-ten. (A pronunciation vigorously
dlaputed by Khahtaahlano; •

428

WHIN-NOS

EEahtaahlano:

QHsT-SAY-gBB-AlIK
Khahtsahlano:

QWr-3ABT-30ATSW
Ihahtsahlano:

Whin-nos. A bay, no flat land there, looking
north toward* Squamlah; they have been taking
out aoffle gravel there. Meaning (roughly):
•looking this way*, that ia, towards Squamlsh,
or 'the bay which faces Squamlsh'.

Qhat-aay-kee-awk. A aharp rock aitting on the
beach cloae to the water, north of the bay of
Whlnnos.

Meaning: "It's a aharp top rock, aa if I were
to Jab you; it's sharp". From Squamlah, it
appear a aa the firat grey-white streak of bare
rook lying along the water's edge, south of
Qhut-saht-soat-s in .

A little

Whut-saat-soat-ain. At Shannon Bay.
island connected with the mainland.
Meaning: If it was an island it would be
"Squtaaha", but it is connected wltm the land,
hence Whut-saat-soat-sin. A grey-white bare
rook with a few fir trees.

Hill-Tout :
3KDX-0W

WHOH-NTJCg

Koh-qwot-kum. A waterfall high on the mountain-
side. Meaning: "Make noise like drum". "Koh-
kwotkum ia not the great waterfall, but is
near the beach; it's a big stone, and the water
rushes down oyer it, runa up on it, and aa it
goes oyer, makes a noise like rumelrumelrumel-
rumel; Kohqwhotkum is between Qhut-saht-soat-
sin and Skul-ow".

Kukutwon; i.e., waterfall.

The town of Squamlsh lies st the foot of a
towering mountain of sandstone, thousands of feet
high; nearer lies a lesser mountain similar in
appearance, but very much smaller. The exact
location of Skul-ow is at the foot of the cliff
st the northern extremity of the smaller moun-
tain, almost adjourning the south end of the
Squamlsh Indian Reserve, and consists of little
benches of rocks where the beaver used to con-
gregate and eat their fish; i.e., flounder, etc.,
they caught nearby.

On Squamlsh townsite. There, on the west aids
of the north end of th* Squamlsh Book, on about
the site of Galbrsith's store — the Indian war-
riors displayed on poles the heads of their foes
decapitated in warfare. The word signifies
"whore they hang the heads of their enemies".
In former Indian battle, the warriors cut off
the heads of the fallen foe, brought th* heads
back as trophies, beached their war canoss at
Whoh-nuck.

429

WHOH-NUCk continued
Khahtsahlano :

KWDM-KWUM

Khah~taahlano:

AT-SAYM-KWUM-KWOM
Khahtaahlano:

"There was no village there; It was just where
they hung the heads. The village was scross
the river". "They suspended the heads, one
above the other, from a tall pole, like fruit
on a vine. Then," says Khahtsahlano , "when
the Squamiah people come along, they count them,
and see whose the bravest man; whose got most
heads on his pole."

Kwum-Kwum. Defence Island, the largest of two
islands. Meaning: "When you are in a canoe,
you get off", i.e., "go ashore". It means,
"Where you beach your canoe, and get out of it,
and go ashore". They bury Indian dead there.

The small and outside island of the two Defence
Islands.

THLA-HOOM

Khahtsahlano:

_jltchetahl :

fill-Tout:

Thla-hoom. Irby Point on Anvil Island; not
Anvil Island itself. The island was a good
hunting ground for deer, but I don't know its
meaning, perhaps just a name. Indians mean the
whole island when they say "Thla-hoom", but
there's a point there". ( Note ;- He appears to
contradict himself, but not when his meaning
is understood. JSM)

Tlah-hom is the best I can do in English.
Tlaqom, i.e., Anvil Island.

So-sah-latch. The most easternly cape or point
on Anvil Island. A big blunt promontory on S.E.
corner of Anvil Island.

Meaning: In a general way, "shelter", "at on*
time they had lots of Kliskis (mats) there; they
keep lots kliskis there, give you shelter; keep
you warm".

Khahtsahlano narrates "when the Squamiah moved
from place to place they took with them large
mats, about ten feet wide, fifteen feet long,
and then, erected a flimsy framework of four
corner poles with connecting pole rafters, hung
the mats around the sides and spread them over
the top to provide a temporary rude shelter
from wind and rains, etc. ffhen erected, the
tent-like protection is a "sah-latch"; "so"
means "lots", i.e., "so-sah-latch" - "lots of
mats".

K1A-

sablano: Kwa-layt-kum. Centre Island.

Meaning: "Where the sea-gulls hatch'

qpltchetehl; "Where sea-gulls are to be found".

430

64A

THE LEGEND

STAH-HJ3.~or STAW-HJS .
( Andy's gay. )~
Gambler Island

Captain Charlea Warren Catea, of Messrs. C.H. Catea & Sona,
tug boat owners, North Vancouver, la well versed on Indian
lore, but It should be remembered that he la a "whiteman" tell-
ing a Squamiah Indian legend according to what he recalla of
what Squamiah Indiana have told him, and la ao liable to err.

JSM
• • . .

Captain Catea to Major Mat thews i-
June I9th l851 .

"Staa-pus? Staa-pus? That's right in
Andy's Bay; Gambler Ialand; west side. In Squamiah Indian myth-
ology the wren waa called "Tha turn turn". That's long ago when
Indian man and blrda ware interchangeable to suit. "Tha turn turn"
was recognised aa a "great man". The mink waa "ky-ah". In Ind-
ian times tha man who could 'throw' the biggeat potlatch waa tha
biggest »ahot». The mink decided he would »throw« a potlatch
at Stas-pus, which is a plaoe like the 'Malkin Bowl' in Stanley
Park; music bowl; overhanging cliff. So the mink Ky-ah~hia
name when in man form— deoided to invite all and sundry to hia
potlatch, Including the whale, known aa "quinace". According
to tha Squamiah Indian, the whale came in and began greedily
eating the fiah, and plugged the hole, or mouth of the bowl. All
the other guests ware inside.

"As waa common at most potlatchea, moat
of tha Indian chiefa boaated of their own importance, and "tha
turn turn", the wren, got up and sang a aong, and the son waa
"tun tun chin sea-ampt"; that is "turn turn la chief"; he sang it
twice. "Man ho-ich-in see-ampt", that means "I am the greateat
chief"; "alia whale ■rub.", that means, "of everybody". The mink
"Ky-ah"; he knew this was true, and it made him jealoua. The
mink was married to "Smum-aht-ain", who was a skunk, and she and
her relations were in the hole with the other gueata.

"When Ky-ah, the mink, could stand the
■turn turn" no longer, Ky-ah started to alng, and he sang "ahowta
kah; ahowta kah; kwun shwa tay-uk, tay-uk". That waa, apparent-
ly, an obscene song about the skunk, and with that Ky-ah's wife,
"Sanm-aht-sln", the skunk, and all her relations 'let go*.

"The whale waa in the hole and could
not swim backwards. The wren and the blue jay can fly straight
up, and when they saw, and amelled what waa happening, they shot
up through a hole in tha roof of tha bowl and got away. The
remainder of the guests were suffocated, and the whale died, and
turned into stone, and ia there yet at 3tah-pua; that'a Andy's
Bsy".

City Arohives, City Ball,
Vancouver, 19th June, 1951.
JSM

431

t ashlano:

llay-naych-kwa-layt-kum. White Book Island.
Meaning: "Outside", "away from", "further";
Kwalaytkum (Centre Island) la "another island
for the same purpose". (Sea-gulls). Haych
means "away from", Hay-Naych means "beyond",
"away out".

tsahlsno:

Khahtsahlano :

3MI3MP3~3ULCH

Khahtsanlano :

Hill-Tout :

PU3-PP3-K0-KB

Khahtsahlano :

Khahtsahlano :
gJOI-TP-OPOI

nwApfr-yngCH

K*pul. A tiny islet, barely above the surface
at high tide, straight south from White Book
Island. The name refers to a fish, fifteen or
eighteen inches long, something like a whiting;
its scales are loose. I think its English name
Is codfish. Lots of seal on top of K*pul.

Thowk-Tioh. Bowyer Island.
Meaning: "It*s all rock bluff".

Smlsmus~suleh. Passage Island.

Meaning: "The waves go over it all the time."

Mitlmetleltc. i.e., Passage Island.

Puspus Koee, Woolrldge Island. in island, steep
rock all round, no flat land, northwest Gembier
Island; east of Port Mellon.

Many names on Gambler Island— cannot recall all,
but here are one or two:

QJJOI-TO-QPOI or KWB-TO-KWI

Khahtsahlano: A bay on the north east corner of

Gembier Island. 1 large bay, facing northeast

of ELklns Point. ELkins Point forms the west

horn of the crescent. Meaning: (approi.) "lots

of second growth (balsam) there.

Kha htsahlano % (Quol-yu-quoi) "I am not sure of

the location; it may be the big bay Just south

of Stahpus".

Hill-Tout : Eoekoi.

CHABL-KOHCH

Khahtsahlano : Charl-kunch. Port Graves.

Meaning: "Tlong) Deep bay."

HlU-Tont : Tcalkunts, but gives location as

■Gambler Island". (See similar confusion re

Beep Cove, given as "Bo wen Island". Hill-Tout

was not engaged on geographical work, but on

work aa a linguist. He probably meant "at or

on Gambler Island"*

STAB-POS

STAH-PUS
Khahtsahlano :

A cave, or overhanging rook above

432

GAMBIER ISLAND continued

a ledge which together form an open mouth
"cave" on the west coast of Gambler Island. It
is on a. point a short distance south of moun-
tain marked on maps as "3176 Feet." There was
a log shoot about quarter mile south of Stahpus.
The Indian legend is that the skunks held a
pot latch in the cage; the rikunks gathered the
fish, and put them in the cave, so that they
could have a big feast. The cave— not a real
cave, but an overhanging rock roof with ledge
below— is about eighty feet long, and fifteen
feet above high water.

Another legend is that a whale was jambed
lengthwise along the mouth of the cave and
thus jambed all the little fish In between
the whale's body and the walls of the cave; the
little fish could not get out, and the skunks
gobbled them all up.
Meaning: "An overhanging".

HO-M^Hinf

HO-MAHMK

Khahtsahlano : Ho-mahmk. A bay on east shore of
Gambler Island, opposite "White Rock" at Junc-
tion of D.L. 1257 and 1259. "Bnphaaize "ho"; the
"mahmk" is hardly heard. It is near middle of
a bay on Gambler Island, slightly nortfc of due
west of White Bock; there's a little creek
there".

3SL-TAAS

QPHTLKA

SEL-TAAS

Khahtsahlano: "The north east point of Gambler
Island on Lot 2979. Splnklam's Point. A point
east of KLkins Point at the north end of Gambler
Island; nothing there; Just a homestead; white
peoples living there. No meaning, just a name.
White mans call it Splnklam's Point. It is the
north east point of Gambler Island.

SMAAMPT

irhwhtsahlano i "The head of West Bay, Gambler, B.C.

gjAWLKJt

Khahtsahlano: New Brighton. A little bay and
creek on the west side of Gambler Island In D.L.
847. An old Indian, Tom Cell or Sell, —his
Indian name was Papqualk— lived there onoe; a
white man lives there now. Tou cam go straight
across from Quawklka to Gibsons.
Meaning: I don't know.

YPNO-qJJWKL-KA

YUNG-OP AWKL-KA.

TTh«hts ahlano t "There are two bays; one north
and one south of the other. New Brighton la
Quawkl-ka, and Tung-quawkl-ka la the bay south
of It."

433

GAMBIffl I3LAHD continued

CHABL-SOM

j^htsahlano: Charlsum, Halkett Bay, beside

Meaning: "Some kind of little flab, always goes
there*. (Whitebait).

KWOM

aahlano : Xwumch-nam. Hood Point. Sxtr

north eaat

point of Bowen Island. A bald lump, no tree*,
which at high tide la an Island; at low tide
connected to Bowen Island*

Meaning: "Hoise as when stamping heal". It'a
the wares that does that.

MHfaMfll or S!

bum*

IMBaBMI

Ilak

Qwhel-hocaw Deep Core, where the Union 3,3.

Co.'s dock is. Meaning: "Calm Bay". It's

always calm there; no wind.

Qwuail-hom.

Qplelaqum, bat glTes it aa "Bowen Island*.

tsahlanof

Bill-Toat :
ljtahtsa'hlsno :

Wahk-woak. Htttt Island.

Meaning: "Like as if he was adrift all the

time". Water goes first one way, then another,

all the time. That's water, too many islands

for good canoeing*

3auo.tite; but glrea location aa 'Hat Island'.

Thuk-tayn-us. A long shallow bay (orescent
form), facing south, at east half end of Heats
Island; meaning: "Wide chest". That is, the
shape of the bay is that of a wide chest on
>'a body.

tsahlano : Skwak-sas. Popham Island.
-=="■ little islands".

Meaning: "Many

TAH-IWIH-ACI-

*"t5 loir Swuspus-tah-kwin-ace. Worloombe Island.

Meaning: "That's where they beach the whales",
see "Qplnace", a whale. "Pus* means "beach".

Bayoh-chair-kun. All the coast of Bowen Island

facing south from Cowan Point to Roger Curtis

Point*

Meaning: "Outside of the island".

PAI3LKT ISLAND

l iflggp t«t..w3>

434

roo t

CHAI

taahlano:

(Difficult to put in English) Hoakpue, or
Hoak-qhus. The moat southerly tip of Eeata
Ialand. Don't know what it Means.

On Eeata Ialand— directly eaat of Gihaona.
A little gravel beach, no creek or other land
Mark. The Indiana landed there to hunt deer,
and the naae conveya or impliea the aenae that
it la a place where you land, croaa oTer the
ialand to the aea on the other aide of ialand,
and return again to aeaa place.

WEST SIDE - The Squamlah language stops at Gibaon'a Landing; to

the north, the Seehelt, a different language commences.

3TAW-EI-

1 — -^*»^- ^

aahlano;

"a place juat north weat of Qower Point, which
waa the northern boundary of the Squamlah Indian
territory** Ehahtaahlano aaya; "That* a aa far
aa the Squamlah Indiana can go; auat be a little
creek there; that's why they call it "atawk".
Sobs pooplea go ashore there, but they aee lots
wolf, but they turn back aoa not to dlaturb wolf;
that's why they oall it "ki-yah", which means
wolf; that is, "wolf creek". (perhaps KLphln-
stone Creak). Ehahtaahlano: Sept. 21, 1936.
There's a ereek oome down there at Staw-ki-yah.
In olden days, Indians caatp there all the time,
but north of that is Saohelt country.

ht aahlano i

Hill-Tout ;

3c Junk. The bay of Gibaon'a Landing*
Meaning: "A fellow la standing up and watching
out;" leaning againat a big rock; the rock is
on the shore about the middle of the bay.
St o Ink. I.e., Gibson's.

aahlano:

A creek aouth of Witherby Point of D.L.1405.
"A oreek on the weat ahore of Howe Sound, aaid
to be one mile aouth of Wetherby Creak. "Ton
see", says Ehahtaahlano, "the first creek, if
they (the salmon) go up one creak, they juat go
so far, and then they die. If they go up the
other creek, them, alright* The Indiana aay the
two creeks are Jealous of each other; that's why
if the salmon go up the other ereek, they die"*
"It* a really two creeks with one mouth"*

"I never heard of a Squamlah name for Hopkins
Landing, ao I asked Chief Jimmy Jimmy, oldest
living Indian chief, and I aaked Chief Louis
Miranda, chief of that district. Both say
there* a no name".

435

Khahtaahlano :

Bill-Tout :
MpuSnt of
Lands:

MAH-HM I

tayh1»nfit

Khahtaahlano:

Hill-Tout :

Khay-kul-hun. Port Mellon (kai-kalahun Indian
Reaerve.)

Meaning: a name difficult to Interpret. Khah-
taahlano aaya: "Our language is getting differ-
ent and la hard to convert this name into Eng-
lish. There was once a village of about 40
persona living there; they died out, but it la
still an Indian Beserre.
Kekelun.

Kaikalshun Indian Beserre.

Man-hum. Seaalde Park. A creek, a good fiahlng
creek, about a quarter of a mile north of Port
Mellon, directly north of Woolrldge Ialand.
Meaning: Don't know meaning.

Qutch-tlnlm. Big bay due north of Elklna Point,

Gambler Ialand. "Mfflab Creek:- a creek in a big

bay due north of Elklna Point. •

Meaning: Where they cut fish open to clean them.

Kwltotenen.

THD M-qjS

' taahlano:

SI=Tor
Kha

htaahlano :

Salts-so-sua. Potlach Creek, in big bay due
north of Cornet Point. Cannot be aeen from Brit-
tenia Beach.

Meaning: "That' a where they had a big potlach".
Andy Paull : "Taalta-so-sum"; where I waa born."

"They aay *lt la looking outwards*, and get
dirty face; face looks aa though it waa all
dirty". "Pronounce "thum-thum" quickly; and
"qua" slowly; dwell on "que". A bluff on the
mainland due north of Defence Ialand.
Means: "dirty face".

"A creek south of Salt-up-aun; between Thum-thum-
qus and Sait-up-aum.

aahlano :

Hill-Tout :

hsk

taahlano :

Sait-up-sum. A point due weat from lurry Creak
(the most aouthernly point of three).
Meaning: A "narrow neck". An iathmus (narrow
neck) Joins Sait-up-sum (the peninsula) to the
mainland. last of D.L. 207T.
Cetuksem or Cetuaum.

Khaa-kow or Khsah-kow.

Kba-Kbw. A point almost due southeast of tip of
mount Jlleamere; it is the middle one of three
points. (The middle point.)

436

KHA-KDW continued

Khahtaahlano :

Meaning: "A big flat flab" — a skate. It Is a
rock which looks like a great big flat fish.
Cue west of D.L. 2925.

The third and most northernly of three points
(north of Kha-kow). It means "It Is a black fish
or whale." It Is a rock on the shore, in the
water, and is shaped like a black fish — the top
half of the whale which comes out of the water
when it plunges as it cruises about. Viewed
from Brittania Beach, Quinace qppears about due
west as a long flat light grey ledge lying along
the water's edge beneath the massive bluff. It
is said to be about fifty yards long. Salt-up-
sum, Kha-kow, and Qjiinace can all be seen frost
Brittania Beach. To the south, first cornea
Kwum-Kwum, an island, then Salts-up-sum, a great
ridge stretching from the aky to the sea; imposed
on Saits-up-sum is another ridge; i.e., Kha-kow,
and almost due west from Brittania Beach is Quinacc
lying as a grey streak along the water's edge at
the base of the mountain. See "Cwus-pus-tah-
quin-ace.

3WAMCH-1

Tsahlano :

"Just north of West Brittania".
Deoember 9, 1938: "It Is next north along the
coast from West Britannia, and due north of
Whal-wha-layten. The shore comes down as a
sloping rock, and goes on down into the water.
If you run your canoe up to it; jump out fast,
and< — if you have got good legs— run right up the
rooky slope, you can get up the slope, but that
is about the only way you can get up; if you
slip you slip back into the water. "Swanchnim"
means "to run".

tsahlano:

WWTAT

Ihahtsohlan

Hill-Tout:

•A rook, sitting tilted, on the edge of the sea."
Deo. 8, 1938: "It is a quarter of a mile north
of Swanch-nim. There used to be a big round dome
shaped rock sitting right on the edge of the
water, and the Indiana claim that if there is a
lot of fish around, this rock moves back, as he
does not want himself to be all splashed with
water by the fish Jumping around*. "Chee-aypk"
means "right on the edge", something like if •
was standing right on the edge of a cliff*

Sc—yat is the creek at Woodflbre.
Don't know, if any.

8o~yat.

Meaning;

Swlat.

437

ahtaahlano ;

Hill-Tout ;

SCTm-LAT

"TEahtaahlano i

Chay-whee. A high bluff, juat rock, no one

Uvea there. 150 feet straight up, and goes

right down Into the water, about four miles

northward from Woodfibre.

Meaning: "lift your paddle high up; away up".

(When paddling, lift your arms high up).

Teewas.

About 100 yards north of Chay-whas is a bare
bluff about forty feet high, i.e., Skwa-lat.
Meaning: Khahtsahlano says just a name.

SKWA-LAT : Khahtsahlano :
more places".

"After Skwalat, no

Khahtaahlano:

cm-woAt-aro
an-mra

WHy-ffryw

yjT-low-KA

sno t

sahohz or gawz

"The Lions; "two mountains opposite Vancouver.
Chee-Chee-Yoh-ee. Meaning: "Twins".

The name of an Immense Indian lodge, the prin-
cipal building of the village of Whoi-Whoi, in
Stanley Park.

Ladners Landing, B.C.

New Westminster. See Roy. CM. Tate, "Early
Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 151.

Terra Nova Cannery, south end, Sea Island, see
"laxly Vaneouwer," Vol. 2, p. 31.

Steveston, B.C., see "Barly Vancouver", Vol. 2, p. 31.

"White peoples say "Capilano", but proper name
"li-ap-lan-ogh". Asked what meaning it had, he
shrugged his shoulders, and said "Just name,
same as white peoples names for places; don't
mean "nothing"; just a name; not name of Homul-
cheson Biver".

Actually a rock, with a little tree growing on
top, beside the lighthouse at the foot of Pros-
pect Point, but, in a general way, also referring
to the entrance of the "first Narrows", for which
the Indians do not appear to have had an especial
designation, as it was not particularly narrow
for a canoe; nothing remarkable about its narrow-
ness to an Indian.

TH1 SPELLING OF fUPTT.two
In a letter to the Colonial Government at

438

KLJOPLANMAH continued

Victoria, ?ebruary, 1860, A.J. Juliua Voigt,
pioneer, 1858, educated Pruaaian, spells it
"CHIEF KLEOPLANHAH". Voight afterwsrda
pre-empted land on Ifelse Creek at the foot of
Mount Pleasant.

71A

P-iMrU-MO .

Captain Rlcharda, R.N., of H.M.S. "Plumper",
in a letter to Governor Douglas in 1859 apelli
it "KI-AP-A-LA-NO".

CHEAKAM03 .

Major Matthews:
August:

Major Matthew*:

August:

Major Matthews:

August:

Major Matthews:
August:

(Station, lake, river, mountain, glacier)
Conversation with August Jack Khahtaahlano .
Capilano Indian Reaerve, at reception to
Superintendent Laraen, R.C.M.P. at H.M.C.S.
"Discovery", Wed. October 13th,ml954.

"August! What does Cheakamus mean?
"Basket; basket catch fiah. Put basket in

ripple in river; fish go inside; cannot

get out."
"Bow long? Long as this motor car?"
"Oh no; not that long. About ten feet."
"How wide?"
"Bout so high (holding hand level with middle

of thigh. 'Bout three feet."
"Draw me sketch."
"Alright. I draw it."

439

CHDL-'

Khaht aaSTano ;

TAT-TUM-SUN
tCha

htaahlano:

TTM-TA-MA-ffl-TUM
"KEahtaahlano:

spu

^SS,

taahlano:

SPCTCA-NAH-AH

gh,a£ffftb4ano:

CHUTK-THIPK-WJLT-TOH
Kaahtsahlano:

ST.ATT^WTT-'mTH

Khaht aahTano :

NORTH ABM. BPRRARD INLET
INDIAN ARM

Chul-whah-ul ch .
Harbor.

Bidwell Bay; same name as Coal

Tay-tum-sun. Fort Moody. A good camping ground
and creek formerly about Qieen Street.

Tum-ta-maby-tun. Belcarra. The exact location
la half a mile north of Belcarra; at the head
of the large bay facing south, on D,L. £29.
Meaning: "Good land".

■Spucka-nay" is best. "Spucka" quick and short;
"nay or nel" long drawn out.

Spuka-nah-ah. Little White Rock on the point
just where you pass mill (Dollar ton).
Meaning: "Whiterock", same as whitemans call it.
(White Rock Island in middle of channel).

Thluk-thluk-way-tun. Bamet Mill.

Meaning: "Where the bark gets pealed" in Spring.

Slail-wit-tuth.
Indian Reserve.
Slail-wah-tuth.

Indian Riv er, a lso see No. 3

SLAIL-WAB-TOTH - Khaht sahlano:-

HO. 3 IMDIAH RE3ERVB
(West of Dollar ton)

Khahtsahlano:

"I don't know the name; we have always called
it "No. 3", or "Slail-wit-tuth". Slail-wit-tuth
is up Indian River, but No. 3 belongs to those
people" (of Indian River).

dLtMMsno.:

Hill-Tout :

"Never heard such a name, nor of place".

(Note: Hill-Tout might be confused with lullaken,

i.e., "a fence" at Point Grey).

Els-ken. Mentioned this name, and gives its

meaning as "palisade", i.e., a fenced village

440

72A

KHA-NAH-MOOT

See pp.72 ft 73
for continuation
of coast Una.

A amall creek mouth, now at the foot of
Windermere street, which formerly supplied
the townsite settlement of Hastings, and of
subsequent years known more particularly as
the stream which ran through the "RAVINE"
in Heatings Park.

On Feb. 13th 1953, Captain Charles War-
ren Catea, well known, told me that Joe Thom-
as, 3quamish Indian, of "The Mission" Indian
Reserve, North Vancouver,, who died in 1951 at
the age of 90, told him aa follows:

"At one time a small stream wended its way
down through the woods from the direction
of Burns by Lake, and emptied into the sea
where Hastings Park is now. One day a man
and a woman appeared from out the creek
waters; it is supposed that the flowing
water conceived them. The descendants of
this man and woman lived there until the
coming of the white man, and their village
of oedar slab huts on the shore at the
mouth was known as "KHA-NAH-MOOT" . Appar-
ently the word interprets the story."

See pp.46A t
47
78

On Oct. 25th, 1951, Captain Charles V. Cates
told me that old Joe Thomas, or pulk-way-lum,
now dead, told him that the name of Ho. tore*
Indian Reserve, between Second Harrows and
Roche Point, was as shown, Xhahts-nloh.

4-41

SASAMAT

Query:

Khaht aahlano :

ha AH-Tim -NAB-MOOT

What does Sasamat mean? The Spaniards who
were here before Vancouver say that the Indians
called Burrard Inlet Sasamat.

That must be down towards Indian River. Don't
know what it means; don't think it has anything
to do with Tsa-atslum; that's out Point Grey,
means (shrugging shoulders) 'chill place'. Tsa-
tsa-slum out Point Grey, not Squamiah language;
don't know what 'Sasamat' means; not same lang-
uage, me never finished the place names up the
Inlet.

Reputed to be the name of Hastings Townslte.
Capt. Charles Cates, North Vancouver, told that
about midsummer, 1948, he spoke to Joe Thomas,
who was born at Moodyviile, an old Indian who
now lives on North Vancouver Indian Reserve. Joe
told him that Indian legend was that at one time
a small tribe lived there; that there was a
spring of water, or small creek there, and that
the word meant to be "born out of the waters of
the stream". Joe Thomas told Capt. Cates that,
after much enquiry, he had found an old Indian
woman who gave him the name.

442

HOWS SOUND

NAME MEANING

WEST 3IDB

TCEWAS
S WIAT
C BTOKS ai
CETOSUJI

EEXJOON

KDEKDI

STCINK GIBSONS

gjg SIDE

KUKU'fWOM Waterfall

CSTSAKEN Watti Point

C1CAIOQOI. . Britannia

ggggrg S - KHUL KALOS Painted

SKUTUKSEN Promontory

KD~l At3E N
NPAPUK

TUVTL3 Paint

TGAXQU
STOKTOKS

3TCI UB Sling

KBTLAISM Nipping grass

SKKAWUrsUT Point Atkinson

THT-Awna ra HOWS SOUND

TLAQ QM Anvil Island

TCAIKDNTS Gambler Island

QOLEL1QOK Bowen Island

SA.UQ3TTC Hat Island

HITUafLSITC . , . . Passage Island

( SOMEWHERE ON BUBRARD INLET )

KLAKBN Palisade— a fenced

Tillage.

443

444

s^^m

, vT»

G9I

«c < |

CO H :

LU U !

U _> i

< Z I

-J ;

Z E

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Full text of "Conversations with Khahtsahlano, 1932-1954"

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